High-resolution Monitoring System Research Articles

High-resolution global geopositioning system for last-mile delivery

High-resolution monitoring systems are commonly used to calculate mechanical and energy performance, as well as environmental impact resulting from the operation of a fleet of vehicles in a region. These systems require recording operational or vehicle position data, energy consumption in the case of electric or electric-assisted vehicles, and buttons for specific signals in the operation, such as the start of operation, end of operation, or package delivery. Some vehicle tracking devices available on the market do not allow speed and energy consumption data to be recorded and accessed at the required sampling frequency. This study presents the development and validation of a remote sensing device to record energy consumption and operational variables of a vehicle under real operating conditions with a frequency of 1 Hz. The functioning of the device, the integrated elements in its development, and the data analysis process are detailed. Finally, using the monitoring equipment data, a comparison was made between the operation of electric vehicles and internal combustion vehicles, achieving savings of up to 83% in operating costs and a 79% reduction in CO2 emissions.

Development and application of a high-resolution monitoring system for a large-displacement rapid landslide

Development and application of a high-resolution monitoring system for a large-displacement rapid landslide

High resolution-optical tomography for in-process layerwise monitoring of a laser-powder bed fusion technology

With the implementation of Laser Powder Bed Fusion technologies for industrial production, the need for in-process monitoring has emerged to ensure stable conditions and the process to succeed. Indeed, despite significant technological advances, the rejected parts are still too high if compared to the more conventional manufacturing techniques. Several defects are known to affect the process, more likely when complex geometries are fabricated. Among these, the production of inclined thin walls without support structures is still critical and, in most cases, geometric distortions are observed on the overhanging surfaces. In order to overcome the above mentioned problems and improve the quality of these critical structures, an high resolution monitoring system based on Optical Tomography (OT) was proposed, called High Resolution-Optical Tomography (HR-OT). It uses a very high-resolution sensor, operating in the visible spectrum of light, on a large area of the surface layers comprising the entire printing platform. This very recent technique, typically applied for the detection of volumetric defects, such as porosity or lack of fusion, was successfully applied, in this paper, for the detection of geometric distortions, allowing to avoid onerous pre-processing phases in the image processing workflow. Specific geometric indexes were selected as monitoring outputs and were used for the construction of appropriate control charts in order to carry out statistical process monitoring. Finally, an off-line 3D reconstruction, by means of digital close range photogrammetry, was used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed monitoring solution when applied for in-process detection of geometric distortions.

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Ammonia Emissions from Poultry Farming in the Yangtze River Delta Based on Online Monitoring Derived Local Emission Factors

In order to obtain the ammonia emission level and space-time distribution characteristics of the poultry production industry in the Yangtze River Delta, an online high-resolution monitoring system was used to continuously monitor the atmospheric ammonia concentration in the breeding house and compost shed in a typical large-scale layer farm. By obtaining the ammonia emission level and emission factor during each growth stage, we established the localized ammonia emission inventory for the poultry production industry in the Yangtze River Delta. The results showed that the average daily ρ(NH3) in the breeding house and compost shed for spring, summer, autumn, and winter were (1.85±0.38), (4.58±0.33), (3.87±0.12), and (2.83±0.47) mg·m-3 and (2.04±0.50), (4.04±1.04), (2.51±0.67), and (1.55±0.16) mg·m-3 respectively. Ammonia emissions showed a significant daily hourly change trend. The highest hourly ammonia concentration in the layer house appeared from 13:00-14:00 in the afternoon, and the minimum appeared from 01:00-03:00 in the morning. The highest hourly ammonia concentration in the compost shed occurred between 16:00-19:00 in summer and autumn, whereas the diurnal changes in spring and winter were not significant. Hourly changes in ammonia emissions during the day were mainly affected by daily temperature, poultry activities, and manure management. Ammonia concentrations at different growth stages of laying hens showed significant differences. ρ (NH3) from young chickens, laying hens, and pre-eliminated chickens were (1.85±0.38), (2.83±0.47), and (1.61±0.32) mg·m-3, respectively. The ammonia emission rate from laying hens reached 1.53 times and 1.65 times that of young chickens and pre-eliminated chickens, respectively. Metabolism levels and feed intake at different growth stages were the main reasons for the differences in ammonia emissions. Ammonia emission factors for the layer house and compost shed in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were (0.13±0.02), (0.54±0.01), (0.39±0.01), and (0.17±0.01) g·(bird·d)-1 and (0.07±0.01), (0.17±0.02), (0.08±0.01), and (0.04±0.01) g·(bird·d)-1, respectively. Annual ammonia emission factors reached (0.11±0.06) kg·(bird·a)-1 and (0.03±0.02) kg·(bird·a)-1, respectively. Our results suggest that ambient temperature, ventilation mode, chicken house type, and manure removal frequency were the main influencing factors of ammonia emissions from poultry production. The uncertainty ranges of the ammonia emission coefficients reached±122%,±79%, and±74%, and±56%, respectively. Great uncertainties were generated when empirical emission factors were used for emission inventory establishment. Based on the results of online monitoring, model simulation, and literature analysis, we established an ammonia emission inventory for the poultry production industry within the Yangtze River Delta region by adopting the emission factors of (0.16±0.08) kg·(bird·a)-1. In 2019, the total ammonia emission from poultry production was (108.81±54.41) kt. In terms of spatial distribution, ammonia emission intensities in the northern regions were significantly higher than those in the southern parts. The ammonia emission intensities during summer were 3.38-3.56 times higher than those in spring and winter.

Leveraging Multi-Source Data and Digital Technology to Support the Monitoring of Localized Water Changes in the Mekong Region

The limited availability of high-resolution monitoring systems for the drought phenomena and water dynamics affected by weather anomalies hinders policy decisions in a multitude of ways. This paper introduces the availability of the high-resolution Water Monitoring System (WMS) developed from a mix of sophisticated multi-spectral satellite imageries, analytic and data sciences, and cloud computing, for monitoring the changes in water levels and vegetation water stress at the local scale. The WMS was tested in the Lower Mekong Region (LMR) case basin, Thailand’s Chi River Basin, in the period from January 2021 to April 2021, the dry season. The overall quality of the VHI, VCI, TCI, and NDVI drought simulation results showed a statistically positive Pearson correlation with the reservoir and dam water volume data (ranged between 0.399 and 0.575) but demonstrated a strong negative correlation with the groundwater level data (between −0.355 and −0.504). Further investigation and more detailed analysis of the influence of different physical environmental conditions related to change in groundwater level should be considered to increase scientific knowledge and understanding about the changing nature of the local system from local perspectives with the alternative use of drought indices in data-poor areas. Our result suggests that the WMS can provide quantitative spatiotemporal variations of localized and contextualized surface water changes as a preliminary analysis. The WMS results can offer guidance for finding a better smaller unit management that suits the local conditions, such as water resource management, disaster risk reduction measures (i.e., drought and flood), irrigation practice, land use planning, and crop management. The existing WMS is geared toward the early warning of water and agricultural development, progress on the SDGs, utilization of digital innovation, and improved abilities of decision-makers to monitor and foresee extreme weather events earlier and with high spatial accuracy.

PAElla: Edge AI-Based Real-Time Malware Detection in Data Centers

The increasing use of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices for monitoring a wide spectrum of applications, along with the challenges of "big data" streaming support they often require for data analysis, is nowadays pushing for an increased attention to the emerging edge computing paradigm. In particular, smart approaches to manage and analyze data directly on the network edge, are more and more investigated, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) powered edge computing is envisaged to be a promising direction. In this paper, we focus on Data Centers (DCs) and Supercomputers (SCs), where a new generation of high-resolution monitoring systems is being deployed, opening new opportunities for analysis like anomaly detection and security, but introducing new challenges for handling the vast amount of data it produces. In detail, we report on a novel lightweight and scalable approach to increase the security of DCs/SCs, that involves AI-powered edge computing on high-resolution power consumption. The method -- called pAElla -- targets real-time Malware Detection (MD), it runs on an out-of-band IoT-based monitoring system for DCs/SCs, and involves Power Spectral Density of power measurements, along with AutoEncoders. Results are promising, with an F1-score close to 1, and a False Alarm and Malware Miss rate close to 0%. We compare our method with State-of-the-Art MD techniques and show that, in the context of DCs/SCs, pAElla can cover a wider range of malware, significantly outperforming SoA approaches in terms of accuracy. Moreover, we propose a methodology for online training suitable for DCs/SCs in production, and release open dataset and code.

First Optical Seismometer at the Top of La Soufrière Volcano, Guadeloupe

Abstract Accurate monitoring of volcanic activity demands expertise in fields including geophysics, geology, and geochemistry. Data obtained from the most recent technical advances are particularly vital in pre-eruptive phases. In particular, seismic monitoring in near real time is essential to locating and discriminating early signs among different sources of seismic waves, especially those related to movement and overpressure in underground fluids. Among the major indicators of volcanic restlessness are fumaroles, or gas and steam vents, often located near a volcanic summit. Their activity could be monitored by seismometers in their vicinity, but today’s standard instruments cannot last very long when exposed to the high temperatures and the billowing, sulfurous, acidic gases near a fumarole. Conventional gear may also not be accessible for emergency deployment, or repair, even in pre-eruptive phases. La Soufrière de Guadeloupe Volcano in the Caribbean typifies such challenges. Its last significant event was a phreatic (gas and steam) eruption in 1976 that prompted evacuation of the archipelago’s nearby capital. Since early 2018, the 1467-meter-high stratovolcano has shown signs of increased activity. To provide a hardy, high-resolution monitoring system, we installed a recently developed type of seismometer just 10 m from a vigorous summit fumarole. The sensor is a purely opto-mechanical geophone that is interrogated through a 1.5 km fiber-optic cable by a remote, and thus it is a much safer optic-electronic system down the volcano’s flank. The ESEO Group and the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP) started development of this novel seismometer in 2008. The 2019 Guadeloupe installation is part of the HIgh PERformance SeISmometer (HIPERSIS) project (French Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR]). It is, to our knowledge, the first high-resolution optical seismometer ever installed on an active volcano or other active, hazardous zone. We report here the details of this installation, the means we are using for measurements, and our implementation strategy, and we share some of the first results. Such an optical seismometer, as well as a variety of other geophysical sensors built on the same principle, can be installed in a wide variety of sites with fibers up to 50 km long.

Design and Analysis of A High Resuluation Navigation System for The Intillegent Transportation System

This paper suggests an information gathering and monitoring system designed for vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANETs) and that implemented in a large area.The suggested infrastructure consists of low cost wireless sensors covering certain areas and connected to “the monitoring and control center” through a master node, the study is divided into four phases: the first phase discusses the information gathering process in vehicles and sensors level, the second phase discusses how to send the brief road traffic information to the master node. This process is based on the concepts of the summarization and aggregation and study the effect of using one or two channels for that purpose, the third phase focuses on the information transportation between the master nodes until it reaches to “the monitoring and control center”, The mechanism of the information transportation in this phase is proposed to be in an ad-hoc manner using four ad-hoc protocols Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol AODV,Dynamic Source routingDSR, Optimized Link State Routing Protocol OLSR and Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm Protocol TORA. The best protocol willbe selectedaccording to its data delivery, latency and average throughput on the radio channel and the fourth phase deals with dissemination of the gathered information to the vehicles.The proposed system is designed and simulated using “OPNET” package. The results indicate the ability of applying real time and high resolution monitoring system using these techniques.

High resolution monitoring system for IRE stack releases

The main activity of IRE (Institute for Radio-Element) is radioisotope production of bulk 99Mo and 131I for medical application (diagnosis and therapy). Those isotopes are chemically extracted from HEU (High Enriched Uranium) targets activated in reactors. During this process, fission products are released from the targets, including noble gases isotopes (Xe and Kr). Like any nuclear plant, IRE has release limits which are given by the Belgium authority and moreover IRE is in the process of continuously reducing the level of its releases. To achieve this mission, the need of an accurate tool is necessary and IRE has developed a specific monitoring system using a high resolution detector in order to identify and accurately estimate its gaseous releases. This system has a continuous air sampling system in the plant main stack. The sampled gases cross charcoal cartridges where they are slowed down and concentrated for higher detection efficiency. In front of those cartridges is installed an HPGe detector with a detection chain connected to a specific analysis system allowing on-line spectrum analysis. Each isotope can be separately followed without interferences, especially during the production process where high activity can be released. Due to its conception, the system also allows to measure iodine isotopes by integration on the charcoal cartridges. This device is of great help for accurately estimate IRE releases and to help for understanding specific releases and their origin in the production or maintenance process.

Multi-Resolution Design for Large-Scale and High-Resolution Monitoring

Large-scale and high-resolution monitoring systems are ideal for many visual surveillance applications. However, existing approaches have insufficient resolution and low frame rate per second, or have high complexity and cost. We take inspiration from the human visual system and propose a multi-resolution design, e-Fovea, which provides peripheral vision with a steerable fovea that is in higher resolution. In this paper, we firstly present two user studies, with a total of 36 participants, to compare e-Fovea to two existing multi-resolution visual monitoring designs. The user study results show that for visual monitoring tasks, our e-Fovea design with steerable focus is significantly faster than existing approaches and preferred by users. We then present our design and implementation of e-Fovea, which combines both multi-resolution camera input and multi-resolution steerable projector output. Finally, we present our deployment of e-Fovea in three installations to demonstrate its feasibility.

Oceanography radar system WERA: features, accuracy, reliability and limitations

The WERA system (WavE RAdar) is a shore based remote sensing system to monitor ocean surface currents, waves and wind direction. This long range, high resolution monitoring system based on short radio wave radar technology. The vertical polarised electromagnetic wave is coupled to the conductive ocean surface and follows the curvature of the earth. This over the horizon oceanography radar can pick up back-scattered signals from the rough ocean surface (Bragg effect) from ranges of up to 200 km. The physical background, technical concept and environmental boundary conditions are explained. Results for various installations from all over the world demonstrates the features and flexibility of the system: high resolution monitoring (range cell size of 300 m) over a range of 60~km or long range applications with 3 km range cell size, all generated with the typical high temporal resolution of 10 minutes. The technical performance depends on the site geometry, system configuration and the environmental conditions. These aspects are discussed to enable interested users to estimate the potential of this technology for their specific application.