High-quality Vegetables Research Articles

ENTREPRENEURIAL EMPOWERMENT THROUGH HYDROPONIC CULTIVATION IN SOUTH MERUYA

This community service program in South Meruya Village, West Jakarta, addresses key challenges faced by the urban community, particularly in hydroponic vegetable farming and marketing. The primary issues include the lack of public awareness about promoting hydroponic products and utilizing internet-based marketing strategies. However, the presence of entrepreneurial housewives in the PKK and the growing demand for hydroponic vegetables present promising opportunities. The program offers two main solutions: (1) developing space-efficient hydroponic systems and (2) implementing effective methods to cultivate high-quality vegetables for consumption and sale. By empowering the community with hydroponic farming skills. Under the MBKM program, teachers and students collaborated with the community to establish hydroponic gardens, enhancing both food security and economic independence. The program's goals include promoting hydroponic entrepreneurship and providing the community with knowledge about hydroponic cultivation, cost analysis, and product pricing. Participants received hydroponic tools and training, which increased their yields and improved their income. Most participants found the program valuable, citing the tools and techniques as instrumental in expanding their scientific knowledge and practical skills in hydroponic farming. This empowerment initiative aims to promote food security and economic independence in South Meruya, with the potential for future replication.

Re-Circulatory Aquaculture Systems: A Pathway to Sustainable Fish Farming

Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) represent a transformative approach to sustainable fish farming that offers a viable solution to meet the growing global demand for seafood while minimizing environmental impact. These closed-loop systems recirculate and reuse water, reducing water consumption by up to 99% compared to traditional aquaculture methods. RAS also mitigate the risk of disease transmission, escapement, and pollution by isolating farmed fish from natural populations and the surrounding environment. Technologically advanced RAS employ mechanical filtration, biological filtration, and disinfection processes to maintain optimal water quality for fish growth. This high level of control allows for the farming of a wide range of species, including predatory finfish, in locations far from coastal areas. Furthermore, the integration of aquaponics in RAS enables the production of high-quality vegetables and herbs using the nutrient-rich wastewater, creating a sustainable closed-loop system. Despite the higher initial investment required, RAS have demonstrated consistent profitability and the potential for significant returns. By promoting "in-sourcing" and creating local jobs, RAS can contribute to the economic development of communities while reducing the carbon footprint associated with international seafood trade. As the aquaculture industry continues to evolve, RAS are poised to play a crucial role in ensuring the long-term sustainability of fish farming. By combining technological advancements with environmental stewardship, RAS offer a promising pathway towards meeting the world's growing demand for seafood while preserving the health of our aquatic ecosystems.

How to promote the application of green pesticides by farmers? Evolutionary game analysis based on “government–farmer–consumer”

Green pesticide use, as a key means to reduce pesticide use, plays a crucial role in promoting environmental and food safety. However, the effectiveness of green pesticide use policies in China falls short of expectations. Existing research mainly examines the policy promotion issues of green pesticide use from a static and single-agent perspective. However, green pesticide use behavior is a dynamic process influenced by multiple factors, including the government, farmers, and consumers. This paper builds an evolutionary tripartite game model of the government, farmers, and consumers from the perspective of dynamic strategy evolution and explores the evolutionary conditions that affect the stability of the tripartite game strategy during green pesticide application. The results show that 1) through different partnership models, the government, farmers, and consumers can evolve to a stable state. 2) Keeping the government’s regulatory intensity in the market for green agricultural products within a reasonable range will help farmers apply green pesticides. 3) Users’ preference for high-quality vegetables will increase the market selling price of green products. 4) Maintaining the government’s ecological subsidies for green pesticides will help stimulate farmers’ enthusiasm for using green pesticides. Therefore, the government should appropriately strengthen ecological subsidies and market supervision, guide consumers’ green consumption behavior, and encourage farmers to use green pesticides.

A Cross-Sectional Study of Grocery Shopping Factors of Importance among Food-Insecure African Americans.

The objective of this study was to (1) assess via cross-sectional survey the prevalence of food insecurity among African Americans [AAs] after their most recent grocery shopping trip, and (2) examine the grocery shopping factors of importance and characteristics of food-insecure AA grocery shoppers. Most (70.4%) were food-insecure. Food-insecure grocery shoppers were significantly more likely to be younger, less educated, who often skipped meals and/or practiced fasting, accessed a food pantry, were SNAP recipients, were considered to not be in "good" health, and who had higher BMI compared to food-secure shoppers (p ≤ 0.03 * for all). Our data showed that AAs shopped for groceries a mean 2.20 ± 1.29 times per week, for low prices (72.1%), without a weekly budget (58.9%), with a grocery list (44.6%) or using an app (27.6%), for high-quality vegetables (27.5%), for good customer service (22.9%), for store brands (20.8%) and name brands (17.9%).Food-insecure shoppers were significantly more likely to grocery shop more times per week, have a weekly budget, and use an app, but were significantly less likely to report store brands, name brands, good customer service, and high-quality vegetables as grocery factors of importance (p ≤ 0.03 * for all). Grocery strategies such as shopping with a grocery app and/or grocery list could help food-insecure AAs reduce grocery trips, promote meal planning to save money, and avoid skipping meals/fasting, while eating healthier.

PRODUCTIVITY OF LEEKS DEPENDING ON THE APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND SOIL BIOPREPARATION IN THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Providing consumers with high-quality vegetables and preserving soil fertility requires the rational use of fertilizers. Growing vegetable plants on drip irrigation significantly increases their yield, but requires additional research to determine the most effective fertilization. Combined mineral fertilization of leeks with soil biological preparation improves plant assimilation and the composition of the rhizosphere microbiota. The aim of this study is to identify effective combinations of leek fertilization for drip irrigation. The variants of the two-factor experiment were: factor A – soil biological preparation Groundfix and factor B – mineral fertilizers DripFert – N20Р20К20, N40Р10К10, N20Р20К20 +N10Р10К40, N40Р10К10 +N10Р10К40, control variant – without fertilization. Field, laboratory, and mathematical and statistical research methods were used to record data and analyze the results. After fertilizing with mineral fertilizers alone, the share of nitrogen-fixing bacteria was 11–19%, and combined with Groundfix it increased to 37–39%. According to the dynamics of leek leaf mass formation, the advantage of combined fertilization with mineral fertilizer and Groundfix was noted. Within factor B, the largest leaf area was after fertilizing with N20Р20К20 + N10Р10К40 – 19.12 ths. m2 per hectare. Factor A (Grandfix) accounts for 32% of leeks' marketable yield, and factor B (mineral fertilizer) for 60%, but the effect of their interaction is unreliable. Depending on mineral fertilizers, the yield was lower when using N20P20K20. and N40Р10К10. The maximum level of marketable yield was with the combined fertilization of Grandfix + N20Р20К20 + N10Р10К40 – 35.3 t/ha. The application of mineral fertilizer N10P10K40 has a positive effect on the content of sugars and ascorbic acid. Thus, to optimize the nutritional regime of leeks under drip irrigation, it is advisable to apply the soil biological preparation Groundfix and the mineral fertilizers N20Р20К20+N10Р10К40 combined. Intensive fertilization is a classic measure to increase the productivity of vegetable plants under irrigation.

Influence of biological fertilizers on the carrots cultivation and yield

Providing the country’s population with high-quality vegetables remains one of the priority areas for agricultural development. The task of agricultural science in solving this problem is to improve agrotechnological techniques and individual operations of soil cultivation, sowing and harvesting, as well as measures to protect against infections and pests. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using biofertilizers when cultivating carrots on gray forest soils of medium loamy granulometric composition. Small-plot experiments to improve the technology for cultivating carrots of the Losinoostrovskaya variety were carried out on the basis of the experimental collection site of the Chuvash State Agrarian University during 2022–2023. To stimulate the processes of growth and accumulation of plant biomass, three-time root and leaf feeding of vegetative plants with biological preparations Microbionic and Gumat EM was used. In the course of monitoring the growth processes of carrots, the accumulation of tops and root crops biomass, the authors recorded positive changes in the reduction of the duration of phenophases and a positive trend in increasing carrot yields. The timing of the onset of bunching and trimming ripeness in carrots in plots using root and leaf fertilizing with biological products was shifted by 2–5 days, the total biomass of aboveground mass and root crops was increased to 36%, the yield and marketability of finished products was up to 43% compared with a control group.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with contrasting life-history strategies differently affect health-promoting compounds in field-grown tomato by changing arbuscule occurrence and mycorrhizal assemblages in roots

Contrasting life-history characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal families may have important implications for mycorrhizal functioning. Nevertheless, the effect of inoculation with AM fungi having different life-history strategies on the quality parameters of tomato fruits was not investigated. In this study, fruit and sauce quality of two tomato varieties were evaluated in field conditions after inoculation with four AM fungal species belonging to Glomeraceae and Gigasporaceae. The functional relationship between AM fungal traits (i.e., root colonization structures, community diversity) and fruit quality parameters was analyzed. AM fungal inoculation increased total phenols (TPC) and lycopene concentration in fruits of both varieties (47% and 247%, respectively) and antioxidant activity in var. Rio Grande (85%). Gigasporaceae were more effective in increasing TPC and antioxidant activity compared to Glomeraceae in var. Rio Grande. Gigaspora gigantea outperformed Scutellospora pellucida in var. Pisanello for TPC, antioxidant activity, and lycopene. Inoculated strains of G. gigantea, S. pellucida, Funneliformis mosseae, and Sclerocystis sinuosa were molecularly retrieved within tomato roots. In both varieties, a functional relationship between occurrence of arbuscules in roots and fruit quality was found. In var. Rio Grande, the abundance of some native AM fungal taxa shaped the pattern of fruit quality parameters. Gigasporaceae might be of great relevance for the synthesis of health-promoting compounds in tomato and should be included in biostimulant programmes targeting the production of high-quality vegetables.

Innovative Soilless Culture Techniques for Horticultural Crops: A Comprehensive Review

Soilless culture, a modern greenhouse cultivation technology, has rapidly developed in the past 30-40 years and offers a closed-loop system with several benefits, including the recycling of 85-90 percent of irrigation water. As the world population continues to grow at a rate of over 1%, the reduction in land availability per capita for soil-based agriculture has become a major problem, particularly in countries like India with a high population density. Soilless farming offers a viable alternative for growing high-quality vegetables, fruits, and flowers year-round on a variety of substrates, requiring limited space. This approach also aims to eradicate greenhouse soil-related problems such as soil-borne infections, poor soil fertility, and salinity. With several advantages over traditional soil crops, including shorter growth times, year-round production, and fewer diseases and pests, soilless farming comprises various methods such as hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics. The technique has the potential to improve people's lives and boost economic growth by encouraging innovative businesses to engage in agriculture. Therefore, soilless farming has gained traction as an innovative solution to address land scarcity issues while producing high-quality crops sustainably.

PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI CERDAS PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN HIDROPONIK BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER DAN MULTISENSOR PADA PEMBUDIDAYA TANAMAN HIDROPONIK KABUPATEN MAJENE

Smart technology has provided many benefits for all human activities, including hydroponic farming systems. The consistent challenge in the process of cultivating plants using hydroponic systems is the monitoring of partner farmers in managing plant nutrition. Smart technology, utilizing microcontrollers and multisensors, can enhance hydroponic management, particularly concerning the control of nutrient availability, including saturation, water pH, and water availability in the hydroponic system. The purpose of this activity is to address partner-related issues regarding their lack of knowledge and skills in managing businesses aided by smart technology such as microcontrollers and multisensors and to improve the economic viability of partner businesses by producing nutritious and high-quality vegetables. The method used in this community engagement activity involves initial observation at the partner's business location, theoretical instruction to enhance partner knowledge, and finally, training in the creation and operation of smart technology involving microcontrollers and multisensors in the partner's hydroponic area. Questionnaires were distributed to assess the initial conditions before the training and to measure the success of the training after its completion. The initial observation showed a lack of knowledge about smart technology using microcontrollers and multisensors. Based on this, theoretical training was conducted to improve partner knowledge about smart technology using microcontrollers and multisensors. The theoretical content included 1) technology and innovation in hydroponic plant nutrition, 2) an introduction to microcontrollers and sensors in agriculture/horticulture technology, and 3) a demonstration of monitoring physical parameters and nutrient content of hydroponic plants using the Wokwi simulator. Subsequently, a simulation of microcontroller and multisensory device use was carried out, resulting in an enhancement of partner skills in using microcontrollers and multisensors. The improvement in partner knowledge and skills after participating in this training is evident from the questionnaire results, and partner satisfaction with the conducted training is also evident. The conclusion of this community engagement activity is that partners have gained knowledge and skills after participating in the training on the application of smart technology for microcontroller-based irrigation of hydroponic plants with multisensor systems in hydroponic plant cultivation.

How to boost the local trade of participatory guarantee system (PGS)-certified produce? A value chain perspective in Huánuco, Peru

To address issues of synthetic pesticides misuse, participatory guarantee systems (PGS) have been promoted as an inclusive certification mechanism in local value chains in many emerging economies. Most scientific studies and development programmes on PGS focus on operational aspects or supply side issues. On the contrary, demand side and the buying of PGS-certified produce have received far less attention. Our study contributes to this gap by applying a value chain perspective to identify potential incentives and obstacles to boost the trade of PGS-certified vegetables in Huánuco, central Peru. Using a mixed methods research approach, we map the value chain and describe actors' social practices and perceptions of synthetic pesticides. Our results show that the vegetable value chain is strongly dominated by local food and traditional (i.e. non-modern) distribution channels. We find that farmers, traders and consumers are aware of the health risks associated with synthetic pesticides, but note important mismatches between their perceptions on pesticide-free vegetables. Better collaboration and coordination among value chain actors, for instance under the form of a farmer cooperative and/or contracts with traders, may boost the trade of PGS-certified produce, but care should be paid to ensure regular supply of high-quality vegetables at a fair price.

Effect of different LED wavelengths on growth, chlorophyll and anthocyanin content of purple-red pakchoi (Brassica rapa chineensis) in indoor vertical farming

Understanding the effects of different light wavelengths on plant growth and the accumulation of essential nutrients like antioxidants is critical for obtaining optimal light conditions for the production of high-quality vegetables in indoor vertical farming. Purplered pakchoi (Brassica rapa chineensisis) is a fast-growing brassiceous vegetable. This vegetable is known to have health-promoting properties due to anthocyanin, which is a crucial antioxidant in the diet. This crop was used to evaluate the effects of red (RL), blue (BL), and green (GL) wavelengths on plant morphology, relative chlorophyll content, and phytochemical accumulation (anthocyanin). Light treatments consisted of three different wavelength combinations: a) full spectrum, white light (WL) as a control (the proportions of RL, BL and GL wavelengths were 42%, 15% and 43%, respectively); b) combination RL81BL19 (the proportions of RL and BL wavelengths were set at 81% and 19%, respectively); and c) combination RL70BL21GL9 (the proportions of RL, BL and GL wavelengths were set at 70%, 21% and 9%, respectively). The experiment was carried out in the LED Light Research Lab (MARDI, Serdang), a walk-in chamber with a 12-hour photoperiod. The temperature, CO2, and relative humidity levels in the LED light lab were kept under control. Plant width and height were found to be most prominent in plants exposed under RL81BL19 LED light, followed by RL70BL21GL9, while plants grown under WL were relatively small. Purple-red pakchoi exposed to a combination of RL and BL, supplemented with GL light treatment, had a slightly smaller plant height and width than plants exposed to RL81BL19 light treatment. Similar results were obtained in terms of shoot fresh and dry weight, with the RL81BL19 having the highest shoot fresh and dry weight, followed by the RL70BL21GL9 and WL light exposure plants. Furthermore, when compared to other treatments, purple-red pakchoi treated with RL81BL19 light had a significantly higher content (p<0.05) of chlorophyll and anthocyanin. This finding indicated that GL light treatment has no direct effect on overall growth, chlorophyll accumulation, or anthocyanin content in purple-red pakchoi. This study found that the RL81BL19 wavelength is the best LED light treatment for purple-red pakchoi production in indoor vertical farming.

Hydroponic cultivation training and its product processing for sustainable ecosystems in Lebakgede Area, Bandung City

Hydroponic cultivation is considered effective and efficient in terms of time, place, and cost. Postharvest handling must also be carried out properly, such as processing vegetables and fruit in hydroponic cultivation. Therefore, hydroponic plant cultivation training activities and the processing of their products play an essential role in urban communities, especially Lebakgede Area, Bandung City. In general, this service consisted of four main stages, including preparation and planning, implementation, evaluation, and follow-up. The investigation revealed that the majority of participants were housewives (43%), followed by community institutions (29%), others (14%), and entrepreneurs and civil servants (7%). In addition, 76% of participants were extremely satisfied, understanding, and interested in practicing hydroponic cultivation and processing its products. Based on the follow-up analysis, the participants have prepared a hydroponic house that will be managed together to support the supply of food ingredients in the Lebakgede Area Bandung City. This successful community service positively impacts the community by supplying high-quality vegetables. Therefore, this service activity can result in the formation of a sustainable hydroponic ecosystem and an increase in hydroponic expertise for future generations in Lebakgede Area, Bandung City.

Evaluation of Three Nutrient Compositions for Lettuce Cultivers in two Hydroponic Systems

A greenhouse field experiment was conducted at Plasticulture Farm in MPUAT, Udaipur Rajasthan in 2021 to examine the effects of different EC levels on the growth and weight of two lettuce cultivars grown in two hydroponic systems. Two lettuce cultivars, Ice Berg (V1) and Green Rapid (V2), were subjected to three levels of EC i.e. 0.75 dS/m, 1.0 dS/m and 1.25 dS/m and two hydroponic systems (DWC and NFT). The Green Rapid cultivar with 1.0 dS/m and NFT treatment combination proved significantly more productive than the other cultivar/treatment combinations. Based on the results, for all parameters, i.e. plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight, plant spread and dry matter were found more effective in Green rapid with 1.0 dS/m EC and NFT treatment combination. It is expected that the development of a good and easy-touse hydroponic system will help growers produce high-quality vegetables including lettuce.

Major Diseases of Vegetable Crops and this Management in Adjara, Georgia

Our dependence on healthy vegetable crops as a reliable source of food transcends all barriers of nation and culture. Consumers now demand excellent quality from the industry that produces large volumes of high quality vegetables to be sold locally, regionally and shipped internationally. The diseases that affect vegetables compromise such quality and therefore are of great importance to grower, shipper, marketer, and consumer. This book focuses primarily on diseases that are caused by pathogens. With chapters and subchapters written by working on specific vegetables disease, the volume covers many vegetable including Solanum tuberosum, Beta vulgaris, Lycopersicum esculentum, Brasica oleraceae, Cucurbita pepo, Solanum melongena, Cucumis sativus, Daucus sativus, and many more. Chapters dealing with the general principles of the causes, diagnosis favorable conditions for disease development, and the latest management strategies for disease prevention and mitigation in vegetable crops. Each disease entry includes a brief introduction to the disease, detailed description of disease symptoms, information on the pathogen and disease development, and suggestions on how to manage the problem. Top quality color photos illustrate the book throughout. This book is useful to a range of professionals including research and extension plant pathologists; diagnosticians and plant lab personnel; teachers of agriculture and related subjects; university students in agriculture and related fields; commercial farmers, vegetable producers, and farm managers; agriculturalists in the fields of seed production, vegetable breeding, agrichemicals, pest control, marketing, and other subjects; government and regulatory persons dealing with agriculture; serious gardeners and hobbyists and anyone working with vegetable crops.

Examining Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Organic Vegetable Attributes: Using a Discrete Choice Experiment

This research aims to identify consumer attitudes toward organic green vegetables by estimating the degree of Willingness To Pay (WTP) for various attributes to evaluate the position of these organic vegetables and determine preferences for organic green vegetables based on income. This study used an online survey with 191 respondents on Java Island. The Discrete Choice Experiment was used to investigate product selection, WTP, and the relationship between the four characteristics of vegetables and income. The findings showed that consumers prefer organic and pesticide-free vegetables that are good for health, have low chemical emissions and a lower environmental impact, and are less expensive than non-organic vegetables. This is a challenge for producers and marketers to develop responsible input management strategies to produce high-quality vegetables at a low cost and with minimal environmental impact.

Physiological and biochemical responses of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) to different light treatments

BackgroundArtificial agriculture is promoted as an economically viable technology for developing plants under controlled conditions whereby light, water, and fertilizer intake are regulated in a controlled manner to produce maximum productivity with minimal resources. Artificial light has been used to produce high-quality vegetables because it can regulate plant growth and phytochemical production through light intensity, photoperiod, and spectrum modulation. This study aimed to compare the physiological and biochemical responses of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) grown under artificial light with varying light intensities (75 and 150 µmol m−2 s−1), photoperiods (12:12 and 6:6:6:6 h), and wavelengths (blue, red, and magenta) to plants grown in a glasshouse under natural light. The novelty of this study lies in the manipulation of artificial LED lighting to achieve high-quality plant growth and phytochemical composition in B. rapa model vegetables for potential optimal productivity.ResultsThe analysis revealed that B. rapa grown under artificial lights produced more consistent biomass yield and had a higher chlorophyll content than B. rapa grown under natural light (control). Plants grown under artificial lights have also been shown to produce biochemical compositions derived primarily from fatty acids, whereas plants grown under natural light have a biochemical composition derived primarily from alkanes. Twenty compounds were found to be statistically different between light treatments out of a total of 31 compounds detected, indicating that they were synthesized in response to specific light conditions. Exposure to the full artificial light spectrum (white) resulted in the absence of compounds such as dodecane and 2,6,10-trimethyltridecane, which were present in B. rapa grown in natural light, whereas exposure to the blue spectrum specifically induced the production of tetracosane. Eicosane, neophytadiene, l-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, and (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid were all prevalent compounds produced in B. rapa regardless of light conditions, and their absence may thus affect plant development and survival.ConclusionsThe results show that cultivation under artificial light produced consistent biomass, high chlorophyll content, and phytochemical content comparable to natural light conditions (control). These findings shed light on how artificial light could improve the production efficiency and organoleptic qualities of Chinese cabbage.Graphical

Alignment between vertical and horizontal coordination for food quality and safety in Indonesian vegetable chains

This study explores the alignment between vertical coordination (VC) and horizontal coordination (HC) in Indonesian vegetable value chains. This alignment helps buyers to design efficient coordination mechanisms with regard to the production of safe and high-quality vegetables. We use a qualitative approach and describe five vegetable value chains featuring VC and HC. Within-case and cross-case analyses have been performed to develop propositions. The empirical study finds that there is a diverse combination of VC and HC mechanisms in Indonesian vegetable value chains. Strong VC correlates with high food quality and safety standards that farmers have to meet. The presence of HC through a producer organisation (PO) reduces the need for strict VC mechanisms. When VC is combined with HC through a PO, efficiency of quality and safety control increases and coordination costs decrease, ensuring better compliance with food quality and safety requirements.

Factors affecting the smallholder farmers' participation in the emerging modern supply chain in developing countries

PurposeDespite the availability of new buyers and the possibility to receive higher prices, still large numbers of smallholder farmers do not participate in the modern supply chains. This study aims to understand the factors that affect smallholder farmers' participation in a newly emerging modern supply chain context.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 6 focus groups of farmers (67 farmers in total) and 14 interviews with market actors and key informants such as government officials and donor organisations.FindingsInfluential factors of farmers' participation in the modern chain include buyer attributes and transaction conditions. High prices and prompt payment are the key motivators, with the main inhibitors being personal relationships with buyers and strict market requirements related to quality and quantity supplied.Practical implicationsIn order to encourage smallholder farmer participation in modern chains, an expansion of the marketing of high-quality vegetables by implementing quality control mechanisms and the encouragement to adopt safe marketing practices is needed. These results are particularly relevant for practitioners and policymakers.Originality/valueMost research to date concentrates on farmers' socioeconomic characteristics and are based in countries with advanced modern chains, and rarely focus on farmer participation in countries where modern chains are relatively new. This study addresses this gap by analysing farmer preferences to engage in the context of a country experiencing the emergence of trade through modern vegetable supply chain system.

“Price Spread of Marketing Channels of Tomato Crops in Chitrakoot District of Uttar Pradesh”

Tomatoes are used in many dishes including soup, salad, pickles, ketchup, puree, and sauces. It doesn’t matter how much yield you get if the farmer doesn’t get paid for it! As a result, marketing plays a vital role in increasing the farmer’s yield. Profitable production requires high quality vegetables to meet market demands. An agricultural grower’s choice of vegetable depends on the market’s demand and preferences. A lack of contact with the market channel sometimes prevents vegetable growers from receiving a fair price for their hard-earned produce. Marketing cost and margin analysis benefits both the seller and the buyer. The research used both primary and secondary data sources. An agricultural survey schedule was used to interview farmers to collect data on their income, employment, and farm activities for the 2018-19 agricultural years. Each of the five blocks in Chitrakoot district has its own distinct personality and culture. Ten farmers were chosen at random from each list A sample of 40 tomato growers from the 2018-19 production year were interviewed for the study. Channel III (P-W-R-C) received the most Tomatoes, accounting for 45.5% of the total disposed. During the marketing of Tomato, the producer, wholesaler, village trader, and retailer each incurred Rs.45/- per quintal marketing cost. This worked out to Rs. 612/- per quintal in Channel II, and Rs. 403/- per quintal in Channel III and IV. It was 270/- per quintal for wholesalers and 217/- for village traders in channel III. Consumption was Rs.1142/- per quintal in Channels I, II, III, and IV. Tomato price spread in channel-I was 96.09 percent, while marketing cost was 3.94 percent. Producer and Retailer paid 9.79% of marketing costs in channel II. Consumers paid Rs. 1410/qt., with producers taking 46.81 per cent of the profit. Producer, Wholesaler, and retailer marketing costs in channel III were 10.41%. Consumers paid Rs. 1473/qt in channel-III, with producers owning 43.11 per cent of the product. Producers, Village traders, and retailers spent 10.41% on marketing in channel IV. 1643/qt, with a 39.52 percent producer share. Channel II had the highest market margin at 43.40 %. In the Chitrakoot district, channel I was found to be more profitable than channels II, III,

The promising variety of European radish Ophelia grown in protected and open ground conditions

Among the existing variety of vegetables, table root crops are very popular both in the Russian Federation and abroad: carrots, beets, radishes, turnips and parsnips. These crops are sources of natural vitamins; due to low prices for marketable products and seeds, they have been cultivated in Russia. Among all vegetables, radish ranks first by the content of potassium, magnesium and calcium salts; it also contains iron and phosphorus. When growing new varieties and hybrids of radish suitable for the mechanized harvesting, one should pay attention to the strength of leaves, the erectness of leaf rosettes, the uniformity of immersion in the soil and the easy pull-out of root crops. The collection of root crops Raphanus sativus L. VIR is annually replenished with numerous samples of the latest selection, primarily from China, Japan, and the Netherlands, as well as samples collected in Central Asia and the Caucasus. The main task of greenhouse vegetable growing is year-round or off-season production of high-quality vegetables (daikon, radish and turnip). As a result of the research, a new variety of European summer radish Ophelia was created for growing in protected and open ground conditions. It is an early ripening variety: it takes 33-38 days from full germination to the beginning of economic ripeness. Leaf rosettes are of medium size, light green. The vegetable has white elliptical roots. The Base is rounded. The pulp is white and opaque