High-resolution Matrix Research Articles

Experimental Investigations and Modeling of Interference Fringe Geometry in Line-Shaped Gaussian Beam Intersections for Laser Doppler Sensors

Line-shaped beam-based Doppler distance sensors enable 3D shape measurements of rotating objects, for instance for working lathe monitoring with a simultaneous, multipoint velocity, and distance measurement. The velocity and distance estimations are fundamentally referred to the interference fringe spacing of the sensors. In this case, the fringe spacing variation-caused measurement error is significant; however, a complete, accurate model of the fringe geometry distribution for the line-shaped fringe volume is still missing and required to identify and minimize the error. Therefore, this work presents a high-accuracy 3D model for the fringe spacing evaluation of the sensors with experimental investigations. The model is derived from the phase expression of Gaussian beams introducing extension ratio, and can be universally applied to describe fringe geometry distribution throughout the intersection volume of spherical and line-shaped beams. With an experimental setup of a laser Doppler sensor, a full-field fringe spacing estimation using a high-resolution matrix camera is performed with dual-wavelength beams. The numerical modeling and experimental results show an average relative difference below 0.6%.

Discrete magma injections drive the 2021 La Palma eruption

Understanding the drivers of the onset, evolution, and end of eruptions and their impact on eruption style is critical in eruption forecasting and emergency management. The composition of erupted liquids is a key piece of the volcano puzzle, but untangling subtle melt variations remains an analytical challenge. Here, we apply rapid, high-resolution matrix geochemical analysis on samples of known eruption date spanning the entire 2021 La Palma eruption. Sr isotope signatures reveal distinct pulses of basanite melt driving the onset, restart, and evolution of the eruption. Elemental variations in matrix and microcrysts track progressive invasion, and draining, of a subcrustal crystal mush. Associated variations in lava flow rate, vent development, seismicity, and SO 2 emission demonstrate that volcanic matrix resolves eruption patterns that could be expected in future basaltic eruptions globally.

Binding ability of l-carnosine towards Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ in aqueous solution

A thermodynamic study on the interactions of a naturally occurring dipeptide, l-carnosine, and three transition metal cations, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+, is reported. Their characterization in solution evidences the chelating properties of carnosine that give rise to different types of metal complexes. Potentiometric data allowed to obtain a speciation model for each system, which includes species with 1:1 metal to ligand ratio for both Mn2+- and Zn2+- carnosine systems and 1:1 and 1:2 metal to ligand ratios for Cu2+. The dependence of formation constants of the complex species on ionic strength (in the range 0.15 ≤ I/mol/L ≤ 0.98) and temperature (288.15 ≤ T/K ≤ 310.15) was defined, as well as changes in enthalpy and entropy. 1H NMR titrations were also performed in the study of the Zn2+- carnosine system, and the results of the analysis of experimental data confirmed potentiometric ones. The integration with further investigation by High Resolution (HR) Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry (MS) allowed to obtain the formation of species with 1:2 metal to ligand ratios for also Mn2+- and Zn2+- carnosine systems and to clarify the chelating mode. Finally, sequestering ability of carnosine towards Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ was quantified in physiological conditions (pH = 7.4, T = 310.15 K and I = 0.15 mol/L), and a sequestration profile of the dipeptide clearly describes its highest sequestering ability with respect to the Cu2+ ion, compared to that towards Mn2+ and Zn2+ cations.

Optimal Design of Asymmetric Rotor Pole for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using Topology Optimization

As asymmetric interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (AIPMSM) has excellent performance but complicated topological structure, a novel high-resolution encoding and edge smoothing method is proposed for topology optimization of the asymmetric rotor of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) in this study. This method aims to solve complex electromagnetic design problems with time-dependent performance through a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) integrated with a high-resolution encoding and edge smoothing method. The complex structure is represented by a high-resolution image-like matrix and then vectorized by the edge smoothing method. Therefore, the commonly used discrete binary encoded variables related to the finite element (FE) model are replaced with a vectorized topological structure and other control variables. In this sense, high-resolution matrix and edge smoothing methods are used for the first time to represent the rotor topology of AIPMSMs. Compared with the traditional topology optimization method, the proposed method has the advantage of expressing more complex and vectorized topological structures; meanwhile, the obtained performance is accurate and trustworthy using conventional FE simulation. Numerical results show that a stable convergence is achieved with the avoidance of checkerboards and material overlapping. It is shown that the proposed method can find solutions with better performances, in comparison with the reference model.

DWT based Image Super Resolution using Segmentation and Edge Detection

An image super-resolution is the development of creating a high-resolution image from low-resolution images for better image visualization for several recent applications. In this research paper, we propose DWT-based Image Super Resolution using Segmentation and Edge Detection for better picturing of images. The different kinds of colore images are considered and converted into greyscale images and resized to a uniform size of 166x304. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is used to get one low-frequency and three high-frequency bands with a size of 83x152. The four bands are fused and dividing each coefficient by two to get Low Resolution (LR) images. Each coefficient of the LR image is inflated into 2x2 coefficients to get High Resolution (HR) image. The HR matrix is segmented into a 3x3 overlapped matrix and an average value is calculated and assigned to the whole HR matrix. The Canny edge detection is used on the original image to get the edge detected image. The pixel values of HR and canny edge detected images are compared and high-value coefficients are considered. The guided filter is applied to the highvalue coefficients matrix to improve the quality of the image by refining the image. The LL band of the DWT matrix is padded with zeros to convert matrix size to 166x304 and Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT) is used on it. The refined and IDWT images are merged by computing the average values to acquire Super Resolution (SR) image. It is noted that the anticipated system results are enhanced compared to current methods. Keywords: DWT, Fusion, Image Processing, Segmentation, Super Resolution

ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ РОЗМІРНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ЧАСТИНОК ГІБРИДНИХ ТА МІНЕРАЛЬНИХ АДСОРБЕНТІВ ДЛЯ ПРОЦЕСІВ ВОДООЧИЩЕННЯ

n the work, a comparative morphometric analysis of various types of domestic adsorbents intended for use in water purification technologies is performed. Four types of adsorbents were investigated: «Möbius» carbon adsorbent, P1T1KA clay powder of the montmorillonite type, DG-100 carbon black, C-1 colloidal graphite preparation.Morphometric analysis of adsorbent particles was carried out by the method of optical polarization microscopy («Bi-olam» brand microscope). Photomicrographs of particles pre-dispersed in the immersion liquid were obtained using a digital camera with a high-resolution matrix. Quantitative assessment of the sizes of adsorbent particles was carried out by the method of digital image analysis (ImageJ software package). The area and perimeter of individual particles were determined and their equivalent diameter and shape index were calculated. Statistical processing of experimental data was carried out using the «Statistica» software package.It was established that the nature of the distribution of particles of the investigated types of adsorbents in terms of equiv-alent diameter depends on the type of sample, and may be complicated by the processes of particle aggregation.It is shown that a similar nature of distribution is observed for all investigated carbon adsorbents according to the shape index. The pronounced and largest fraction (27-37%) corresponds to particles with a shape close to round. The most acceptable adsorbents for water purification processes can be considered a colloidal graphite preparation and clay powder of the mont-morillonite type, for which there is a higher homogeneity of the distribution of particles according to the shape indicator. This, in turn, can provide higher sorption efficiency in water treatment technologies.The application of the method of optical polarization microscopy in combination with the morphometric analysis of particles makes it possible to reasonably approach the selection of the brand of adsorbents for their use in water purification technologies. Further research in this direction can be directed to the processes of surface modification of adsorbent particles to increase their specific capacity and selective ability.

DOSIMETRIC VERIFICATION OF INTENSITY MODULATED RADIOTHERAPY (IMRT) TREATMENT PLANS FOR PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS.

Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has become widely used as a standard radiation therapy technique for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. The transition from conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT) to a more complex IMRT technique triggered the need for more thorough verification of the accuracy in the dose delivery. In this work we present the clinical workflow and the results of patient specific quality assurance (PSQA) procedures for 40 prostate cancer patients who have been treated with step and shot IMRT ever since its implementation in our routine clinical practice. PSQA procedures include dosimetric verification of each treatment plan with dedicated rotational phantom and high-resolution matrix detector system Octavius 4D (PTW Freiburg) that allows three-dimensional comparison of the calculated and delivered radiation dose distribution. Our results proved the compliance with the universal tolerance limits recommended for those procedures (1), assuring the safety of the treatment and providing the possibility for the adoption of more stringent constraints in the future.

Image quality and radiologists\u2019 subjective acceptance using model-based iterative and deep learning reconstructions as adjuncts to ultrahigh-resolution CT in low-dose contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT: phantom and clinical pilot studies

PurposeIn contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT (CE-APCT) for oncologic follow-up, ultrahigh-resolution CT (UHRCT) may improve depiction of fine lesions and low-dose scans are desirable for minimizing the potential adverse effects by ionizing radiation. We compared image quality and radiologists’ acceptance of model-based iterative (MBIR) and deep learning (DLR) reconstructions of low-dose CE-APCT by UHRCT.MethodsUsing our high-resolution (matrix size: 1024) and low-dose (tube voltage 100 kV; noise index: 20–40 HU) protocol, we scanned phantoms to compare the modulation transfer function and noise power spectrum between MBIR and DLR and assessed findings in 36 consecutive patients who underwent CE-APCT (noise index: 35 HU; mean CTDIvol: 4.2 ± 1.6 mGy) by UHRCT. We used paired t-test to compare objective noise and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare radiologists’ subjective acceptance regarding noise, image texture and appearance, and diagnostic confidence between MBIR and DLR using our routine protocol (matrix size: 512; tube voltage: 120 kV; noise index: 15 HU) for reference.ResultsPhantom studies demonstrated higher spatial resolution and lower low-frequency noise by DLR than MBIR at equal doses. Clinical studies indicated significantly worse objective noise, CNR, and subjective noise by DLR than MBIR, but other subjective characteristics were better (P < 0.001 for all). Compared with the routine protocol, subjective noise was similar or better by DLR, and other subjective characteristics were similar or worse by MBIR.ConclusionImage quality, except regarding noise characteristics, and acceptance by radiologists were better by DLR than MBIR in low-dose CE-APCT by UHRCT.Graphical abstract

Quantifying the impact of heat on human physical work capacity; part II: the observed interaction of air velocity with temperature, humidity, sweat rate, and clothing is not captured by most heat stress indices

Increasing air movement can alleviate or exacerbate occupational heat strain, but the impact is not well defined across a wide range of hot environments, with different clothing levels. Therefore, we combined a large empirical study with a physical model of human heat transfer to determine the climates where increased air movement (with electric fans) provides effective body cooling. The model allowed us to generate practical advice using a high-resolution matrix of temperature and humidity. The empirical study involved a total of 300 1-h work trials in a variety of environments (35, 40, 45, and 50 °C, with 20 up to 80% relative humidity) with and without simulated wind (3.5 vs 0.2 m∙s−1), and wearing either minimal clothing or a full body work coverall. Our data provides compelling evidence that the impact of fans is strongly determined by air temperature and humidity. When air temperature is ≥ 35 °C, fans are ineffective and potentially harmful when relative humidity is below 50%. Our simulated data also show the climates where high wind/fans are beneficial or harmful, considering heat acclimation, age, and wind speed. Using unified weather indices, the impact of air movement is well captured by the universal thermal climate index, but not by wet-bulb globe temperature and aspirated wet-bulb temperature. Overall, the data from this study can inform new guidance for major public and occupational health agencies, potentially maintaining health and productivity in a warming climate.

7.3: An Ultra‐Thin, High Resolution Matrix Force Sensor Enabling an Improved User Interface for Next Generation OLED Displays

A novel, thin, flexible matrix sensor has been developed which can be integrated under a flexible OLED display to provide a touch/stylus digitizer functionality. To optimize sensor design, an FEA‐based model was coupled with Peratech's proprietary electromechanical modelling software to understand how force is transferred from the touch location to the sensing elements. The resultant sensor design comprised of a high‐resolution array of sensing elements at 0.98mm pitch, which allowed both finger and stylus input to be captured with high‐fidelity from 10–600g input force. Further tuning of force dynamic range was achieved through adjusting both the sensel design (number and order of material layers) and sensing materials. Electronics hardware and software algorithms were developed which processed the sensor signal and converted to a user‐experience which can meet industry requirements for touch panel performance. In addition, the sensor showed excellent reliability after testing to 100k bend cycles at 4mm bend radius.

StyleGAN-LSRO Method for Person Re-Identification

In this study, the StyleGAN-LSRO method has been developed for person re-identification (re-ID) tasks. This method applies the style-based generative adversarial network (StyleGAN) to generate new synthetic images from existing person re-ID datasets and the label smoothing regularization for outliers (LSRO) algorithm to process those newly produced unlabeled images by assigning them a uniform label distribution along with the definition of a loss function for the training process. A baseline model based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed to learn the discriminative features to recognize a person's identity. The developed method has been tested on three datasets. These datasets are Market-1501, DukeMTMC-reID, and MSMT17. The experimental results show that the StyleGAN model achieved a Fréchet inception distance score of 12.67 and structural similarity score of 0.387, outperforming all the previous generative methods and demonstrating that the images generated by StyleGAN are of superior quality. Adding these StyleGAN-generated data significantly improves the person re-ID accuracy. The StyleGAN-LSRO person re-ID method achieved 98.5% rank-1 accuracy and 91.8% mean average precision (mAP) on Market-1501, 87.0% rank-1 accuracy and 83.8% mAP on DukeMTMC-reID, and 81.5% rank-1 accuracy and 60.9% mAP on MSMT17, respectively. These results show that the StyleGAN-LSRO method significantly outperforms most of the state-of-the-art person re-ID methods. The success rate for person re-ID increases when the images used are of high resolution and square matrix form. In other cases, the success rate decreases.

Novel 4-(tert-butyl)phenyl-substituted lanthanide(III) tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines: synthesis, optical properties and formation of hybrid blends with Au nanoparticles

Novel terbium(III), dysprosium(III), erbium(III) and lutetium (III) tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines with bulky 4-(tert-butyl)-phenyl groups, were obtained by metallation of porphyrazine ligand in high yields. The target complexes were identified by high-resolution matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, the proton signals demonstrate strong shifts for complexes with paramagnetic ions in comparison with lutetium one. The impact of peripheral (tert-butyl)phenyl groups and central ion nature on position of the main absorption bands in UV–Vis spectra was investigated. Two blends of gold nanoparticles (5 and 60 nm in diameters) and lutetium complex were prepared. The influence of the size of bare Au nanoparticles on core-shell structure of hybrid blends was investigated by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The nonlinear optical behavior of hybrid nanoparticles as well as initial lutetium (III) tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine was carried out using Z-scan measurements.

Research on Hi-C data enhancement technology based on generative adversarial networks

Hi-C technology is one of the most popular tools for studying three-dimensional(3D) genome organization. Due to the high cost of sequencing, most Hi-C data have low resolution and cannot be used to connect distal regulatory elements to their target genes. To solve the problem that hi-c data of high resolution are not easy to obtain, this paper proposes a Hi-C enhancement method (HiCGAN) based on generative adversarial networks, Taking the down-sampling interaction matrix which is highly similar to the original matrix as input, only 1/16 of the original sequencing reading can be used to generate the Hi-C interaction matrix of high resolution. In the experiment, Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure the similarity between the generated high-resolution matrix and the real high-resolution hi-c matrix in numerical distribution. the apparent interaction pairs were analyzed by Fit-Hi-C, and calling ChromHMM annotates state of 12 kinds of chromatin. Experimental results show that HiCGAN models learned in one cell type can predict high-resolution Hi-C matrices for other cell types. This study proposes a computational framework (HiCGAN) for accurately predicting Hi-C data improving the resolution of Hi-C data.

Toward Elimination of Discrepancies between Theory and Experiment: Anharmonic Rotational-Vibrational Spectrum of Water in Solid Noble Gas Matrices.

Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy of water in solid noble gas matrices has been studied for many decades. Despite that, discrepancies persist in the literature about the assignment of specific bands. We tackle the involved rotational–vibrational spectrum of the water isotopologues H216O, HD16O, and D216O with an unprecedented combination of experimental high-resolution matrix isolation infrared (MI-IR) spectroscopy and computational anharmonic vibrational spectroscopy by vibrational configuration interaction (VCI) on high-level ab initio potential energy surfaces. With VCI, the average deviation to gas-phase experiments is reduced from >100 to ≈1 cm–1 when compared to harmonic vibrational spectra. Discrepancies between MI-IR and VCI spectra are identified as matrix effects rather than missing anharmonicity in the theoretical approach. Matrix effects are small in Ne (≈1.5 cm–1) and a bit larger in Ar (≈10 cm–1). Controversial assignments in Ne MI-IR spectra are resolved, for example, concerning the ν3 triad in HDO. We identify new transitions, for example, the ν2 101 ← 110 transition in D2O and H2O or the ν3 000 ← 101 transition in D2O, and reassign bands, for example, the band at 3718.9 cm–1 that is newly assigned as the 110 ← 111 transition. The identification and solution of discrepancies for a well-studied benchmark system such as water prove the importance of an iterative and one-hand combination of theory and experiment in the field of high-resolution infrared spectroscopy of single molecules. As the computational costs involved in the VCI approach are reasonably low, such combined experimental/theoretical studies can be extended to molecules larger than triatomics.

4‐3: Distinguished Paper: 10 µm Pixel, Quantum‐dots Color Conversion Layer for High Resolution and Full Color Active Matrix Micro‐LED Display

A fine patternable quantum‐dots (QDs) color conversion layer (CCL) for high resolution and full color active matrix (AM) micro‐LED display is demonstrated. QDs CCL could be patterned until 10 µm using photolithography process. It is found that multi‐coatings with R‐ and G‐QD CCLs on LED array can provide full color AM display.

Ten micrometer pixel, quantum dots color conversion layer for high resolution and full color active matrix micro‐LED display

AbstractA fine patternable quantum dots (QDs) color conversion layer (CCL) for high resolution and full color active matrix (AM) micro‐LED (μ‐LED) display is demonstrated. QDs CCL could be patterned until 10 μm using photolithography process. It is found that multicoatings with red and green QDs (R‐ and G‐QDs) CCLs on LED array can provide full color AM display.

Impact of high-resolution matrix backlight on local-dimming performance and its characterization

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the general aspects of backlight unit design are considered as a whole. A new key parameter for BLU design, the FWHM to pitch ratio, is introduced and a reasonable value will be proposed. In addition, a new procedure for the uniformity analysis of direct-lit BLUs will be introduced, which is necessary due to the upcoming high-resolution matrix backlight. The aspects and challenges of local-dimming of high-resolution BLUs will be described and amended solutions for excellent results will be proposed. In the last section, new metrics for performance evaluation are introduced.

LED Modules for High-resolution Matrix Headlamps

LED Modules for High-resolution Matrix Headlamps

LED Modules for High-resolution Matrix Headlamps

LED Modules for High-resolution Matrix Headlamps

Soft depth-profiling of mixed peptide/lipid samples by means of cluster induced desorption/ionization mass spectrometry-High depth resolution and low matrix effect.

Mixed peptide/lipid samples were analyzed with respect to their chemical composition by means of desorption/ionization induced by neutral SO2 clusters (DINeC) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS). Depth profiles of the mixed films indicated a segregation layer of lipid on top of all samples. The thickness of this layer as obtained by DINeC-MS was in the order of one nanometer what can be seen as an upper limit for the depth resolution of DINeC-MS. The relative amounts of the substance of peptide and lipid derived for the bulk material of mixed samples with different compositions were found to be close to the nominal values indicating a low matrix effect. Throughout the depth profiles, only intact molecular ions [M+H]+ as well as dimers of peptides and lipids were detectable, indicating the soft nature of DINeC even when used for depth profiling of biomolecular samples.