High Saturated Fatty Acid Research Articles

Ultrasound-assisted extraction vs. microwave-assisted extraction for sustainable development goals: Selecting the ideal lipid extraction and fatty acid profile

The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods for extracting lipids from the green microalga Chlorococcum novae-angliae. This study specifically focused on the fatty acid profiles of the extracted lipids, using ethanol as the solvent and wet biomass as the starting material. Ultrasound-assisted extraction yielded a maximum of 0.026 ± 0.001 g lipid/g wet biomass at a biomass ratio of 1:25 for 2 min with a 1-second cycle at 180 W and 20 kHz, which was 21% higher than that of microwave-assisted extraction conducted at a ratio of 1:30 for 2 min at 300 W and 35 °C. Ultrasound-assisted extraction enhanced saturated fatty acids (SFAs), which were 1.5 times higher than to microwave-assisted extraction, while microwave-assisted extraction significantly increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by 4.4 times. The findings suggest that ultrasound-assisted extraction is more suitable for applications requiring high SFA content, such as in the fuel industry, whereas microwave-assisted extraction is preferable for sectors focused on fatty acid quality, such as food and health. This comparative analysis contributes to the literature by highlighting the impact of extraction methods on fatty acid profiles and supports sustainable development goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 12, by promoting environmentally friendly extraction techniques.

Assessment of dietary intake in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease using the Ukrainian version of the EPIC-Norfolk Food Frequency Questionnaire: A cross-sectional study

Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is prevalent worldwide. Studies demonstrate a possible association between diet and MASLD. However, data regarding patients in Ukraine are lacking. Objective — to study dietary habits and meeting recommended dietary intake in patients with MASLD. Materials and methods. Adults with MASLD aged 18 years and older (n=29) receiving care in outpatient settings who fully completed the adapted and validated Ukrainian version of the EPIC‑Norfolk Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) were included in the analysis. Liver steatosis was confirmed by ultrasound examination, and diagnosis of MASLD was based on the criteria defined by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. As a reference for recommended dietary intake, data from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020—2025 years were used. FETA software was used to calculate nutrient data from the FFQ. The one‑sample t‑test, t‑test, the one‑sample signed rank sum test, and Mann‑Whitney test were used to assess the differences between the sample and the reference data. The chi‑squared test was used to analyse categorical data. Results. The mean age of participants was 41.4±12 years, 69% of participants being female. The mean body mass index was 35.4±7.9 kg/m2. Participants consumed more protein, than recommended by current dietary recommendations. Women also tended to have higher energy intake and consume more fat, saturated fatty acids, and carbohydrates than recommended. The median fibre intake was 19.36 g (Q1; Q3 : 13.29; 26.45), which is lower than the recommended 14 g per 1000 kcal (p=0.0015). Dietary intake of most vitamins and micronutrients was met. However, women and men consumed less than 600 IU of vitamin D daily. Among all patients with MASLD, sodium intake (3829.5±1559.3 mg) was significantly higher than recommended (2300 mg, p<0.0001). Approximately 62% of participants take dietary supplements, with vitamin D being the most popular choice. Conclusions. Our study showed that patients with MASLD in Ukraine tend to exceed recommended protein and sodium intake and, at the same time, have low fibre and Vitamin D consumption. High energy intake and saturated fatty acids consumption are also of concern.

Sphingomyelin-enriched milk phospholipids offer superior benefits in improving the physicochemical properties, microstructure, and surface characteristics of infant formula

Phospholipids from different sources have varying chemical compositions, but how they contribute to different properties of infant formula is unclear. In this study, four types of phospholipids, milk phospholipids (MPLs), soybean phospholipids (SBPLs), sunflower phospholipids (SFPLs), and egg yolk phospholipids (EYPLs), were added to infant formula to investigate their physicochemical properties, microstructure, and surface characteristics. MPLs uniquely offer high sphingomyelin and saturated fatty acid levels. The MPL-based emulsion had the smallest particle size (334.50 nm), lowest stability constant (0.30), and highest viscosity among all groups tested. Furthermore, the abundance of sphingomyelin in MPLs allowed for a denser interfacial film and the complete phospholipid-coated structure of lipid droplets in infant formula emulsion. This consequently improved the microstructure and fat encapsulation of the powder, leading to significantly lower surface fat content in the MPL group. Therefore, the proper selection of phospholipids is crucial for modulating the stability and surface characteristics of infant formula.

Low‐Temperature Domestic Deep‐Frying of Soybean‐Cake Tempe in Vegetable Cooking Oils: How Many Times Are Stable to Use?

ABSTRACTTempe has gained global popularity, with local vegetable oils commonly used for frying. This study evaluates the cooking temperature and stability of five vegetable oils (olive [Oo], palm [Po], canola [Cnlo], sunflower [Sfo], and coconut [Cco]) for deep‐frying Tempe, using acid and peroxide values (AV and PV), antiradical activity, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. AV, PV, and linolenic acid (LNA) were referenced to international standards for vegetable oil (0.6 mg KOH/g, 10 mEq of oxygen/kg oil, and 2% for AV, PV, LNA respectively). The initial oil temperature was 130°C ± 1°C, with final temperatures between 145.7°C ± 6.8°C at the lowest and 156.8°C ± 13.0°C at the highest, well below existing studies (≥170°C–250°C). Based on AV and PV, Oo, Po, and Cco were stable up to the fourth, fifth, and eighth frying repeat (FR). The PV of Cnlo (10.2 mEq of oxygen/kg oil) and Sfo (15.5 mEq of oxygen/kg oil) exceeded the maximum limit after one use. The Fresh Cnlo LNA (7.35%) was higher than the limit, while the rest of the oils remained lower and stable until the seventh FR. Po exhibited the highest average antiradical activity (85.42% ± 4.63%), followed by Oo (31.01% ± 10.26%), Sfo (27.96% ± 9.67%), Cnlo (21.85% ± 5.71%), and Cco (14.40% ± 3.46%). Cco had the highest saturated fatty acids (SFA), Oo had the highest monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and Sfo had the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). No significant SFA, MUFA, or PUFA changes were observed up to the seventh FR. Trans‐fatty acids C18:1n 9T and C18:2n 6T were undetected in fresh and used oil, indicating a unique character in low‐temperature deep‐frying in domestic settings. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of low‐temperature deep‐frying of Tempe. It suggests that Oo, Po, Cnlo, Sfo, and Cco were stable to deep‐fried Tempe for four, five, zero, one, and eight FR, respectively. Deep‐frying Tempe at lower temperatures and for a shorter duration may enhance its health benefits and help retain its flavor.”

Cancer-associated foam cells hamper protective T cell immunity and favor tumor progression in human colon carcinogenesis

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant healthcare burden worldwide, characterized by a complex interplay between obesity and chronic inflammation. While the relationship between CRC, obesity and altered lipid metabolism is...

Association between empirically derived nutrient patterns and breast cancer: a case–control study in a Middle Eastern country

PurposeThe risk of breast cancer (BC) and related mortality have increased in Middle-East countries during recent decades. The relationship between several nutrient intakes and the risk of BC has been investigated in several studies. However, few studies have estimated the effects of patterns of different nutrient intake on the risk of BC in this region.MethodsA total of 453 patients who were recently diagnosed with breast cancer and 516 healthy women participated in the current case–control study. To evaluate the dietary intakes, we used a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) during the last year. Nutrient Patterns (NPs) were extracted through factor analysis (FA) of energy-adjusted twenty-six nutrients. The relationship between nutrient patterns and the risk of breast cancer in pre and post-menopausal women was estimated by multivariable regression.ResultsFour major nutrient patterns were identified in the current study. The first nutrient pattern was rich in animal protein, retinol, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, cobalamin, and calcium. Higher saturated fatty acids (SFAs), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and trans fatty acids (TFAs), and lower intakes of niacin were observed in nutrient pattern 2. The third nutrient pattern was rich in fiber, potassium, and vitamin C. Nutrient pattern 4, was associated with higher intakes of vegetable protein, alpha-tocopherol, and magnesium. A significant inverse relationship was observed between adherence to nutrient pattern 3 and the risk of BC in all participants [odds ratio (OR) = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.50, 0.97, P = 0.03) and pre-menopausal women (OR = 0.59 (0.39–0.89), P = 0.01).ConclusionDecreasing odds of breast cancer were observed by adherence to a nutrient pattern high in dietary fiber, vitamin C, and potassium. Future prospective investigations are recommended to confirm these findings.

Phospholipid biosynthesis regulation for improving pigment production by Monascus in response to ammonium chloride stress.

In the actual industrial production process, the efficient biosynthesis and secretion of Monascus pigments (MPs) tend to take place under abiotic stresses, which often result in an imbalance of cell homeostasis. The present study aimed to thoroughly describe the changes in lipid profiles in Monascus purpureus by absolute quantitative lipidomics and tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics. The results showed that ammonium chloride stress (15 g/L) increased MP production while inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis, leading to an imbalance in membrane lipid homeostasis in Monascus. In response to the imbalance of lipid homeostasis, the regulation mechanism of phospholipids in Monascus was implemented, including the inhibition of lysophospholipids production, maintenance of the ratio of PC/PE, and improvement of the biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and cardiolipin with high saturated and long carbon chain fatty acids through the CDP-DG pathway rather than the Kennedy pathway. The inhibition of lysophospholipid biosynthesis was attributed to the upregulated expression of protein and its gene related to lysophospholipase NTE1, while maintenance of the PC/PE ratio was achieved by the upregulated expression of protein and its gene related to CTP: phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in the Kennedy pathway. These findings provide insights into the regulation mechanism of MP biosynthesis from new perspectives.IMPORTANCEMonascus is important in food microbiology as it produces natural colorants known as Monascus pigments (MPs). The industrial production of MPs has been achieved by liquid fermentation, in which the nitrogen source (especially ammonium chloride) is a key nutritional parameter. Previous studies have investigated the regulatory mechanisms of substance and energy metabolism, as well as the cross-protective mechanisms in Monascus in response to ammonium chloride stress. Our research in this work demonstrated that ammonium chloride stress also caused an imbalance of membrane lipid homeostasis in Monascus due to the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. We found that the regulation mechanism of phospholipids in Monascus was implemented, including inhibition of lysophospholipids production, maintenance of the ratio of PC/PE, and improvement of biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and cardiolipin with high saturated and long carbon chain fatty acids through the CDP-DG pathway. These findings further refine the regulatory mechanisms of MP production and secretion.

Effect of lipid type on betulin-stabilized water-in-oil Pickering emulsion: emulsion properties, in vitro digestion, and betulin bioaccessibility.

The Pickering emulsion delivery technique is widely acknowledged for its efficacy in serving as a carrier that can encapsulate functional components effectively. Previous studies have shown significant differences in the stability of Pickering emulsions composed of different oil phases and in the bioaccessibility of the encapsulated functional ingredients. This study therefore investigated the effects of different carrier oils in the betulin self-stabilized water-in-oil (W/O) Pickering emulsion on the stability of the emulsion and bioaccessibility of betulin. The results showed that the oil type was one of the main factors affecting the stability of the emulsion. Palm oil and coconut oil provided better storage stability and centrifugal stability due to the high saturated fatty acid content. The bioavailability of betulin correlated significantly with the composition and characteristics of fatty acids in carrier oils. Carrier oils rich in low-saturation long-chain fatty acids tended to release more free fatty acids (FFAs), thus forming larger and more mixed micelles with stronger swelling and dissolution ability, resulting in a relatively high bioaccessibility of betulin. In contrast, the bioaccessibility of betulin in the emulsion prepared by coconut oil (with high saturated fatty acid content) was relatively low (1.17%). The results of this study indicate that selecting an appropriate carrier oil is important for the design of self-stabilized W/O Pickering emulsions to improve the bioaccessibility of betulin and other lipophilic bioactivities effectively. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Xylose, glucose and acetate as feedstock for three microalgal species cultivated in heterotrophy

Microalgae are known as good producers of high-added value bioproducts useful in many applications such as pharmaceuticals, nutrition or biofuel production. In contrast to phototrophy, heterotrophy emerges as a promising strategy for algal biomass production due to high cell densities, controlled conditions and reduced space requirement. Hemicellulose is the second most abundant material in land plants. Its hydrolysis liberates xylose, glucose, acetate. Our study focuses on three microalgal species, Galdieria sulphuraria, Euglena gracilis, and Auxenochlorella protothecoides, cultivated under heterotrophy with the above-mentioned carbon sources, supplemented alone or in combination. Growth parameters and biomass analysis revealed distinctive characteristics. G. sulphuraria, despite a modest fatty acid content (5–15 % w/w), displayed potential for hemicellulose valorization, demonstrating high biomass yield using xylose as a sole carbon source (approx. 0.5 gDW gxylose−1) and high saturated fatty acid (SFA) content (45–63 %). In our cultivation conditions, E. gracilis only assimilated acetate with low fatty acid content (approx. 6 % w/w), but high SFA content (60–77 %) and high paramylon content (47 % w/w), convertible to wax-esters under anaerobiosis. A. protothecoides exhibited biomass yields of 0.42–0.54 gDW gsubstrate−1 depending on the carbon substrate supplied but maintained constant fatty acid content (16–18 % w/w) in the presence of all substrates except xylose. Surprisingly, despite an inability to grow with xylose alone, sugar depletion analysis indicated decreasing xylose concentration when other carbon sources were present in the cultivation medium for this alga. This comparative study discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each strain, providing insights into their potential when grown on hemicellulose carbon sources.

Dietary fatty acid pattern and its association with metabolic profile among overweight and obese adults

BackgroundNumerous studies have revealed the role of dietary fatty acids in human health. However, few studies have evaluated dietary fatty acid patterns and their association with metabolic parameters. The current study aimed to explore the association between dietary fatty acid patterns and risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) among overweight and obese adults.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 340 participants who were overweight or obese. The study included assessments of body composition and anthropometric measurements. Dietary fatty acid consumption was evaluated using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) containing 168 items. Additionally, biochemical parameters, including serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting serum glucose (FSG), and insulin levels, were measured using enzymatic methods. Fatty acid patterns were determined by principal component analysis (PCA), and the association between these dietary FA patterns and risk factors related to MetS components was assessed using logistic regression.ResultsFactor analysis conducted in this study explored three dietary fatty acid patterns: saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and long-chain combined fatty acids (LC-CFA). Those at the highest tertile of the SFA pattern had lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0.03). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) was lower in the second and third tertiles (P ≤ 0.05). Also, higher fasting blood glucose (FBS) was observed in the second and third tertiles (P < 0.05), and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was higher in the third tertile (P = 0.049). In the PUFA pattern, FBS was lower in the third tertile (P = 0.03). In the LC-CFA pattern, lower TC was achieved in higher tertiles (P = 0.04).ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that consuming high and moderate SFA patterns is associated with higher FBS and HOMA-IR. Also, increased consumption of SCFAs is related to lower DPB and LDL. Individuals who consumed more PUFA, especially linoleic acid, had lower FBS. These outcomes might be beneficial in managing MetS and leading to a new field of research.

Association of frequent intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in diets with increased susceptibility of atopic dermatitis exacerbation in young Chinese adults: A cross-sectional study in Singapore/Malaysia.

Numerous evidence has attributed diets with a high fatty acids (FAs) intake to be associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) development. Therefore, this study investigated the association between intake frequencies of five dietary FAs and AD exacerbations among young Chinese adults from Singapore and Malaysia. A validated International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was investigator-administered to 13,561 subjects to collect information on socioeconomic, anthropometric, dietary and lifestyles habits, and personal/family medical histories. Six novel dietary indices were derived to analyse the associations between total FAs, trans fatty acids (TFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acids, and alpha-linolenic acids in diets and AD exacerbation. Synergy factor (SF) analysis was used to identify interactions between the dietary FAs to influence disease susceptibility. In our multivariable model adjusted for age, gender, BMI, parental eczema, and lifestyle factors, a diet high in total estimated FAs was strongly associated with AD (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.227; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.054-1.429; adjusted p-value <0.01). Particularly, high estimated total TFAs and SFAs were significantly associated with AD exacerbations including chronic and current moderate-to-severe AD. The association between TFAs and AD remained strong even controlled for the total FAs in diets and false discovery rate corrected (AOR: 1.516; 95% CI: 1.094-2.097; adjusted p-value <0.05). Similarly, having a high SFAs in diets was associated with AD (AOR: 1.581; 95% CI: 1.106-2.256; adjusted p-value <0.05) independently on the total FAs in diets. FAs in diets do not interact to influence AD. Overall, these results highlighted an association between high dietary TFAs and SFAs and AD exacerbations in an Asian population.

Saturated fatty acid concentrations are predictive of insulin sensitivity and beta cell compensation in dogs

Chronic feeding of a high fat diet (HFD) in preclinical species induces broad metabolic dysfunction characterized by body weight gain, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and impaired insulin sensitivity. The plasma lipidome is not well characterized in dogs with HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction. We therefore aimed to describe the alterations that occur in the plasma lipid composition of dogs that are fed a HFD and examine the association of these changes with the clinical signs of metabolic dysfunction. Dogs were fed a normal diet (ND) or HFD for 12 weeks. Insulin sensitivity (SI) and beta cell compensation (AIRG) were assessed through an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and serum biochemistry was analyzed before the introduction of HFD and again after 12 weeks of continued ND or HFD feeding. Plasma lipidomics were conducted prior to the introduction of HFD and again at week 8 in both ND and HFD-fed dogs. 12 weeks of HFD feeding resulted in impaired insulin sensitivity and increased beta cell compensation measured by SI (ND mean: 11.5 [mU/l]–1 min–1, HFD mean: 4.7 [mU/l]–1 min–1) and AIRG (ND mean: 167.0 [mU/l]min, HFD mean: 260.2 [mU/l]min), respectively, compared to dogs fed ND over the same duration. Chronic HFD feeding increased concentrations of plasma lipid species and deleterious fatty acids compared to dogs fed a ND. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentrations were significantly associated with fasting insulin (R2 = 0.29), SI (R2 = 0.49) and AIRG (R2 = 0.37) in all dogs after 12 weeks, irrespective of diet. Our results demonstrate that chronic HFD feeding leads to significant changes in plasma lipid composition and fatty acid concentrations associated with metabolic dysfunction. High SFA concentrations may be predictive of deteriorated insulin sensitivity in dogs.

Effects of supplementation of different selenium sources on lipid profile, selenium, and vitamin E concentration of yolk.

Egg preference as a source of protein also provides beneficial fatty acids, vital for human consumption. However, rich in lipid products are prone to oxidative damage. The study aims to determine the effect of supplementing biogenic selenium (Se) from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, ADS18 (ADS18) in laying hens' diet on yolk lipid oxidation status (MDA), beta-carotene (β-carotene) content, cholesterol, fatty acids, Se, and vitamin E (VE) level. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) laying hens of Lohmann Brown strains aged 50 weeks, weighing 1500 to 2000g were reared individually in A-shape two-tier stainless-steel cages sized 30cm x 50cm x 40cm (width, depth height). The hens were randomly allotted into four treatments with six replications in a complete randomised design for the period of 12 weeks. The basal diet contains 100mg/kg VE. Treatment diets consist of basal diet as control, SS containing 0.3mg/kg sodium selenite, Se-yeast containing 0.3mg/kg selenised yeast, and VADS18 containing 0.3mg/kg of ADS18. Forty-eight eggs were collected and freeze-dried biweekly for analysis. The results of the present study showed that hens supplemented ADS18 had significantly (P < 0.05) lower MDA and cholesterol levels while their egg yolks had higher levels of Se and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The control group had significantly (P < 0.05) higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents than the VE and dietary Se-supplemented groups, while the ADS18 group had the lowest SFA contents. Conversely, in comparison to the inorganic and control groups, the VE content of the egg yolk was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in organic Se-supplemented (Se-yeast and VADS18) groups. Hens with SS supplementation had significantly (P < 0.05) higher egg yolk β-carotene content. When compared to other treatment groups, the control group had higher (P < 0.05) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content. The ADS18 is therefore deemed comparable to other Se sources. To prevent Se toxicity, however, a better understanding of the levels of ADS18 incorporation in poultry diets is required.

Study on Ways to Improve the Quality of Black Goat Meat Jerky and Reduce Goaty Flavor through Various Spices.

In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical and sensory properties of black goat jerky marinated with various spices (non-spice, control; rosemary, RO; basil, BA; ginger, GI; turmeric, TU; and garlic, GA). The physicochemical properties of black goat jerky analyzed were pH, water holding capacity, color, cooking yield, shear force, and fatty acid composition. The sensory characteristics were analyzed through the aroma profile (electronic nose), taste profile (electronic tongue), and sensory evaluation. The pH and water holding capacity of the GI showed higher values than the other samples. GI and GA showed similar values of CIE L* and CIE a* to that of the control. The shear force of the GI and TU was significantly lower than that of other samples (p<0.05). Regarding fatty acid composition, GI showed high unsaturated and low saturated fatty acid contents compared with that of the other samples except for RO (p<0.05). In the aroma profile, the peak area of hexanal, which is responsible for a faintly rancid odor, was lower in all treatment groups than in the control. In the taste profile, the umami of spice samples was higher than that of the control, and among the samples, GI had the highest score. In the sensory evaluation, the GI sample showed significantly higher scores than the control in terms of flavor, aroma, goaty flavor, and overall acceptability (p<0.05). Therefore, marinating black goat jerky with ginger powder enhanced the overall flavor and reduced the goat odor.

Adherence to the low-fat diet pattern reduces the risk of lung cancer in American adults aged 55 years and above: a prospective cohort study

ObjectivesThere is little evidence on the association between low-fat dietary patterns and lung cancer risk among middle-aged and older adults. To fill this gap, we comprehensively investigated the association of adherence to a low-fat diet (LFD) and intake of different fat components including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids with incidence of lung cancer and its subtypes [non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC)] among adults aged 55 years and older. DesignA prospective cohort study with a mean follow-up time of 8.8 years. Setting and participantsThis study used data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. The study population included 98,459 PLCO participants age 55 and over at baseline who completed food frequency questionnaires providing detailed dietary information and had no history of cancer. MethodsDietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline. A LFD score was calculated based on fat, protein, and carbohydrate intake as a percentage of total calories. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between LFD score and intake of fat components (in quartiles) and incident lung cancer and its subtypes over follow-up. Restricted cubic spline analyses were conducted to examine possible nonlinear relationships. Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate potential effect modifiers, and several sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the stability of the findings. ResultsDuring a follow-up of 869,807.9 person-years, 1,642 cases of lung cancer were observed, consisting of 1,408 (85.75%) cases of NSCLC and 234 (14.25%) cases of SCLC. The highest versus the lowest quartiles of the LFD score were found to be associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.66−0.89), NSCLC (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67−0.93), and SCLC (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38−0.92). The restricted cubic spline plots demonstrated a linear dose-response relationship between the LFD score and the risk of lung cancer as well as its subtypes. This risk reduction association for overall lung cancer was more pronounced in smokers (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60−0.84; P for interaction = 0.003). For fat components, high consumption of saturated fatty acids was associated with an increased lung cancer risk (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.10–1.66), especially for SCLC (HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.20–3.53). No significant association was found between consumption of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids and incident lung cancer and its subtypes. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that adherence to LFD may reduce the lung cancer risk, particularly in smokers; while high saturated fatty acids consumption may increase lung cancer risk, especially for SCLC, among middle-aged and older adults in the US population.

Fatty Acid Profiling of Bali and Wagyu Cattle using Principal Component Analysis

This study aimed to compare the fatty acid profiles of Bali cattle and Wagyu cattle. A total of 50 beef was used in this study, consisting of 44 Bali cattle from Kupang, NTT, and 6 samples of Wagyu cattle from supermarkets. The fatty acid profiles identified are saturated and unsaturated (MUFA and PUFA). The fatty acid analysis used is the Gas Chromatography (GC) method. Descriptive analysis was used to examine data on the fatty acid profile, and T-test analyzed fatty acid composition differences between Bali and Wagyu beef. Differences in fatty acid compositions have been reported based on breeds. The Bali beef had significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher saturated fatty acid than Wagyu. Several fatty acids of meat from Bali cattle were significantly different (p&lt;0.05) from Wagyu, except for myristoleic (C14:0) and palmitoleic acids (C16:0) did not show significant differences (p&gt;0.05). The principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that the first principal component was UFA, MUFA: SFA ratio, oleic acid, omega-9, MUFA, and palmitic acid. In contrast, the second principal component was myristoleic acid, linolenic acid, omega-3, PUFA: SFA ratio, PUFA, omega-6, linoleic acid, stearic acid, SFA, and palmitoleic acid. The study's findings revealed that Bali beef had a much more saturated fatty acid composition of Bali beef was higher than Wagyu beef. This result suggests that Wagyu cattle have a more favorable fatty acid profile, which benefits health.

Identification of QTLs associated with very-long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) content via linkage mapping and BSA-seq in peanut.

Three major QTLs qA01, qB04.1 and qB05 for VLCFA content and their corresponding allele-specific markers will benefit peanut low VLCFA breeding, and a candidate gene Arahy.IF1JV3 was predicted. Peanut is a globally significant oilseed crop worldwide, and contains a high content (20%) of saturated fatty acid (SFA) in its seeds. As high level SFA intake in human dietary may increase the cardiovascular disease risk, reducing the SFA content in peanut is crucial for improving its nutritional quality. Half of the SFAs in peanut are very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), so reducing the VLCFA content is a feasible strategy to decrease the total SFA content. Luoaowan with extremely low VLCFA (4.80%) was crossed with Jihua16 (8.00%) to construct an F2:4 population. Three major QTLs including qA01, qB04.1 and qB05 for VLCFA content were detected with 4.43 ~ 14.32% phenotypic variation explained through linkage mapping. Meanwhile, three genomic regions on chromosomes B03, B04 and B05 were identified via BSA-seq approach. Two co-localized intervals on chromosomes B04 (100.10 ~ 103.97Mb) and B05 (6.39 ~ 10.90Mb) were identified. With markers developed based on SNP/InDel variations in qA01 between the two parents, the remaining interval was refined to 103.58 ~ 111.14Mb. A candidate gene Arahy.IF1JV3 encoding a β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase was found in qA01, and its expression level in Luoaowan was significantly lower than that in Jihua16. Allele-specific markers targeting qA01, qB04.1 and qB05 were developed and validated in F4 population, and an elite line with high oleic, low VLCFA (5.05%) and low SFA (11.48%) contents was selected. This study initially revealed the genetic mechanism of VLCFA content, built a marker-assisted selection system for low VLCFA breeding, and provided an effective method to decrease the SFA content in peanut.

A food-exchange model for achieving the recommended dietary intakes for saturated fat in Irish children: analysis from the cross-sectional National Children's Food Survey II.

To identify the main foods determining SFA intakes and model the impact of food exchanges to improve compliance with dietary fat recommendations in Irish children. Estimated food and nutrient intakes were obtained from a cross-sectional study, the National Children's Food Survey II. Participants were categorised into low, medium and high SFA consumers, and the contribution of food categories to SFA intakes was compared. A food-exchange model was developed, whereby a selected range of high SFA foods was exchanged with lower SFA or unsaturated fat alternatives. Participants were randomly selected from primary schools throughout the Republic of Ireland. A representative sample of 600 Irish children (5-12 years). The main determinants of low and high SFA consumers were milk, cheese and butter. These foods, including snack foods and meat and meat products, were considered exchangeable foods within the model. Compared with baseline data, modelled intakes for total fat, SFA, MUFA and trans-fat presented decreases of 3·2, 2·7, 1·6 and < 0·1 % of total energy (% TE), respectively. PUFA, n-6, n-3 and alpha-linolenic acid showed increases of 1·0, 0·8, 0·2 and 0·1 % TE, respectively. Compliance with total fat, MUFA and trans-fat recommendations remained adequate (100 %). Adherence to SFA and PUFA recommendations improved from 18 to 63 % and 80 to 100 %, respectively. The food-exchange model decreased SFA intakes and increased PUFA intakes, suggesting modest dietary changes to children's diets can effectively improve their overall dietary fat profile.

Associations of diet quality and food consumption with serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism in Finnish children: the PANIC study.

To investigate the associations of overall diet quality and dietary factors with serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism in a general population of children. We studied 194 girls and 209 boys aged 6-8years participating in the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children study. Food consumption was assessed by 4-day food records and diet quality was quantified by the Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI). Fasting serum fatty acids, amino acids, apolipoproteins, as well as lipoprotein particle sizes were analyzed with high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using linear regression adjusted for age, sex, and body fat percentage. FCHEI was directly associated with the ratio of polyunsaturated (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) (PUFA/SFA), the ratio of PUFA to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (PUFA/MUFA), the ratio of PUFA to total fatty acids (FA) (PUFA%), the ratio of omega-3-fatty acids to total FA (omega-3 FA%), and inversely associated with the ratio of MUFA to total FA (MUFA%), alanine, glycine, histidine and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size. Consumption of vegetable oils and vegetable-oil-based margarine (≥ 60% fat) was directly associated with PUFA/SFA, PUFA/MUFA, PUFA%, the ratio of omega-6 FA to total FA (omega-6 FA%), and inversely associated with SFA, MUFA, SFA to total FA (SFA%), MUFA%, alanine and VLDL particle size. Consumption of high-fiber grain products directly associated with PUFA/SFA, PUFA/MUFA, omega-3 FA%, omega-6 FA%, PUFA% and inversely associated with SFA and SFA%. Fish consumption directly related to omega-3 FA and omega-3 FA%. Consumption of sugary products was directly associated with histidine and VLDL particle size. Vegetable, fruit, and berry consumption had direct associations with VLDL particle size and the ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1. Consumption of low fat (< 1%) milk was directly associated with phenylalanine. A higher consumption of high-fat (≥ 1%) milk was associated with lower serum MUFA/SFA and higher SFA%. Sausage consumption was directly related to SFA% and histidine. Red meat consumption was inversely associated with glycine. Better diet quality, higher in intake of dietary sources of unsaturated fat and fiber, and lower in sugary product intake were associated with more favorable levels of serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism independent of adiposity. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01803776, registered March 3, 2013.

Association between dietary antioxidant and fatty acids and low muscle mass in obese and non-obese community-dwelling older adults: An NHANES analysis.

Sarcopenia increases disability, hospital stays, readmissions, and mortality in older adults. Antioxidative nutrients and fatty acids consumption may help maintain muscle mass by reducing oxidative stress. This study aims to assess the association between antioxidant and fatty acid intake and low muscle mass in community-dwelling older people. This retrospective analysis used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2004. Participants ≥ 60 years with information on muscle mass measured by Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were included. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was assessed. Associations between antioxidants and fatty acids intake, and low muscle mass were evaluated using logistic regressions. 3648 (1748 men and 1900 women) were included. The prevalence of low muscle mass was 41% and 26% among men and women ≥ 75 years, and 45.2% and 28.4% among obese men and women. In obese males, a natural-log-unit increase of vitamin A (aOR = 0.806, 95% CI: 0.652-0.996), vitamin C (aOR = 0.878, 95% CI: 0.779-0.990), selenium intake (aOR = 0.716, 95% CI: 0.517-0.993), and higher saturated fatty acids (aOR = 0.956, 95% CI: 0.915-0.998) and monounsaturated fatty acids (aOR = 0.959, 95% CI: 0.925-0.994) intake were associated with decreased odds for low muscle mass. Among obese females, a natural-log-unit increase of vitamin E (P = .036), vitamin B12 (P = .014), total folate (P = .015), zinc (P = .005), and selenium intake (P = .018) were associated with increased odds of low muscle mass, whereas higher saturated fatty acids (P < .001), monounsaturated fatty acids (P = .001), and polyunsaturated fatty acids intake (P = .006) were associated with decreased odds for low muscle mass. Antioxidants (vitamin A, C, E, B6, B12, total folate, zinc, magnesium, selenium) intake does not consistently relate to low muscle mass across age and sex. Higher intake of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids are independently associated with reduced likelihood of low muscle mass in both obese older men and women.