High Reliefs Research Articles

Update of phraselogical units of book and folklore origin in Halyna Tarasyuk’s poetic texts

The article examines the specifics of the functioning of phraseological units in Halyna Tarasyuk’s poetry collections «Lark Field», «High Reliefs», «Creation of a Nest», «Wormwood Grains», «Autumn Herald». The study of author’s phraseology is motivated, on the one hand, by the possibility of delving into the writer’s creative laboratory, and on the other hand, by the emergence of new approaches to the issue of innovative processes in the field of phraseology. The analysis of scientific literature proved that the study of literary and artistic samples in the direction of phrasemics is promising for the systematic study of the regularities of the functioning of phraseological units as dominant in the work of modern authors. Analyzing the Halyna Tarasyuk’s poetry, we use the definition of the concept of phraseology in its broadest sense, i.e., one that includes phraseological fusions, phraseological units, phraseological compounds and phraseological expressions, including language clichés, proverbs, sayings, catchphrases, etc. For an in-depth study of the issue of individual author transformations of phraseological units, we use the classification of phraseological transformations proposed by I. Hnatiuk. The article deals with phraseological units of book and folklore origin and their individual and authorial transformations in Halyna Tarasyuk’s poetry. The cognitive nature, semantic and artistic specificity of usual and transformed turns is clarified. In the analyzed poetic samples, phraseological units perform an expressive-evaluative, clarifying, figurative-expressive function, as well as provide language economy, contribute to the intellectualization and euphemization of speech. Transformed phraseological units are the determining dominant of the contemporary author’s poetic work. It is they who emphasize the individual author’s approach, reveal the peculiarities of the idiostyle. The skill of the poetess is revealed in the ability to actualize stable compounds and build original poetic texts on their basis. The wide palette of phraseological units inherent in Halyna Tarasyuk’s idiostyle of is considered as a system aimed at the author’s poetic mastering of the world and her modernity.

A Slab Window Beneath North Sumatra Revealed by P‐Wave Mantle Tomography

AbstractPassive seismic studies have suggested that slab tearing occurs beneath North Sumatra, albeit the slab morphology is somewhat poorly constrained. The lack of resolution on the slab means that the presence of a tear has not been validated, and that the main factors responsible for slab tearing are hard to discern. We use a large seismic data set to determine a new 3‐D high‐resolution tomographic model of the crust and upper mantle beneath North Sumatra, which reveals a well‐defined low‐velocity channel that cuts across the subducting slab through a cavity. This feature cannot be reconciled with a tear in the slab, as previously suggested. Our relocated earthquakes exhibit a protruding cluster of seismicity along the subducted Investigator Fracture Zone, indicating that the high reliefs of the Investigator Fracture Zone possibly enhance the coupling between the subducted slab and the overriding plate. Shear stress resulting from the differential coupling in the slab may have created an area of mechanical weakness in correspondence of the fossil‐spreading ridges, which eventually led to the formation of a slab window. This window allows the exchange of mantle material from the subslab region up to the Toba volcano. We propose that the previously damaged parts (e.g., fracture zones and spreading centers) of the oceanic plate could help promote the growth of a slab window.

Correlation of the Structural Characteristics of an Artificial Oyster Reef with Its Wake Region

Oyster reefs are currently at risk of severe decline due to dangerous human interference and its aftermath; hence, artificial oyster reefs (AORs) have been utilized for their restoration. AORs with high vertical reliefs interact with the surrounding flow, constitute a reverse flow, and create a wake region in which concentrated nutrients and food organisms exist. However, the correlations of the structural characteristics of an AOR with its wake regions have not been studied. Thus, we established 96 AOR models, carried out flow analyses, and obtained their wake volumes, considering shell orientation, composition, penetration depth, and growth stage. We found that the growth stage is the most critical parameter for establishing a normalized wake volume. This implies that the number of oyster shells (N) is the most critical factor in securing a normalized wake volume, in which their correlation was linear and significant (R2=0.89). We also found that the correlations of the normalized wake volume with blocking and surface complexity indices were linearly significant, respectively. Additionally, wake volume efficiency increased with the number of oyster shells; specifically, the criterion for wake volume efficiency of EI (efficiency index) ≥ 2.0 was satisfied when N≥50 per 900 cm2.

Application of Basin Morphometry for Hydro-geomorphological Implications: A Study of the Indo-Bhutanese Duduya Watershed

Abstract A drainage basin morphometric analysis has been carried out for the trans-boundary Duduya watershed located in the marginal parts of the Eastern Himalaya and its foreland of Bhutan and India. The linear, areal and relief morphometric parameters have been estimated based on topographical maps and SRTM DEM data. It is found that the Duduya is a 6th order drainage basin with asymmetric drainage arrangements with a total stream length of 1208.19 km. Almost all of the eleven sub-watersheds of the Duduya are elongated in nature and are characterized by medium drainage related parameters, e.g., density, frequency and texture signifying moderate flood susceptibilities while the presence of permeable soils, good vegetation cover facilitated considerable infiltration and water storage implying good groundwater potentials. The skewed distribution of relief parameters specially total relief, relief ratio and slope are indicators of erosion potential, however, this erosion potential is balanced by the elongated shape of the individual sub-watersheds and medium drainage related parameters. The region receives very high annual rainfall, besides majority of the watershed area is featured with very gentle slopes and flat terrains and therefore has prolonged runoff disposal meaning increased chances of floods in the downstream reaches. Several of the computed morphometric parameters were observed to have varied statistical associations and some of them are impacting each other significantly. A hierarchical cluster analysis suggested two different clusters of sub-watersheds, where SW1 and SW3 of the Eastern Himalayas need proper management for environmental issues like flash flood, channel avulsion and erosion due to high reliefs and moderate slopes, the rest of the sub-watersheds that are draining the lower parts of piedmont and the low-lying southern plain provide ideal conditions for cultivation due to flat terrains, meager slopes, greater infiltration and water storage capacities.

Spring Water Management to Ensure Long Term Sustainability in North-Eastern Regions of India

Spring water is the lifeline of the Himalayan communities. They depend on it for drinking and household use and farming. In recent decades, the region has been facing acute water shortage in the lean period due to climatic variabilities, especially rainfall. The rainfall pattern has changed from low-intensity, longer duration to high-density, shorter duration, which causes the “too little and too much water” syndrome. Rainwater does not have sufficient time to infiltrate due to high reliefs and undulating terrains. As a result, quick runoff dominates the region, reducing groundwater recharge and health. Springs also contribute to the base flow of many rivers in the region. The changing land use and land cover is another issue in water management, and the different studies indicate that deforestation, forest fire, mounting tourist spots, rapidly growing towns, and development activities reduce the infiltration capacity. In this region, most rural populations are completely dependent on perennial springs and streams for water needs such as drinking, agriculture, livestock feeding, and other household consumption. It is noticed that sudden water scarcity and demand increased during the non-monsoon period, which is uncertain for the long-term sustainability of the human population in the region. Hence, different water-saving techniques must be adopted to sustain this water scarcity condition at the household level and in irrigation practices. This can be achieved by bringing awareness of different water minimizing and saving techniques at the community level. Also, implementing a highly efficient irrigation system during the lean period instead of a flood irrigation system such as gravity-fed drip irrigation, bamboo drip irrigation, and pitcher irrigation is recommended.

Effects of bed longitudinal inflexion and sediment porosity on basal entrainment mechanism: insights from laboratory debris flows

Channel morphology and bed sediment erodibility are two crucial factors that significantly affect debris flow entrainment processes. Current debris flow entrainment models mostly hypothesize the erodible beds are infinite with uniform slopes. In this study, a series of small-scale flume experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of bed longitudinal inflexion and sediment porosity on basal entrainment characteristics. Experimental observations revealed that sediment entrainment is negligible at early stages and accelerates rapidly as several erosion points appear. Continual evolution of flow-bed interfaces changes interactions between debris flows and bed sediments, rendering the interfacial shear action involved into a mixed shear and frontal collisional action. Lower bed sediment porosity will change the spatial arrangement and orientation of particle mixture, strengthen the interlocking and anti-slide forces of adjacent sediment particles, and promote the formation of particle clusters, all of which will increase bed sediment resistance to erosion. By examining the post-experimental bed morphology, the slope-cutting amounts and topographic reliefs are determined to positively correlate with longitudinal transition angles. These high topographic reliefs may indicate the propensity of triangular slab erosion, rather than strip-shaped slab erosion, in non-uniform channels with relatively steep erodible beds. Empirical formulas are obtained that denote the relationships among bed sediment strength, channel curvature radius, and sediment porosity through a multi-parameter regression analysis. This study may aid in clarifying the complex coupling effects of spatial variations in debris flow dynamics as well as sediment erodibility and bed morphology in non-uniform channels with abundant seismic loose material.

HOW DO VISITORS PERCEIVE THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE? EYE-TRACKING TECHNOLOGIES TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE FRUITION OF AN ARTISTIC-VALUED HYPOGEUM

Sustainable strategies for Architectural Heritage reuse rely on preserving built environment features and maximizing visitors’ engagement. Occupancy issues can cause the degradation of building materials and surfaces, especially in isolated built environments, like hypogeum. The visitors’ presence affects indoor hygrothermal loads. Acceptable fruition models could provide number and timing for visitors’ access, but behavioral patterns should be assessed to evaluate if conservation-based assumptions can provide adequate users’ engagement. This work adopts technologies for detecting users’ behaviors and perception, applying it to a hypogeum characterized by high-valued reliefs on sandstone surfaces. Visitors’ numbers and times are defined to guarantee that thermal conditions do not exceed hypogeum natural fluctuations. Given this fruition model, in-situ experiments are performed to assess visitor’s perception of high reliefs and fruition patterns. Perception is investigated through a wearable eye-tracking system to point out which artifacts attract more attention and how. Fruition patterns are assessed in terms of users’ paths and engagement time in the hypogeum areas. Results show that the users’ attention is focused on better conserved and lightened high reliefs, suggesting the importance of lighting-design strategies for hypogeum reuse. The proposed fruition model can ensure satisfactory users’ engagement while guaranteeing adequate hypogeum thermal conditions.

СИМВОЛІКА СПОРУД ДЮКІВСЬКОГО ПАРКУ В ОДЕСІ. СПАДЩИНА СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОЇ ВИСТАВКИ 1950-Х РР.

Purpose. The research is devoted to the analysis of the agricultural exhibition pavilions symbolism in Dyukovsky Park in Odessa in 1950s years. Methodology. Field study and bibliographic research, synthesis and analysis, historical method, and method of analogies are used in that work. Results. The stages of Dyukovsky Park formation have been studied, from the Duke de Richelieu, which gave the name to the park, dacha creation to the active construction and landscaping of the park in the XX century. In particular, from the symbolism point of view, the architectural and artistic decor of the agricultural exhibition pavilions of the 1950s years is analyzed. These are: a pavilion of Vegetable growing which is crowned by layers of wheat and a 5-pointed star (the first place in the wheat export); the pavilion of the Textile Industry and other goods decorated with jugs and towels with symbols of fertility and abundance; the pavilion of the Vinery State Farms with plant motifs and the Fish Pavilion with high reliefs of fish, anchors, ship noses and bas-reliefs of nets (active development of sea fishing). In general, the symbolism of all presented pavilions reflects the idea of wealth, prosperity and active development of the main directions of agriculture and industry of the country. For the first time, the architectural heritage of the agricultural exhibition, which is the compositional core of the Odessa Dyukovsky Park, is analyzed from the symbolism point of view. At the same time, the decoding of the semantic loads inherent in the architectural and artistic decor of the pavilions is correlated with the theme of the exhibition, as well as with the historical features of the construction period. Today, all buildings of the former exhibition pavilions are empty or are used as warehouses. Perhaps the analysis of the information code of these buildings will again attract the attention of the city authorities to the issues of reconstruction of the city's historical heritage, reviving it.

Spatial variation of soil weathering processes in the tropical high reliefs of Cameroon (Central Africa)

The objective of the present work was to characterize the morphological, geochemical and mineralogical features of soil with regard to weathering processes as a function of topography and spatial variation of climate in tropical high reliefs of Cameroon. Field investigations permit to select three study sites Mbalam, Meleta and Secande respectively in the humid tropical zone, pseudotropical mountainous zone and in the tropical dry climate. Macroscopically, the studied soils are thick in Mbalam, medium thick in Meleta and relatively less thick in Secande. Globally, saprolite, a loose loamy clayey horizon and humiferous horizon were observed from the bottom to the top of the profiles. These profiles differ by their thickness, the differentiation of the saprolite horizons and the presence of humiferous horizons. They are characterized microscopically by in situ replacement of primary minerals by kaolinite/halloysite, gibbsite and iron oxides. Theses minerals are associated to anatase in Mbalam and to montmorilonite and calcite in Secande. Geochemical processes involving in the spatial differentiation of soils are monosiallitisation and allitisation in the humid tropical zone, monosiallitisation and high allitisation in the pseudotropical mountainous zone with Al2O3 content reaching 41% in the saprolite, and monosiallitisation associated to bisiallitisation in the tropical dry climate of Cameroon. The development of these geochemical processes is conditioned by topography, elevation, rainfall and temperature, which appear as the main factors responsible of the spatial variation of soil weathering processes in the tropical high reliefs of Cameroon.

Изучение нанорельефов и штампов для голографической защиты

This article describes the creation and study of high quality reliefs and stamps. The thickness of the relief is 40 nm. The created nanoreliefs were investigated by optical and atomic force microscopy. Several methods have been tested for their creation: dry etching, nanolithography and nanoprinting. The developed technology for the transfer of nanoreliefs on various surfaces is distinguished by the obtained high resolution about 10 nm and low energies of the used electron beam 1-150 μC/cm2. The obtained finished reliefs can be used in mints in the form of a high level security holograms, in photolithography for the manufacture of masks, in the creation of rainbow holograms, holographic gratings.

Cenozoic deformation of the South African plateau, Namibia: Insights from planation surfaces

Passive margins and associated inland areas display complex vertical displacements that have been abundantly described offshore but much less so onshore due to erosion. Planation surfaces are ubiquitous markers inland that can be used as a proxy both climatic conditions and changes in vertical displacements induced by both short (faults) and long (tilting, flexure) wavelength deformations. We propose 1) a synthetic typology of the planation surfaces driven by a genetic process (weathering versus mechanical erosion), and 2) a method to use these surfaces to map short and long wavelength deformations. This methodology was applied to the Namibian margin and inland plateau to quantify the Cenozoic deformation. The results show that the Namibian margin was affected by bulging during the Oligocene and by an E-W to NW-SE extension during the Late Miocene and Pliocene. The bulge is parallel to the shoreline with a wavelength of 300km and an amplitude up to 500m. After investigating the available deformation processes, we propose that an increase in the spreading rate along the mid-oceanic ridge during the Oligocene generated this bulging. The vertical displacement is partially maintained afterwards via isostasy because of mass loss generated by scarp retreat. A minimum average rate of scarp retreat of 5km/Myr was calculated, which is high compared to the rates estimated in other places in the world. We ascribe this high value to the prior intense weathering period. Indeed, the alteration largely degraded the bedrock and facilitated the formation of the subsequent scarp. This study also reveals that the high reliefs of the Damara domain existed before the Cenozoic, induced by a reactivation of the Damara structures.

Genesis, modification, and preservation of complex Upper Ordovician hardgrounds: Implications for sequence stratigraphy and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event

Hardgrounds from the Upper Ordovician strata of eastern Laurentia exhibit a wide range of morphologies, though the development of their complex surface topographies remains poorly understood. These early lithified seafloors, which can be laterally very extensive, may provide key information about basin dynamics and global ocean fluctuations. Based on spectacular exposures and newly-excavated material, we examined a suite of hardgrounds from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of southern Ontario and the Cincinnati Arch region and documented the processes of genesis, development, and modification of simple, complex, and block hardgrounds. In this study, we used extensive field work, petrology, and cathodoluminescence to determine the evolution and shaping of hardgrounds as a result of intense submarine erosion and prolonged exposure of these surfaces and reveal a progression from simple to complex hardgrounds and ultimately to isolated cobble- to boulder-sized block hardgrounds. We survey the distribution of hardgrounds in a sequence stratigraphic framework to determine allocyclic controls on hardground development, highlight the important role that mixed siliciclastic-carbonate environments play in promoting the development of heterogeneous hardground topographies, and analyze the effects of high surface reliefs on local depositional and erosional regimes. In addition, we interpret the impact of increasingly abundant complex hardgrounds throughout the Ordovician on hard-substrate community diversification and their contribution to the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. We also discuss time-specific aspects of the Late Ordovician that made it a peak interval of hardground proliferation.

The symbolism of female images in the décor of Art Nouveau architectural structures

The purpose of the article is to determine the specificity of the symbolism of a female image in the decor of architectural constructions of the 1890s and 1910s in the context of regional features of the art of modernity. The methodology is based on the use of general scientific methods and principles of scientific knowledge: analytical, source-historical, historical and terminological. Scientific novelty. Аrt research of female images in architectural deco- ration is carried out, in accordance with the specificity of regional features of the style of the modernist; analyzed the symbolism of mascaron in the historical retrospective and revealed the specifics of their use by the artists of the Franco- Belgian art nouveau, the Viennese Secession, the German and Riga Jugendstil and the Russian Art Nouveau. Conclu- sions. Women's images of high reliefs and bas-reliefs, as the dominant décor of modernist architectural constructions, are mostly abstract, yet very mysterious, mysterious, as if they were creatures of parallel reality. Particularly widespread women's mascarons, the image of which contains a wide range of messages encoded in the deep symbolic style, em- bodying a powerful women's beginning. The peculiarity of the symbolism of women's images of the architectural deco- ration of modern art is distinguished according to the regional specificity of style – from the fatal woman, with the accentuation on her belonging to the mysterious and demonic forces of nature, to the symbol of purity and spirituality, reflecting feminine innocence and modesty.

Polyphased Inversions of an Intracontinental Rift: Case Study of the Marrakech High Atlas, Morocco

AbstractThe High and Middle Atlas intraplate belts in Morocco correspond to Mesozoic rifted basins inverted during the Cenozoic during Africa/Eurasia convergence. The Marrakech High Atlas lies at a key location between Atlantic and Tethyan influences during the Mesozoic rifting phase but represents today high reliefs. Age and style of deformation and the mechanisms underlying the Cenozoic inversion are nevertheless still debated. To solve this issue, we produced new low‐temperature thermochronology data (fission track and [U‐Th]/He on apatite). Two cross sections were investigated in the western and eastern Marrakech High Atlas. Results of inverse modeling allow recognizing five cooling events attributed to erosion since Early Jurassic. Apart from a first erosional event from Middle/Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, four stages can be related to the convergence processes between Africa and Europe since the Late Cretaceous. Our data and thermal modeling results suggest that the inversion processes are guided at first order by the fault network inherited from the rifting episodes. The sedimentary cover and the Neogene lithospheric thinning produced a significant thermal weakening that facilitated the inversion of this ancient rift. Our data show that the Marrakech High Atlas has been behaving as a giant pop‐up since the beginning of Cenozoic inversion stages.

Genesis and classification of soils developed on gabbro in the high reliefs of Maroua region, North Cameroon

The purpose of this work was to examine the genesis, properties and classification of soils resulting from the weathering of gabbro rock in the high reliefs of Maroua in the Far North Region of Cameroon. The studied soils were ~ 2 m thick, made of four horizons which consisted of coarse saprolite, fine saprolite, loose loamy clayey horizon and humiferous horizon. From petrographical view point, at the bottom of the soil profile, the preservation of the bedrock structure was marked by numerous remnants of altered plagioclases shapes. The groundmass was characterized by a double spaced fine, ranging to equal, enaulic c/f related distribution pattern. It was yellowish, characterized by weakly separated granular microstructure in the fine saprolite and had a speckled and cloudy limpidity in the loose loamy clayey horizon. Secondary minerals consisted of montmorilonite, kaolinite, goethite, quartz, gibbsite, lepidocrocite, sepiolite, feldspar and calcite. Globally, Si/Al ratio ranged between 2.85 and 3.24. The chemical index of alteration ranged from 50.95 to 55.27 % while the mineralogical index of alteration values were between 1.90 and 10.54 %. Physicochemically, soil pH varied from slightly acidic to slightly above neutral. Soil organic carbon contents were low to very low. Exchangeable bases contents were high, mostly represented by Ca2+ and Mg2+. The CEC of soils and the CEC of clay were also high, ranging respectively between 53.68 and 82.88 cmol(+).kg-1, and 116.80 and 181.38 cmol(+).kg-1. The studied soils were classified as dystric haplustepts clayey isohyperthermic. They were developed in situ by the collapse of primary mineral structures from the bottom of the coarse saprolite, due to leaching as a result of bisiallitisation and monosiallitisation. This is accompanied by a progressive ferruginization of materials, confirmed by the densification under the microscope of goethitic brown veil from the base to the loamy clay horizon and the increase in iron contents from the bedrock to the humiferous surface horizon.

Fault-Related Controls on Upward Hydrothermal Flow: An Integrated Geological Study of the Têt Fault System, Eastern Pyrénées (France)

The way faults control upward fluid flow in nonmagmatic hydrothermal systems in extensional context is still unclear. In the Eastern Pyrénées, an alignment of twenty-nine hot springs (29°C to 73°C), along the normal Têt fault, offers the opportunity to study this process. Using an integrated multiscale geological approach including mapping, remote sensing, and macro- and microscopic analyses of fault zones, we show that emergence is always located in crystalline rocks at gneiss-metasediments contacts, mostly in the Têt fault footwall. The hot springs distribution is related to high topographic reliefs, which are associated with fault throw and segmentation. In more detail, emergence localizes either (1) in brittle fault damage zones at the intersection between the Têt fault and subsidiary faults or (2) in ductile faults where dissolution cavities are observed along foliations, allowing juxtaposition of metasediments. Using these observations and 2D simple numerical simulation, we propose a hydrogeological model of upward hydrothermal flow. Meteoric fluids, infiltrated at high elevation in the fault footwall relief, get warmer at depth because of the geothermal gradient. Topography-related hydraulic gradient and buoyancy forces cause hot fluid rise along permeability anisotropies associated with lithological juxtapositions, fracture, and fault zone compositions.

Water quality of an Ecuadorian Andean stream with the use of aquatic macroinvertebrates.

Ecuador is crossed by a network of rivers that originate mainly in the high Andean reliefs and pour into two basins: Amazon and Pacific. Many suffer from severe human impact. The main objective of the present study was to assess water quality of Mojarrero stream using biotic indices (BMWP/Col. and Shannon-Wiener index) as a tool to evaluate ecosystem health. During June, August and October 2014, bottom samples were taken at three stations. Each month and season three replicates of benthic aquatic invertebrates were taken on sandy-stony bottoms with a 0,3 mm mesh “D-net”. The fauna was represented by eleven orders and 29 families. The most abundant order was Coleoptera, representing 42,70% of total collected organisms, followed by Diptera (19,01%) and Ephemeroptera (11,38%). The most abundant family was Elmidae, with 568 individuals, (37,37% of total organisms), followed by Chironomidae (11,38%) and Baetidae (7,24%). Shannon diversity values ranged between 0,98 bits/ind. (June, EST. 2) and 2,23 bits/ind. (October, Est 1). The BMWP/Col. index values indicate that the river has a good environmental health on the high and low sections. The median section has some pollution, particularly during August and October.

A Review on Forearc Ophiolite Obduction, Adakite-Like Generation, and Slab Window Development at the Chile Triple Junction Area: Uniformitarian Framework for Spreading-Ridge Subduction

This paper aggregates the main basic data acquired along the Chile Triple Junction (CTJ) area (45°–48°S), where an active spreading center is presently subducting beneath the Andean continental margin. Updated sea-floor kinematics associated with a comprehensive review of geologic, geochemical, and geophysical data provide new constraints on the geodynamics of this puzzling area. We discuss: (1) the emplacement mode for the Pleistocene Taitao Ridge and the Pliocene Taitao Peninsula ophiolite bodies. (2) The occurrence of these ophiolitic complexes in association with five adakite-like plutonic and volcanic centers of similar ages at the same restricted locations. (3) The inferences from the cooccurrence of these sub-coeval rocks originating from the same subducting oceanic lithosphere evolving through drastically different temperature–pressure (P–T) path: low-grade greenschist facies overprint and amphibolite-eclogite transition, respectively. (4) The evidences that document ridge-jump events and associated microplate individualization during subduction of the SCR1 and SCR-1 segments: the Chonos and Cabo Elena microplates, respectively. The ridge-jump process associated with the occurrence of several closely spaced transform faults entering subduction is controlling slab fragmentation, ophiolite emplacement, and adakite-like production and location in the CTJ area. Kinematic inconsistencies in the development of the Patagonia slab window document an 11- km westward jump for the SCR-1 spreading segment at*6.5-to-6.8 Ma. The SCR-1 spreading center is relocated beneath the North Patagonia Icefield (NPI). We argue that the deep-seated difference in the dynamically sustained origin of the high reliefs of the North and South Patagonia Icefield (NPI and SPI) is asthenospheric convection and slab melting, respectively. The Chile Triple Junction area provides the basic constraints to define the basic signatures for spreading-ridge subduction beneath an Andean-type margin

Palynological reconstruction of climate and paleoenvironment during the lower to middle Miocene in northeast Tunisia

The pollen analysis of the sedimentary series of marine origin outlines the environmental and climatic context of the Northeastern Tunisia during the Lower to Middle Miocene. The analysis of the pollen sequence reveals a changing climate: (1) a subtropical climate during Burdigalian (importance of mega-mesothermal and mesothermal elements as Taxodium, Oleaceae, and Fagaceae) and (2) a tropical climate during the upper Langhian-lower Serravallian (megathermes elements (Avicennia and Acacia). This phase corresponds to the Miocene climatic optimum (MCO). The identified pollen associations helped organize the vegetation of the period in altitudinal levels (high areas, plain littoral environment, and river frontiers). As far as the inferior to middle Miocene is concerned, we noticed the existence of a diversified forest, which developed an average altitude with conifer trees of high reliefs. The plain which was dominated by Poaceae and Asteraceae was relatively small. The coastal environment is defined by the presence of Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae and Ephedra. A correlation with known results for other Tunisian and Mediterranean regions, on the one hand, and a comparison with the current climate of Tunisia, on the other hand, have been completed.

High Reliefs from 3D Scenes

AbstractWe present a method for synthesizing high reliefs, a sculpting technique that attaches 3D objects onto a 2D surface within a limited depth range. The main challenges are the preservation of distinct scene parts by preserving depth discontinuities, the fine details of the shape, and the overall continuity of the scene. Bas relief depth compression methods such as gradient compression and depth range compression are not applicable for high relief production. Instead, our method is based on differential coordinates to bring scene elements to the relief plane while preserving depth discontinuities and surface details of the scene. We select a user‐defined number of attenuation points within the scene, attenuate these points towards the relief plane and recompute the positions of all scene elements by preserving the differential coordinates. Finally, if the desired depth range is not achieved we apply a range compression. High relief synthesis is semi‐automatic and can be controlled by user‐defined parameters to adjust the depth range, as well as the placement of the scene elements with respect to the relief plane.