High-resolution Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Articles

Relationship between the intravascular enhancement sign on three-dimensional T1-weighted turbo spin echo and intraluminal thrombus in middle cerebral artery atherosclerosis

PurposeTo investigate the association between the intravascular enhancement sign (IVES) and intraluminal thrombus (ILT) detected by high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI) in patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) atherosclerosis. MethodThe data of patients who underwent HR-VWI between May 2021 and May 2023, including clinical information, the number of IVES vessels, stenosis degree, ILT, plaque features on 3D T1-weighted turbo spin echo sequences, and signal intensity ratio (SIR) on 3D time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography, were retrospectively analyzed. Correlation and logistic regression analyses were performed. ResultsA total of 194 MCA plaques were identified in 132 patients (103 [53 %] on the left). Atherosclerosis with, relative to without, ILT was associated with a higher incidence of ischemic events, higher plaque enhancement and stenosis degrees, more vessels with IVES, and lower remodeling ratio, lumen area, wall area, total vessel area, and SIR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant and independent associations of the number of IVES vessels (OR = 1.089; 95 % CI [1.013–1.170]; P = 0.020) and SIR (OR = 0.007; 95 % CI [0.0004–0.124]; P < 0.001) with ILT. The number of vessels with the IVES (AUC = 0.81, 95 % CI [0.75–0.87]; P < 0.001) and SIR (AUC = 0.88, 95 % CI [0.82–0.94]; P < 0.001) sufficiently diagnosed ILT, and the AUC of the combination of the IVES and SIR was 0.89 (95 % CI [0.84–0.94]; P < 0.001). ConclusionThe number of IVES vessels and SIR are independent risk factors for ILT. They may provide new monitoring targets for stroke prevention in patients with atherosclerotic stenosis.

Neuro-Behcet’s Disease Manifesting as Bilateral Fornix and Left Thalamus Infarction

Neuro-Behcet’s disease (NBD) is defined as neurological involvement in Behcet’s disease. A 32-year-old man was admitted due to sudden memory impairment and had a history of recurrent oral/genital ulcers. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed ischemic lesions in the bilateral fornix and left thalamus, and high-resolution vessel wall MRI demonstrated vasculitis in the anterior communicating artery. We report a rare case of NBD that presented as vasculitis and ischemic stroke in the bilateral fornix and thalamus.

High-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging provides new insights into Moyamoya disease.

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare condition that affects the blood vessels of the central nervous system. This cerebrovascular disease is characterized by progressive narrowing and blockage of the internal carotid, middle cerebral, and anterior cerebral arteries, which results in the formation of a compensatory fragile vascular network. Currently, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is considered the gold standard in diagnosing MMD. However, this diagnostic technique is invasive and may not be suitable for all patients. Hence, non-invasive imaging methods such as computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are often used. However, these methods may have less reliable diagnostic results. Therefore, High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Vessel Wall Imaging (HR-VWI) has emerged as the most accurate method for observing and analyzing arterial wall structure. It enhances the resolution of arterial walls and enables quantitative and qualitative analysis of plaque, facilitating the identification of atherosclerotic lesions, vascular entrapment, myofibrillar dysplasia, moyamoya vasculopathy, and other related conditions. Consequently, HR-VWI provides a new and more reliable evaluation criterion for diagnosing vascular lesions in patients with Moyamoya disease.

The Prepetrous Segment of the Internal Carotid Artery as a Neglected Site of Symptomatic Atherosclerosis: A Single-Center Series.

(1) Background: Non-stenotic complicated plaques are a neglected cause of stroke, in particular in young patients. Atherosclerosis has some preferential sites in extracranial arteries and the prepetrous segment of the internal carotid artery has been rarely described as site of atheroma in general and of complicated atheroma in stroke patients. The aim of this study is to describe the rate of the prepetrous internal carotid artery's (ICA) involvement in a single-center case series of young stroke patients. (2) Methods: All patients < 50 years old with acute ischemic stroke admitted to a single-center Stroke Unit during two time periods (the first one from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019, and the second one from 1 January 2021 to 30 June 2022), were prospectively investigated as part of a screening protocol of the Searching for Explanations for Cryptogenic Stroke in the Young: Revealing the Etiology, Triggers, and Outcome (SECRETO) study [ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT01934725], including extracranial vascular examination by using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (3) Results: Two out of ninety-three consecutive patients (2.15%) had a complicated atheroma in the prepetrous ICA as the cause of stroke and both CT angiography and high-resolution vessel wall MRI were applied to document the main features of positive remodeling, cap rupture, ulceration, intraplaque hemorrhage, and a transient thrombus superimposed on the atheroma. The two patients had a different evolution of healing in the first case and a persisting ulceration at 12 months in the second case. (4) Conclusions: The prepetrous ICA is a rarely described location of complicated atheroma in stroke patients at all ages and it represents roughly 2% of causes of acute stroke in this single-center case series in young people.

Association between high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging characteristics and recurrent stroke in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic steno-occlusive disease: A prospective multicenter study.

High-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HRMR-VWI) is a promising technique for identifying intracranial vulnerable plaques beyond lumen narrowing. However, the association between HRMR-VWI characteristics and recurrent stroke remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the association between HRMR-VWI characteristics and recurrent ipsilateral stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic steno-occlusive disease (ICAS). This multicenter, observational study recruited first-ever acute ischemic stroke patients attributed to ICAS (>50% stenosis or occlusion) within 7 days after onset. Participants were assessed by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including diffusion-weighted imaging, three-dimension time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography, and three-dimensional T1-weighted HRMR-VWI. The patients were recommended to receive best medical therapy and were systematically followed up for 12 months. The association between HRMR-VWI characteristics and the time to recurrent ipsilateral stroke was investigated by univariable and multivariable analysis. Two hundred and fifty-five consecutive patients were enrolled from 15 centers. The cumulative 12 month ipsilateral recurrence incidence was 4.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6-6.6%). Patients with recurrent ipsilateral stroke exhibited higher rates of intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) (30.0% vs 6.5%) and eccentric plaque (90.0% vs 48.2%), and lower occurrence of occlusive thrombus (10.0% vs 23.7%). Plaque length (5.69 ± 2.21 mm vs 6.67 ± 4.16 mm), plaque burden (78.40 ± 7.37% vs 78.22 ± 8.32%), degree of stenosis (60.25 ± 18.95% vs 67.50% ± 22.09%) and remodeling index (1.07 ± 0.27 vs 1.03 ± 0.35) on HRMR-VWI did not differ between patients with and without recurrent ipsilateral stroke. In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, IPH (hazard ratio: 6.64, 95% CI: 1.23-35.8, p = 0.028) was significantly associated with recurrent ipsilateral stroke after adjustment.Conclusions:Our results suggest intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) is significantly associated with recurrent ipsilateral stroke and has potential value in the selection of patients for aggressive treatment strategies. Data from this study are available and can be accessed upon request.

Plaque characteristics associated with failure of primary balloon angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: a retrospective study

BackgroundPrimary balloon angioplasty (PBA) is an alternative treatment approach for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS); however, its efficacy may be compromised by arterial dissection or early elastic recoil after balloon dilation....

A clinical-radiomics combined model based on carotid atherosclerotic plaque for prediction of ischemic stroke.

To accurately predict the risk of ischemic stroke, we established a radiomics model of carotid atherosclerotic plaque-based high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (HR-VWMRI) and combined it with clinical indicators. In total, 127 patients were finally enrolled and randomly divided into training and test cohorts. HR-VWMRI three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and contrast-enhanced T1WI (T1CE) were collected. A traditional model was built by recording and calculating radiographic features of the carotid plaques and patients' clinical indicators. After extracting radiomics features from T1WI and T1CE images, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm was used to select the optimal features and construct the radiomics_T1WI model and the radiomics_T1CE model. The traditional and radiomics features were used to build combined models. The performance of all the models predicting ischemic stroke was evaluated in the training and test cohorts, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) were independently related to ischemic stroke and were used to build the traditional model, which achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 versus 0.78 in the training and test cohorts, respectively. The AUC value of the radiomics_T1WI model is the lowest in the training and test cohorts, but the prediction performance is significantly improved when the model combines IPH and BMI. The AUC value of the combined_T1WI model was 0.78 and 0.81 in the training and test cohorts, respectively. In addition, in the training and test cohorts, the radiomics_T1CE model based on HR-VWMRI combined clinical characteristics, which is the combined_T1CE model, had the highest AUC value of 0.84 and 0.82, respectively. Compared with other models, the radiomics_T1CE model based on HR-VWMRI combined clinical characteristics, which is a combined_T1CE model, can accurately predict the risk of ischemic stroke.

Vessel wall MRI characteristics associated with intraprocedural stent thrombosis during angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis

BackgroundFew studies have so far explored plaque characteristics on high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI) associated with intraprocedural stent thrombosis (IPST) during angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS). We...

Imaging investigation of cervicocranial artery dissection by using high resolution magnetic resonance VWI and MRA: qualitative and quantitative analysis at different stages

BackgroundTo explore the value of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and high resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HRMR-VWI) in cervicocranial artery dissection (CCAD) for the disease diagnosis, course staging and treatment. On the basis of qualitative evaluation, this study also extract the changes of different stages in vessel wall in different vessel segments to identify imaging indicators for the quantitative evaluation of CCAD.MethodsWe retrospectively enrolled 34 patients with CCAD (38branches) with conventional MRA and HRMR-VWI examinations. Two radiologists independently analyzed imaging features of vessel wall and lumen in the different stages, and the typical sign detection of artery dissection were compared between MRA and HRMR-VWI. Then the parameters of vessel wall was quantitatively evaluated by the post-processing software (Vesselmass, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.ResultsHRMR-VWI revealed typical sign detection of artery dissection in all patients in the acute and subacute stage. Among them, the intimal flap/double lumen sign ditection were more common than the MRA, there was significant difference (P = 0.012). MRA revealed typical sign detection of artery dissection in more than half the patients, and the detection was no significant difference at the chronic stage between MRA and HRMR-VWI (P = 1.000/1.000/0.761). In the acute and subacute stage, the typical sign detection of intramural hematoma and Grade II enhancement revealed by HR-MRI was higher than the observations in the chronic stage (P = 0.000/0.000/0.016), while there was no significant difference by MRA (P = 0.902). The values of wall thickness, relative signal intensity of vessel wall enhancement, relative signal intensity of intramural hematoma (IMH), and percentage of stenosis in CCAD decreased from acute to subacute and then to chronic stages. Each quantitative parameter in patients with CCAD in the early stages (i.e., acute and subacute stages) was significantly different from that in patients with CCAD in the recovered group at chronic stage (P < 0.05). Wall thickness and relative signal intensity of vessel wall enhancement in patients with CCAD in the early stages were not significantly different from those in patients with CCAD in the incompletely recovered group at chronic stage (P > 0.05).ConclusionsAs the only noninvasive imaging technology, HRMR-VWI displays the structure of the vessel wall in vivo, showing not only excellent performance in the early diagnosis of CCAD, but also describing the changes of different stages in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of vessel wall. It also helps to guide the diseasediagnosis, course staging and treatment of CCAD. Although the diagnostic efficacy of MRA was not as good as HRMR-VWI, it should be the first choice of method for routine examination in evaluating CCAD, especially at the chronic stage of CCAD.

The diagnostic performance of high-resolution magnetic resonance-vessel wall imaging in differentiating atherosclerosis-associated moyamoya vasculopathy from moyamoya disease.

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of high-resolution magnetic resonance-vessel wall imaging (HRMR-VWI) in differentiating moyamoya disease (MMD) from atherosclerosis-associated moyamoya vasculopathy (AS-MMV) and investigate an accurate approach for the differential diagnosis. Adult patients who were diagnosed as MMD or AS-MMV and underwent HRMR-VWI were retrospectively included. The three vessel wall features (outer diameter (OD), remodeling index (RI), and pattern of vessel wall thickening) of middle cerebral artery (MCA) in identifying MMD from AS-MMV were assessed and compared. Furthermore, subgroup analysis stratified by degree of luminal stenosis was performed and the cutoff values of different vessel wall features in differentiating MMD from AS-MMV were also calculated. A total of 265 patients (160 cases of MMD and 105 AS-MMV) were included. Patients with AS-MMV had greater OD and RI and were more likely to exhibit eccentric thickening of vessel wall compared to those with MMD (all p < 0.001). The ROC analysis showed that the AUC value of OD was greater than that of RI (0.912 vs. 0.889, p = 0.007) in differentiating MMD from AS-MMV, and their corresponding cutoff values were 1.77 mm and 0.27, respectively. And the AUC value of pattern of vessel wall thickening was 0.786 in non-occluded patients. With the increase of lumen stenosis, the discrimination power of the three indicators enhanced correspondingly. HRMR-VWI is valuable in distinguishing MMD from AS-MMV. The OD of MCA has better diagnostic performance in differentiating AS-MMV from MMD compared to RI and pattern of vessel wall thickening. The outer diameter of the involved artery proved to be both accurate and convenient in distinguishing atherosclerosis-associated moyamoya vasculopathy from moyamoya disease and may provide a quantitative reference for clinical diagnosis. High-resolution magnetic resonance-vessel wall imaging is valuable in distinguishing atherosclerosis-associated moyamoya vasculopathy from moyamoya disease. Compared to remodeling index and pattern of vessel wall thickening, outer diameter is more accurate in differentiating atherosclerosis-associated moyamoya vasculopathy from moyamoya disease. With the increase of lumen stenosis, the discrimination power of outer diameter, remodeling index, and pattern of vessel wall thickening enhanced correspondingly.

Calcification circumference, area, and location are associated with carotid stent expansion rate: high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging study.

The plaque imaging findings associated with the stent expansion rate (SER) of the carotid artery are not well known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the imaging findings associated with SER. It was a retrospective investigation. Based on the kind of carotid stents used, retrospective data from 89 patients who had carotid artery stenting (CAS) for atherosclerotic carotid stenosis were gathered and divided into two groups: open-cell stents and closed-cell stents. Patients underwent preoperative carotid high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI). Use HR-VWI to quantitatively evaluate carotid wall thickness and plaque components. Calculate SER using digital subtraction angiography (DSA). All patients' baseline and HR-VWI imaging features were retrospectively analyzed. Simple and multivariable linear regression analysis was used to determine the imaging findings associated with SER of open-cell and closed-cell stents. A total of 89 patients (mean age, 70±8 years; 69 men) were included in the final analysis. Among 89 patients, 35 patients were treated with open-cell stents. Fifty-four patients were treated with closed-cell stents. In the open-cell stents group, the Maximum single-slice calcification circumference score, maximum wall thickness (WTmax), and total calcification location score with P<0.10 in the simple linear regression analysis were included in the multivariable linear regression analysis. The results of the multivariable linear regression revealed that only the Maximum single-slice calcification circumference score (β=-9.35; 95% CI: -18.15 to -0.56; P=0.03) was associated with SER of open-cell stents. In the closed-cell stents group, the Maximum single-slice calcification circumference score, WTmax, maximum area percentage of calcification, calcification volume, and total calcification location score with P<0.10 in the simple linear regression analysis were included in the multivariable linear regression analysis. The results of the multivariable linear regression revealed that the Maximum area percentage of calcification (β=-0.67; 95% CI: -1.29 to -0.05; P=0.03), Maximum single-slice calcification circumference score (β=-8.43; 95% CI: -13.36 to -3.49; P=0.001) and total calcification location score (β=-0.37; 95% CI: -1.08 to 0.09; P=0.02) were associated with SER of closed-cell stents. Calcified plaques are associated with SER of the carotid artery. Calcification circumference correlates with SER of open-cell stents. Calcification circumference, calcification area, and calcification location are related to SER of closed-cell stents, which may provide a new consideration for clinicians when choosing carotid artery stents.

Carotid massive intraplaque hemorrhage, lipid-rich necrotic core, and heavy circumferential calcification were associated with new ipsilateral ischemic cerebral lesions after carotid artery stenting: high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging study.

Following carotid artery stenting (CAS), new ipsilateral ischemic lesions (NIILs) in the brain are frequently seen using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). This study's goal was to identify the imaging characteristics associated with NIILs after CAS by high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI). This was a case-control study. 109 patients who received CAS for atherosclerotic carotid stenosis were retrospectively collected and categorized into NIILs positive and NIILs negative groups. Based on the existence or absence of stroke symptoms after CAS, the NIILs positive group was split into two subgroups: the NIILs symptomatic group and the NIILs asymptomatic group. Patients underwent preoperative HR-VWI and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 7 days preoperatively and within 3 days postoperatively. Quantitatively assess carotid plaque burden and components using HR-VWI. The baseline and HR-VWI imaging characteristics of all patients were retrospectively analyzed. To ascertain the imaging characteristics connected with NIILs after CAS, logistic regression analysis was carried out. Among 109 patients, 38 patients (34.9%) developed NIILs after CAS. Six patients (5.5%) developed symptomatic stroke with NIILs. The logistic regression analysis revealed that maximum wall thickness (Max WT) [odds ratio (OR), 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-1.96; P=0.001], the maximum area percentage of lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC) (OR, 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03-1.07; P<0.001), the volume of LRNC (OR, 1.004; 95% CI: 1.002-1.005; P<0.001), the maximum area percentage of intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) (OR, 1.17; 95% CI: 1.11-1.24; P<0.001), the volume of IPH (OR, 1.06; 95% CI: 1.03-1.08; P<0.001), and maximum circumference score of calcification in a single slice (OR, 1.66; 95% CI: 1.04-2.63; P=0.03) were linked with NIILs following CAS. The massive IPH, LRNC, and heavy circumferential calcification were associated with NIILs after CAS. Preoperative quantitative assessment of carotid plaque using HR-VWI may be useful for predicting NIILs following CAS.

Refined imaging features of culprit plaques improve the prediction of recurrence in intracranial atherosclerotic stroke within the middle cerebral artery territory

Recurrence is a significant adverse outcome of ischemic stroke (IS), particularly in cases of intracranial arteriosclerosis (ICAS). In this study, we investigated the impact of imaging features of culprit plaque using high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-MR-VWI) on the prediction of IS recurrence. A total of 86 patients diagnosed with ICAS-related IS within the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory were included, of which 23.25% experienced recurrent IS within one year. Our findings revealed significant differences between the recurrence and non-recurrence groups in terms of age (p = 0.007), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.031), hyperhomocysteinemia (p = 0.021), artery-artery embolism (AAE) infarction (p = 0.019), prominent enhancement (p = 0.013), and surface irregularity of the culprit plaque (p = 0.009). Age (HR = 1.063, p = 0.005), AAE infarction (HR = 5.708, p = 0.008), and prominent enhancement of the culprit plaque (HR = 4.105, p = 0.025) were identified as independent risk factors for stroke recurrence. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) for predicting IS recurrence using clinical factors, conventional imaging findings, HR-MR-VWI plaque features, and a combination of clinical and conventional imaging models were 0.728, 0.645, 0.705, and 0.814, respectively. Notably, the combination model demonstrated superior predictive performance with an AUC of 0.870. Similarly, AUC of combination model for predicting IS recurrence in validation cohort which enrolled another 37 patients was 0.865. In conclusion, the presence of obvious enhancement in culprit plaque on HR-MR-VWI is a valuable factor in predicting IS recurrence in ICAS-related strokes within the MCA territory. Furthermore, our combination model, incorporating plaque features, exhibited improved prediction accuracy.

Circular RNA hsa_circ_0007990 as a blood biomarker for unruptured intracranial aneurysm with aneurysm wall enhancement.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) may involve the formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IA). Inflammation plays a vital role in the development and progression of IA, which can be reflected by aneurysm wall enhancement (AWE) on high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (HR-VWI). This study aims to evaluate the role of circRNAs as the blood inflammatory biomarker for unruptured IA (UIA) patients with AWE on HR-VWI. We analyzed the circRNA expression profiles in the peripheral blood samples among subjects from saccular UIA with AWE, UIA without AWE, and healthy controls by the circRNA microarray. The differential expression of hsa_circ_0007990 was assessed. We constructed the hsa_circ_0007990-microRNA-mRNA network and the regulatory axis of hub genes associated with the AWE in UIA. Eighteen patients harboring saccular UIAs with HR VWI and five healthy controls were included. We found 412 differentially expressed circRNAs between UIA patients and healthy controls by circRNA microarray. Two hundred thirty-one circRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in UIA patients with AWE compared with those without AWE. Twelve upregulated circRNAs were associated with AWE of UIA, including hsa_circ_0007990, hsa_circ_0114507, hsa_circ_0020460, hsa_circ_0053944, hsa_circ_0000758, hsa_circ_0000034, hsa_circ_0009127, hsa_circ_0052793, hsa_circ_0000301 and hsa_circ_0000729. The expression of hsa_circ_0007990 was increased gradually in the healthy control, UIA without AWE, and UIA with AWE confirmed by RT-PCR (P<0.001). We predicted 4 RNA binding proteins (Ago2, DGCR8, EIF4A3, PTB) and period circadian regulator 1 as an encoding protein with hsa_circ_0007990. The hsa_circ_0007990-microRNA-mRNA network containing five microRNAs (miR-4717-5p, miR-1275, miR-150-3p, miR-18a-5p, miR-18b-5p), and 97 mRNAs was constructed. The five hub genes (hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha, estrogen receptor 1, forkhead box O1, insulin-like growth factor 1, CREB binding protein) were involved in the inflammatory response. Differentially expressed blood circRNAs associated with AWE on HR-VWI may be the novel inflammatory biomarkers for assessing UIA patients. The mechanism of hsa_circRNA_0007990 for UIA progression needs to investigate further.

Vessel wall enhancement as a predictor of arterial stenosis progression and poor outcomes in moyamoya disease.

This study aimed to determine the association between vessel wall enhancement and progression of arterial stenosis and clinical outcomes in patients with moyamoya (MMD) using high-resolution magnetic resonance (HRMR) vessel wall imaging. Consecutive participants diagnosed with MMD were prospectively recruited and underwent HRMR at baseline and during follow-up, which had an interval period of ≥ 6 months and were clinically followed up for ≤ 24 months to record the occurrence of ischemic stroke. The relationship between vessel wall enhancement and arterial stenosis progression and stroke occurrence was evaluated. HRMR vessel wall imaging was used to identify 309 stenotic lesions at the internal carotid artery (ICA) in 170 participants (mean age: 37.7 ± 11.3 years old, male: 44.1%). The baseline presence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.97-6.44, p < 0.001) and progression (aOR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.29-6.80, p = 0.010) of vessel wall enhancement and middle cerebral artery (MCA) involvement (aOR = 4.98, 95% CI = 1.50-16.52, p = 0.009) were significantly associated with rapid progression of arterial stenosis. Furthermore, vessel wall enhancement (adjusted HR = 3.59, 95% CI = 1.33-9.70, p = 0.011) and rapid progression of arterial stenosis (adjusted HR = 4.52, 95% CI = 1.48-13.81, p = 0.008) were correlated with future stroke occurrence. The baseline presence of vessel wall enhancement was associated with rapid progression of arterial stenosis and increased risk for stroke in MMD patients. Our findings suggest that vessel wall enhancement may serve as a predictor of disease progression and poor outcomes in MMD. • The baseline presence of vessel wall enhancement was significantly associated with the rapid progression of arterial stenosis. • The baseline presence of vessel wall enhancement and rapid progression of arterial stenosis were both correlated with increased risk for future occurrence of stroke. • Our findings suggest that vessel wall enhancement may serve as a predictor of rapid progression of arterial stenosis and poor outcomes in MMD patients.

Predictive value of the combination between the intracranial arterial culprit plaque characteristics and the Essen Stroke Risk Score for short-term stroke recurrence

AimIn the current study we aim the identification of the culprit plaque characteristics of intracranial arteries using high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-MR-VWI). Moreover, we target the evaluation of the predictive value of culprit plaque characteristics for short-term stroke recurrence combined with ESRS. Materials and methodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study on 342 patients diagnosed with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (sICAS), out of which 243 were men and 99 were women with an average age of 64 ± 12 years. 184 cases of anterior circulation ischemia (ACIS) and 158 cases of posterior circulation ischemia (PCIS) were included in the study. All of them underwent HR-MR-VWI during the period between February 2020 and June 2021 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China. The culprit vessel and culprit plaque characteristics were assessed based on HR-MR-VWI images, and the patients' ESRS were obtained from the electronic medical records of the hospital. Concerning the obtained results from the 6-month follow-up, the patients were divided into the non-recurrence group and the recurrence group, and the differences in the above-mentioned features between the two groups were compared. The univariate Cox regression analysis combined with ESRS was performed to screen out the independent risk factors associated with recurrent stroke with P < 0.1. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves) were plotted to analyze the predictive performance of the culprit plaque characteristics, ESRS and combined variables for stroke recurrence. We used the area under the curve (AUC) ROC, while the sensitivity and specificity were calculated at the optimal threshold. The Delong test was employed to compare the quality of the AUC of the predictors. ResultsA total of 15.5% (53/342) of patients had a stroke recurrence within six months, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the two groups regarding the ESRS, medical history of diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, data for previous acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack(TIA), history of peripheral vascular disease, and serum brain natriuretic peptide level. In the patients with ACIS, the incidence of hyperintensity on the T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) was significantly different between the recurrence and the non-recurrence groups (P < 0.05). In the patients with PCIS, statistically significant differences between the recurrence and the non-recurrence group were detected in the culprit plaque burden, degree of enhancement, and incidence of hyperintensity on T1WI (P < 0.05). The ESRS (hazard ratios [HR], 1.598, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.193–2.141, P = 0.002) ,degree of enhancement (HR = 1.764, 95% CI 0.985–3.087, P = 0.047) and hyperintensity on T1WI (HR = 2.745, 95% CI 1.373–5.488, P = 0.004) proved to be independent risk factors for stroke recurrence. The ESRS predicted stroke recurrence with AUC = 0.618 (95% CI 0.564–0.670), while the best cut-off value was 2 points. Furthermore, the registered sensitivity and specificity were 60.4% and 58.5%, respectively. Regarding the degree of enhancement in the culprit plaque, the prediction of stroke recurrence was with AUC = 0.628 (95% CI 0.574–0.679) as well as with sensitivities and specificities of 58.5% and 64.4%, respectively. Regarding the hyperintensity on T1WI in culprit plaque, the prediction of stroke recurrence was with AUC = 0.678 (95% CI 0.626–0.727) as well as with sensitivities and specificities of 66.0% and 70.0%, respectively. The ESRS combined with the degree of enhancement predicted stroke recurrence with an AUC = 0.685 (95CI% 0.633–0.734), while the recorded sensitivity and specificity were 56.6% and 73.4%, respectively. The ESRS combined with hyperintensity on the T1WI predicted stroke recurrence with an AUC = 0.745 (95CI% 0.696–0.791). The recorded sensitivity and specificity were 64.2% and 76.8%, respectively. The AUC quality of the ESRS combined with hyperintensity on T1WI was higher than that of other indices (P < 0.05). ConclusionsThe hyperintensity on T1WI of the culprit plaque in intracranial arteries combined with ESRS demonstrated better predictive ability for short-term stroke recurrence. We consider this of high importance for clinical application since it provides an easier way of obtaining data for precise diagnosis.

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Is Associated With Circumferential Wall Enhancement of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm

Background and PurposeNeutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) predicts clinical outcomes in patients with stroke. Aneurysm wall enhancement (AWE) on high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (HR-VWI) is an inflammation marker for intracranial aneurysm (IA). This study aims to evaluate the association of NLR as a peripheral blood inflammatory marker with circumferential AWE in patients with IA.MethodsWe analyzed data of consecutive patients harboring IAs between September 2017 and December 2021 at our institution. The peripheral blood inflammatory indicators were compared between patients with ruptured and unruptured IAs. The presence of circumferential AWE in unruptured IA was identified and quantitatively measured using the aneurysm-to-pituitary stalk contrast ratio (CRstalk) on HR-VWI. We used the optimal cutoff value of 0.5 for CRstalk to differentiate circumferential AWE in unruptured IAs. We assessed the relationship of clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics with circumferential AWE and CRstalk ≥0.5 in unruptured IAs.ResultsThe study group was composed of one hundred and twenty-five patients with 142 IAs. NLR level at admission was significantly higher in patients with ruptured IAs than those with unruptured IAs (7.55 vs. 1.81; P < 0.001). AWE on HR-VWI was present in 30 patients with unruptured IAs (38.5%), including 12 with focal AWE and 18 with circumferential AWE. NLR (odds ratio (OR), 2.168; 95% CI, 1.149–4.088) and size (odds ratio, 1.370; 95% CI, 1.126–1.667) were independently associated with circumferential AWE in unruptured IA. NLR was also independently associated with circumferential AWE in small unruptured IA (<7 mm). Furthermore, NLR level at admission was associated with CRstalk ≥.5 in patients with unruptured IA. The optimal cutoff value of NLR for circumferential AWE was 1.86.ConclusionNLR is a valuable peripheral blood inflammatory marker is more often in the rupture status of IA and was associated with circumferential AWE on HR-VWI in unruptured IA.

Symptomatic plaque enhancement is associated with early-onset post-stroke depression

BackgroundThe association between imaging features closely associated with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic plaques and early-onset post-stroke depression (PSD) is currently unclear. Materials and methods76 ischemic stroke patients who underwent high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (HR-VWI) were divided into PSD and non-PSD groups according to their DSM-V diagnoses and HAMD-17 scores at 14 days after onset. Clinical data and the imaging features associated with symptomatic plaques (including the enhancement index (EI), remodeling index, and plaque surface irregularity) were compared between groups. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis was used to find independent predictors of early-onset PSD. Spearman rank correlation analysis explores the association between clinical data, symptomatic plaque imaging features, and HAMD-17 in patients. ResultsThe sample comprised 36 patients with early-onset PSD. The symptomatic plaque EI and infarct volume were significantly higher in depressed patients than in patients without depression (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression showed that symptomatic plaque EI could be used as an independent predictor of early-onset PSD after correcting for the confounding factor of infarct volume (OR = 1.034, 95% CI:1.014–1.055, P = 0.001). In the total sample, symptomatic plaque EI, infarct volume, and HAMD-17 had a significant positive correlation with each other (P < 0.05). LimitationsThis study focused only on the patients' symptomatic plaques and did not monitor patients' systemic inflammation levels at the time of HR-VWI. ConclusionsThe degree of symptomatic plaque enhancement is an independent predictive imaging marker of early-onset PSD and can be used the early diagnosis of early-onset PSD.

Baseline vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging characteristics associated with in-stent restenosis for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis

BackgroundImaging factors, specifically baseline plaque features on high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI) that could be associated with in-stent restenosis (ISR), are still unknown. We aimed to investigate the...

The Value of High-Resolution Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System in Children

Purpose: High-resolution vessel wall-magnetic resonance imaging (VW-MRI) has been used to detect regional vessel wall pathology, significantly contributing to the diagnosis of primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) from other arteriopathies. In this study, we aimed to describe three cases of PACNS initially presenting as acute ischemic stroke, diagnosed and followed up with VW-MRI. Methods: The medical records of three patients diagnosed with PACNS were retrospectively reviewed. We also reviewed the clinical application of VW-MRI in published articles for the pediatric cases since 2016. Results: The initial presenting symptoms were headache, diplopia, confused mentality, hemiplegia, dysarthria, and dizziness. All patients had acute infarction on brain MRI, with suspicion of vasculopathy on magnetic resonance angiography. VW-MRI revealed narrowing of vessels with concentric wall thickening and diffuse enhancement in the anterior cerebral artery (n=1), middle cerebral artery (n=1), posterior cerebral artery (n=2), lenticulostriate artery (n=1), anterior inferior cerebellar artery (n=1), and vertebral artery (n=1), suggestive of vascular wall pathology. After excluding the possible etiologies of vasculitis, the clinical diagnosis of PACNS was established. Three patients received high-dose steroid and cyclophosphamide therapy. Two patients were treated with long-term azathioprine based upon the findings of persistent vessel enhancement on VW-MRI. All patients were regularly followed up with VW-MRI for more than 1 year. We summarized the clinical and radiological features of the published pediatric cases using VW-MRI to date. Conclusion: High-resolution VW-MRI plays an important role in diagnosing childhood PACNS, as results correlate with disease activity.