High-risk Substance Use Research Articles

Importance of Community Context in Understanding Substance Use Among Adolescents With Allegations of Maltreatment

This study examined the association between community disadvantage and substance use among adolescents referred to child protective services (CPS) and the interaction role of race/ethnicity in the association between community disadvantage and adolescent substance use. Findings revealed that higher county-level alcohol/drug mortality rates were associated with a higher risk of substance use across non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic white, and Hispanic adolescents. An interaction test showed that the association between county-level alcohol/drug mortality rates and risk of substance use was particularly stronger for non-Hispanic Black adolescents compared to non-Hispanic white adolescents. However, county-level vacant housing rates and low median household income did not show a significant association with adolescent substance use across all racial/ethnic groups. Results suggest that practitioners should screen for community-level substance risk levels to prevent substance use among historically marginalized racial-ethnic adolescents involved in CPS.

High-Risk Cannabis Use: A Proposal of an Operational Definition through Delphi Methodology for Scientific Consensus

Introduction: Cannabis ranks as one of the most widely used psychoactive substances worldwide. Its usage has been reported as a risk factor for developing a variety of physical and mental health issues, alongside social and economic problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hazardous (or high-risk) substance use is defined as “a pattern of substance use that increases the risk of harmful consequences for the user.” The primary objective of this study was to achieve a consensus on an operational definition of high-risk cannabis use suitable for a European jurisdiction (Spain). Methods: A three round Delphi study was conducted. The Delphi technique entails group decision-making and iterative forecasting by consulting a panel of experts and conducting systematic feedback rounds. An online survey was distributed among a diverse expert panel comprising professionals from Spain working on fields related to cannabis use (research, policy planning, and clinical professionals). One-hundred ninety-nine invitations were sent to experts, of which forty-five (22.6%) accepted to participate. All participants were provided the option to revise a background document with the latest compiled scientific evidence and guidelines related to health and social conditions associated to cannabis usage. This background document also proposed the quantification of dose using a standardized unit established for the population of Spain (the Standard Joint Unit or SJU) based on quantity of cannabis main psychoactive constituent, 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC) (1 SJU = 1 joint = 0.25 g of cannabis = 7 mg of 9-THC). Three rounds of Likert scale and open-ended questions were administered until consensus, defined as ≥75% agreement, was attained. Results: Consensus was reached on defining high-risk cannabis use as the usage of more than 4 SJU (>28 mg THC) per week or any use of cannabis with potency >10% THC. Concurrent use of cannabis with other drugs was also considered high risk, while the smoked route was considered the riskiest administration route. It was also agreed that vulnerable groups for high-risk cannabis use (for whom any pattern of cannabis use represents high risk of harm) include individuals under the age of 21, pregnant or breastfeeding women, individuals with psychiatric history, those with medical health issues related to cannabis use, professional drivers and heavy machine operators. Conclusion: This operational definition of high-risk cannabis use for Spain elucidates usage patterns and individual vulnerability factors predictive of heightened harm. Its adoption holds potential to inform decision-making among individuals, professionals, and policy-makers, facilitating evidence-based interventions aimed at prevention and risk reduction.

Firearm violence and associated factors among young adults presenting to emergency departments in three cities: Baseline results from Project SPARK

ObjectiveRecent shifts in U.S. violence dynamics call for updated violence epidemiology among general emergency department (ED) samples of young adults. Using baseline data from a multi-site longitudinal study of firearm violence prediction, we describe violence rates and associated factors. MethodsStaff approached age 18–24 entrants to Level-1 trauma centers in three cities (Flint, Seattle, Philadelphia; 7/2021–5/2023). Consenting participants completed a survey including validated measures of violence experience, firearm-related behaviors, substance use, mental health symptoms, peer/parental/familial behaviors, community violence, and attitudes/norms. We described the sample and examined factors associated with firearm assault (victimization/aggression, including threats). ResultsAcross sites, 1506 participants enrolled (41.7. % Black; 33.6 % White; 61.4. % female). Half of participants self-reported past-six-month violent victimization and/or aggression; non-partner violence, and violent victimization were most common. Over half of participants self-reported high-risk substance use, and over half screened positive for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and/or anxiety. About 14.4 % self-reported past-six-month firearm assault, and 5.9 % self-reported firearm violence (excluding threats). Adjusted analysis showed community violence exposure was most strongly associated with firearm assault; each one-point-increase corresponded to a 13.7 % (95 %CI: 10.4 %–16.9 %) absolute increase in firearm assault prevalence. Drug misuse, mental health symptoms, firearm carrying, retaliatory attitudes, prosocial attitudes, and family conflict were also associated with firearm assault. ConclusionsViolence, including firearm assault, is common among young adults entering urban EDs, and is associated with several psychosocial factors. High rates of substance use and mental health symptoms underscore this as a high-need population. Leveraging this information could help tailor interventions and optimize resource allocation.

Correlates of Current Methamphetamine Use and Opioid Co-Use Among Latina Women in a Low-Income Community

ABSTRACT Using data from Proyecto SALTO, a 15-year follow-up study of a cohort of Mexican American women in a low-income community in San Antonio, Texas, this study examines emerging patterns of current methamphetamine (MA) use, including opioid co-use, among this understudied population. A bivariate analysis compared individuals with and without current MA use and identified sociodemographic correlates and co-occurring mental health and substance use. A secondary analysis compared those with current MA use, opioid use, and concurrent MA and opioid use. Nineteen percent of the sample had current MA use. MA use was associated with having a lower income (OR = 7.04–1.93, SE = 1.59–5.46), residential instability (OR = 5.19, SE = 1.99), and suicidal ideation (OR = 2.62, SE = 0.93). Participants with MA use had more than four times the odds of using opioids than those without MA use. Women with concurrent MA and opioid use differed in sociodemographics and behavioral risks compared to those with only MA or only opioid use. These findings explore the social, mental health, and structural inequities that exacerbate risks and harms associated with high-risk substance use among marginalized Latino populations. Prevention and intervention strategies should adopt a holistic approach that considers and addresses polysubstance use, mental health, and the sociocultural contexts in which individuals live.

Family Dynamics, Socioeconomic Hardships, and Health Risk Behaviours of Bulgarian Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study aims to explore family dynamics and the economic hardships experienced by families during the COVID-19 pandemic and their associations with adolescents' health risk behaviours (HRBs). Based on a representative study of adolescents aged 11-16 conducted in Bulgaria during the COVID-19 pandemic and HBSC data from the pre-pandemic period, logistic regression models were applied, assessing cigarette smoking, vaping, alcohol use, drunkenness, and cannabis use. The independent variables included demographics, Family Affluence Scale (FAS III), family structure, ease of communication with parents, and the authors' developed questions on parents' income and economic status change, family conflicts, and missing contact with extended family due to the pandemic. Material status of the family showed increasing differentials in adolescents' HRBs during the pandemic. Parental unemployment, income reduction, and temporary lay-offs were associated with a higher risk of substance use. Family conflicts, missing contact with extended family, and difficulties in communication with the mother were related to a higher risk of substance use. Communication with the father was significantly associated with alcohol use and drunkenness. Boys had lower odds of vaping and higher odds of alcohol use, drunkenness, and cannabis use. Higher age and minority status were associated with an increase in adolescents' HRBs. This study highlights the need for special family-focused interventions in times of health and economic crises.

Simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis and attenuated age-related declines in alcohol and cannabis use disorder symptoms across young adulthood

Most young adults naturally mature out of high-risk substance use patterns, but it is important to identify factors that may impede normative declines. Use of alcohol and cannabis simultaneously (i.e., simultaneous alcohol and marijuana/cannabis [SAM]) is cross-sectionally associated with alcohol and cannabis concerns, and SAM use increases acute risks at the daily level. However, less is known about long-term risks of SAM use and, specifically, how SAM use relates to maturing out of alcohol and cannabis use. Using four consecutive years of survey data from young adults who reported SAM use (N=409; 1636 responses; aged 18–25 at baseline), we first estimated age-related changes in symptoms of alcohol and cannabis use disorder (AUD/CUD) using multilevel growth modeling. Findings supported a maturing out process, as both AUD and CUD symptom severity significantly declined across young adulthood, on average (4 % and 5 % per year respectively, with significant acceleration). Cross-level interactions tested whether participants’ mean SAM use frequency across all four timepoints moderated age-related trajectories in AUD/CUD symptom severity. Significant interactions indicated that, relative to less-frequent SAM use, participants with more frequent SAM use showed less steep declines in AUD (1 % decrease per year vs. 6 % per year) and CUD symptoms (0 % decrease per year vs. 7 % per year); thus, SAM frequency was associated with slower/delayed maturing out of hazardous alcohol and cannabis use. Findings highlight that SAM use may be a correlate or risk-factor for prolonged high-risk substance use during young adulthood that relates to deviations from maturing out processes.

Artificial Neural Network Analysis Examining Substance Use Problems Co-Occurring with Anxiety and Depressive Disorders Among Adults Receiving Mental Health Treatment

Objective: The co-occurrence of anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, and substance use problems was examined. Methods: The Mental Health Client-Level Data dataset was used to conduct logistic regression models and an artificial neural network analysis. Logistic regression analyses were conducted among adults with anxiety (n = 547,473) or depressive disorders (n = 1,610,601) as their primary diagnosis who received treatment in a community mental health center. The artificial neural network analysis was conducted with the entire sample (N = 2,158,074). Results: Approximately 30% of the sample had co-occurring high-risk substance use or substance use disorder. Characteristics including region of treatment receipt, age, education, gender, race and ethnicity, and the presence of co-occurring anxiety and depressive disorders were associated with the co-occurring high-risk substance use or a substance use disorder. Conclusions: Findings from this study highlight the importance of mental health facilities to screen for and provide integrated treatment for co-occurring disorders.

Examining the Gateway Hypothesis and Mapping Substance Use Pathways on Social Media: Machine Learning Approach.

Substance misuse presents significant global public health challenges. Understanding transitions between substance types and the timing of shifts to polysubstance use is vital to developing effective prevention and recovery strategies. The gateway hypothesis suggests that high-risk substance use is preceded by lower-risk substance use. However, the source of this correlation is hotly contested. While some claim that low-risk substance use causes subsequent, riskier substance use, most people using low-risk substances also do not escalate to higher-risk substances. Social media data hold the potential to shed light on the factors contributing to substance use transitions. By leveraging social media data, our study aimed to gain a better understanding of substance use pathways. By identifying and analyzing the transitions of individuals between different risk levels of substance use, our goal was to find specific linguistic cues in individuals' social media posts that could indicate escalating or de-escalating patterns in substance use. We conducted a large-scale analysis using data from Reddit, collected between 2015 and 2019, consisting of over 2.29 million posts and approximately 29.37 million comments by around 1.4 million users from subreddits. These data, derived from substance use subreddits, facilitated the creation of a risk transition data set reflecting the substance use behaviors of over 1.4 million users. We deployed deep learning and machine learning techniques to predict the escalation or de-escalation transitions in risk levels, based on initial transition phases documented in posts and comments. We conducted a linguistic analysis to analyze the language patterns associated with transitions in substance use, emphasizing the role of n-gram features in predicting future risk trajectories. Our results showed promise in predicting the escalation or de-escalation transition in risk levels, based on the historical data of Reddit users created on initial transition phases among drug-related subreddits, with an accuracy of 78.48% and an F1-score of 79.20%. We highlighted the vital predictive features, such as specific substance names and tools indicative of future risk escalations. Our linguistic analysis showed that terms linked with harm reduction strategies were instrumental in signaling de-escalation, whereas descriptors of frequent substance use were characteristic of escalating transitions. This study sheds light on the complexities surrounding the gateway hypothesis of substance use through an examination of web-based behavior on Reddit. While certain findings validate the hypothesis, indicating a progression from lower-risk substances such as marijuana to higher-risk ones, a significant number of individuals did not show this transition. The research underscores the potential of using machine learning with social media analysis to predict substance use transitions. Our results point toward future directions for leveraging social media data in substance use research, underlining the importance of continued exploration before suggesting direct implications for interventions.

Brief Report: Depression, Substance Use, and Factors Associated With Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Adults Living With HIV in the Asia-Pacific Region

Background: Mental health and substance use disorders are common among people living with HIV and are associated with high-risk sexual behaviors, such as unprotected sex and multiple sexual partners, but Asia-Pacific data are limited. Methods: Adults living with HIV in care at 5 Asia-Pacific HIV clinics were enrolled at routine clinic visits between July 2019 and June 2020. Depression, substance use, sexual practice, and sociodemographic data were collected using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test, and a study-specific questionnaire. Clinical data were accessed from medical records. Risk factors for medium- to high-risk sexual practices, defined based on total scores from the sexual practice questionnaire assessing number of sexual partners and condom use, were analyzed using logistic regression. Moderate-to-severe depression was defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score >9 and moderate- to high-risk substance use as an Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test score ≥11 for alcohol or ≥4 for other substances. Results: Among 723 participants, the median age was 38 years, 89% were men, 99% were on antiretroviral therapy and 37% had medium- to high-risk sexual practices. Medium- to high-risk sexual practices were more common among those ≤30 years old, unemployed, and those with HIV status disclosed and were more likely in participants with moderate-to-severe depression (aOR 2.09, 95% CI: 1.17 to 3.74) compared with none-to-minimal depression, and moderate- to high-risk substance use (aOR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.23 to 2.44) compared with those without. Conclusions: Further integration of comprehensive sexual risk reduction strategies, mental health services, and substance use harm reduction within HIV clinical settings in the region is needed.

Learning to Identify High-Risk Substance Use Disorders in Patients Receiving Palliative Care

Learning to Identify High-Risk Substance Use Disorders in Patients Receiving Palliative Care

Stigma and mental health among people living with HIV across the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundMental health (MH) is extremely relevant when referring to people living with a chronic disease, such as people living with HIV (PLWH). In fact – although life expectancy and quality have increased since the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) – PLWH carry a high incidence of mental disorders, and this burden has been exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this scenario, UNAIDS has set new objectives for 2025, such as the linkage of at least 90% of PLWH to people-centered, context-specific MH services. Aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MD in PLWH followed at the Clinic of Infectious Diseases of the University of Bari, Italy.MethodsFrom January 10th to September 10th, 2022, all PLWH patients accessing our outpatient clinic were offered the following standardized tools: HAM-A for anxiety, BDI-II for depression, PC-PTSD-5 for post-traumatic stress disorder, CAGE-AID for alcohol-drug abuse. Factors associated with testing positive to the four MD were explored with a multivariable logistic regression model.Results578 out of 1110 HIV-patients agreed to receive MH screening, with 141 (24.4%) people resulting positive to at least one MH disorder. HAM-A was positive in 15.8% (n = 91), BDI-II in 18% (n = 104), PC-PTSD-5 in 5% (n = 29) and CAGE in 6.1% (n = 35). The multivariable logistic regression showed a higher probability of being diagnosed with anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder for PLWH who reported severe stigma, social isolation, psychological deterioration during the COVID-19 pandemic and for those receiving a dolutegravir (DTG)-based regimen. Moreover, history of drug use (OR 1.13; [95% CE 1.06–4.35]), family stigma (2.42 [1.65–3.94]) and social isolation (2.72 [1.55;4.84]) were found to be associated to higher risk for substance use disorder.ConclusionsIn this study, stigma was a strong predictor for being diagnosed of a MH disorder among PLWH. Also, the possible role of dolutegravir as a risk factor for the onset of MH disorders should be considered in clinical practice, and MH of patients receiving DTG-containing regimens should be constantly monitored.

Prevalence of co-occurring conditions among youths receiving treatment with primary anxiety, ADHD, or depressive disorder diagnoses

IntroductionAnxiety disorders, depressive disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are some of the most common conditions that youths (<18 years old) receive mental health treatment for. These conditions are associated with high-risk substance use or substance use disorders (SUDs). This study sought to identify the proportion of youths (<18 years old) with anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, or ADHD as a primary diagnosis in community mental health centers (CMHCs) having co-occurring high-risk substance use or a SUD.MethodsAnalysis included binary logistic regression models using the Mental Health Client-Level Data 2017–2019 datasets which contains annual cross-sectional administrative data from mental health treatment facilities. The final sample included n = 458,888 youths with an anxiety disorder as a primary diagnosis, n = 570,388 youths with a depressive disorder as a primary diagnosis, and n = 945,277 youths with ADHD as a primary diagnosis.ResultsIn the subsample with anxiety as a primary diagnosis, approximately 5% of youth had high-risk substance use or a SUD. Approximately 10% of youth with depression as a primary diagnosis had high-risk substance use or a SUD. Among youth with ADHD as a primary diagnosis, 5% had high-risk substance use or a SUD. Odds of having a co-occurring high-risk substance use or SUD differed based on the youth’s age, race and ethnicity, gender, and other mental health diagnoses.ConclusionsEffective care for this high-need youth population at CMHCs will require mental health clinicians to possess knowledge and skills related to substance use treatment.

Substance use problems and disorders among adults 50 years and older receiving mental health treatment for a primary neurocognitive disorder

Objectives This study sought to (1) identify the percentage of high-risk substance use or substance use disorder (SUD) and (2) examine the factors associated with high-risk substance use or SUD in adults aged 50 years and older receiving mental health treatment with a primary delirium or dementia diagnosis. Method This study used 7 years (2013–2019) of national administrative data on community mental health center patients aged 50 years and older with a primary delirium or dementia diagnosis receiving treatment in the United States (U.S.). To examine factors associated with the dependent variable (high-risk substance use or SUD), a multivariable binary logistic regression model was utilized. Results The sample included 77,509 individuals who were mostly aged 65 years and older (69.7%), and did not have co-occurring high-risk substance use or SUD (90.1%). Receiving treatment in a U.S. region other than the Northeast, being younger, male, not non-Hispanic White, and having multiple mental health diagnoses had greater odds of co-occurring high-risk substance use or SUD. Conclusion One in ten persons in this sample having high-risk substance use or SUD highlights the clinical necessity for screening and subsequent treatment for co-occurring high-risk substance use among persons receiving treatment for a neurocognitive disorder.

Accidental substance-related acute toxicity deaths among youth in Canada: a descriptive analysis of a national chart review study of coroner and medical examiner data.

Substance-related acute toxicity deaths (ATDs) are a public health crisis in Canada. Youth are often at higher risk for substance use due to social, environmental and structural factors. The objectives of this study were to understand the characteristics of youth (aged 12-24 years) dying of accidental acute toxicity in Canada and examine the substances contributing to and circumstances surrounding youth ATDs. Data from a national chart review study of coroner and medical examiner data on ATDs that occurred in Canada between 2016 and 2017 were used to conduct descriptive analyses with proportions, mortality rates and proportionate mortality rates. Where possible, youth in the chart review study were compared with youth in the general population and youth who died of all causes, using census data. Of the 732 youth who died of accidental acute toxicity in 2016-2017, most (94%) were aged 18 to 24 years. Youth aged 20 to 24 who were unemployed, unhoused or living in collective housing were overrepresented among accidental ATDs. Many of the youth aged 12 to 24 who died of accidental acute toxicity had a documented history of substance use. Fentanyl, cocaine and methamphetamine were the most common substances contributing to death, and 38% of the deaths were witnessed or potentially witnessed. The findings of this study point to the need for early prevention and harm reduction strategies and programs that address mental health, exposure to trauma, unemployment and housing instability to reduce the harms of substance use on Canadian youth.

Work Stress and Psychoactive Substance Use among Correctional Officers in the USA

Background: Correctional officers’ life expectancy in the U.S. is 59 years, compared to the population average of 75 years. Correctional officers have higher suicide rates than others and carry a higher risk for substance use. This study examined relationships between work stress, psychoactive substance use, and preferred venues for treatment. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted on 2017–2018 data from interviews with correctional officers, randomly sampled from prisons within Massachusetts and Texas. Independent sample t-test, multinomial logistic regression, and mediation effect model were used for analysis. Results: Of the 1083 participants (mean age = 38.6), 71.4% were males, 62.9% were White, 17.0% were veterans, and 46.7% worked in maximum-security prisons, among which 70.8% used alcohol and 17.2% sedatives in the last month. While 52.3% did not prefer receiving stress management services from the department, 32.9% did not prefer receiving from outside. Alcohol and sedative use were associated positively with work stress and counterproductive workplace behaviors, and negatively with organizational citizenship and task performance. Preferred treatment varied based on work stress and substance use. Conclusions: Work stress and psychoactive substance use among correctional officers are multifactorial. Interventions should be tailored to officers’ needs and preferred treatment venues. Prison reform should address the needs of not only inmates, but also officers.

Examination of reward processing dysfunctions in the left dorsal striatum and other brain regions among psychiatric inpatients with substance use

BackgroundSubstance misuse is a major public health issue and research has established attenuated reward responses to drug cues in those who misuse substances. Yet, little is known about whether the expectation of natural reinforcers engages distinct brain regions in substance misuse. MethodsUsing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we delivered juice at expected and unexpected times to examine reward processing dysfunctions. We focused on the responses within the left dorsal striatum (DS) in individuals with high-risk substance use (HRU, n = 65), low-risk substance use (psychiatric controls, PC, n = 65), and healthy controls (HC, n = 65). Additionally, we investigated whether the dysfunction in reward processing within the left DS is correlated with other common psychiatric symptoms. Finally, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the whole brain to investigate other non-hypothesized brain regions. ResultsCompared to HC, HRU displayed lower responses to juice delivery (i.e., reward) in the left DS (p <.05). The whole-brain analysis demonstrated that compared to HC, HRU displayed significantly lower responses to reward stimuli in various brain regions, including the bilateral caudate, temporal gyrus, left frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and right thalamus. LimitationsParticipants were individuals with polysubstance use; therefore, we were not able to examine the effects of individual substances. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that HRU displays lower responses to reward stimuli within the left DS and other non-hypothesized brain regions. Our findings may help further elucidate reward processing dysfunctions related to substance misuse.

Substance use among young people in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The use of substances such as alcohol, tobacco, khat, or drugs among young people is becoming a public health concern globally, with particularly high prevalence rates in low and middle-income settings, where socio-cultural and economic factors contribute to distinct challenges in addressing this problem. This review aimed to summarize the current literature on the prevalence of substance use among young people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and identify gaps in the current body of literature. Seven databases and Google were searched for studies reporting on substance use prevalence among young people (aged 10-24 years) in SSA, published between January 2010 and May 2024. Observational studies were included, assessed for methodological quality, and checked for the presence of heterogeneity and publication bias using standard methods. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled proportions for substance use among young people. The literature search identified 1,889 hits from the databases and Google. Among these 60 eligible studies involving 83,859 respondents were included in the review. The overall lifetime, 12-month, and current prevalence of any substance use among young people in SSA was found to be 21.0% (95% CI= 18.0, 24.0), 18% (95% CI=10,27), and 15% (95% CI=12,18), respectively. Among young people from SSA, alcohol use problem was the most prevalent (40%), followed by khat use (25%), stimulant use (20%), and cigarette smoking (16%). Other substances used by a smaller proportion of young people included cannabis, cocaine, inhalants, sedatives, shisha, hallucinogens, steroids, and mastics. The prevalence of substance use problems was higher among males compared to females, highest in the southern African region followed by Western and Eastern regions, and in community-based studies compared to institutional-based studies. In SSA, over a fourth of young people use at least one substance in their lifetime, with higher rates among males than females and in community-based compared to institution-based studies. These results emphasize the need for interventions targeting the wider young population and those in specific subgroups identified as being at higher risk of substance use. This approach allows for the provision of tailored support and resources to those who need it most while also promoting positive health outcomes for the entire population of young people in the region. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022366774, identifier CRD42022366774.

Insomnia as a Risk Factor for Substance Use Disorders in Women.

Gender differences exist for both insomnia and substance use disorders. Women show a higher prevalence of insomnia and increased susceptibility to the effects of drugs than men. Importantly, a growing body of evidence suggests that insufficient sleep predicts and puts individuals at a higher risk for substance use and associated psychosocial problems. However, the role of insomnia in substance use disorders among women remains poorly understood. The present article discusses gender differences in insomnia and in substance use disorders and reviews evidence suggesting that an increased prevalence of insomnia may be a risk factor for substance use disorders in women.

A comparison of two strategies to assess sexual violence: general vs. specialised trauma screening strategies in two high-risk substance use health disparity samples

ABSTRACT Background/Objective: Using two different high-risk samples, the present study compared and contrasted two different strategies/questionnaire types for assessing a history of sexual violence: a general trauma screening vs. specialised behaviourally-specific questionnaires. Methods: Sample 1 included 91 men and women seeking detoxification treatment services in a publicly funded, urban clinic who completed a trauma and substance use questionnaire battery during treatment. Sample 2 included 310 women at a rural college who completed a trauma and religious coping questionnaire battery for course credit. All participants completed both types of questionnaires: One general trauma screening questionnaire (i.e. the Life Events Checklist [LEC]) and two behaviourally-specific specialised questionnaires (i.e. the 2007 Sexual Experiences Survey [SES] and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]). Results: There were large differences in the cases identified by the behaviourally-specific questionnaires (SES and CTQ) compared to the general trauma screening questionnaire (the LEC) in both samples but few differences in the prevalence rates of sexual violence detected by each questionnaire type. In the detoxification sample, the differences were especially notable for men. Follow-up analyses indicated that degree of traumatisation impacted results likely by increasing participant’s willingness to endorse face-valid items on the LEC. Conclusions: For men, the behaviourally-specific questionnaires (SES/CTQ) were necessary to identify cases. For those with more severe trauma histories, the LEC was equivalent to the SES/CTQ in identifying a similar number of sexual violence cases. Thus, clinicians and researchers should consider the population when selecting assessments to identify sexual violence history.

Feasibility and acceptability of a peer provider delivered substance use screening and brief intervention program for youth in Kenya

BackgroundYouth in sub-Saharan Africa are at high risk of substance use yet lack access to substance use interventions. The goal of this project was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a peer-delivered, single-session substance use screening and brief intervention program for youth in Kenya.MethodsThis was a convergent parallel mixed methods study utilizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Two trained peer providers administered the screening and brief intervention program to 100 youth aged 15–24 years. To evaluate the implementation of the intervention, we collected quantitative and qualitative data. Feasibility and acceptability were quantitatively assessed using the Dissemination and Implementation Measures. Fidelity was assessed by rating all 100 audio-recorded sessions using a checklist. To obtain qualitative feedback on the intervention, we conducted five focus group discussions with 25 youths and six semi-structured interviews with two peer providers and four clinic leaders. The semi-structured interviews were guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Quantitative data was analyzed via descriptive statistics using STATA. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis with NVIVO.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of any substance use was 50%. The mean level of acceptability of the intervention from the perspective of the youth was 3.53 (SD 0.15), meaning that the youth found the intervention to be acceptable “a lot” of the time. Mean levels of implementation outcomes (acceptability, adoption, Acceptability, Appropriateness, Feasibility, Reach/access, Organizational climate, General leadership skills, and Sustainability) as rated by peer providers and clinic staff ranged between 2.61 (“a moderate amount”) and 4.0 (“a lot”). In qualitative data, youth reported that the intervention was helpful and useful in enabling them to stop or reduce substance use. The peer providers felt that the intervention was easy to implement, while the clinic leaders felt that available resources were adequate, and that the intervention aligned well with the goals of the clinic.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the peer-delivered screening and brief intervention program was perceived as acceptable to the youth and feasible to implement.Trial registrationNCT04998045 Registration date: 10/08/2021.