High-quality Silk Research Articles

INCUBATOR DESIGN FORREVIVALS SILKWORM SEEDS

This article analyzes the effectiveness of a new incubator design for reviving silkworm eggs. In the course of the study, an incubator based on a rotating disk was created to control the parameters of the microclimate and ensure uniform development of eggs. In this system, temperature, humidity and CO2 levels are monitored using the SCD 41 and other sensors. The results showed that using the new incubator, silkworm eggs were revived 4.1% faster than using traditional methods, and the cocoon yield increased by 5.8%. Thanks to the high efficiency of the new construction, the economic efficiency of silk production will increase and the possibility of producing high-quality silk will expand. Thus, the construction of an innovative incubator opens up opportunities for using new approaches in sericulture.

EFFECT OF USING MECHATRONIC MULTILAYER SILKWORM FEEDER ON PRODUCTIVITY

In this study, a mechatronic system was developed for the care of silkworms in multi-layer feeders. This system allows you to monitor and monitor the humidity and temperature in each layer using the DHT11 sensor. The results showed that humidity and temperature were kept stable by a mechatronic system, which positively affected the growth of silkworms and the production of high-quality silk. Compared to traditional methods, the system has made it possible to use resources more efficiently and save energy. The mechatronic system allows you to make the process of growing silkworms efficient and stable. This suggests that the method has great prospects in the development of the silk industry.

APPLICATION OF THE MECHATRONIC SYSTEM TO SILKWORM FEEDERS

In this study, a mechatronic system was developed for the care of mulberry silkworms in multi-layered succulents. This system allows you to monitor and monitor the humidity and temperature in each layer using the DHT11 sensor. The results showed that humidity and temperature were kept stable by a mechatronic system, which positively affected the growth of silkworms and the production of high-quality silk. Compared to traditional methods, the system has made it possible to use resources more efficiently and save energy. In short, the mechatronic system makes the silkworm rearing process efficient and stable. This suggests that the method has great prospects in the development of the silk industry.

Fine-Grained Detection Model Based on Attention Mechanism and Multi-Scale Feature Fusion for Cocoon Sorting

Sorting unreelable inferior cocoons during the reeling process is essential for obtaining high-quality silk products. At present, silk reeling enterprises mainly rely on manual sorting, which is inefficient and labor-intensive. Automated sorting based on machine vision and sorting robots is a promising alternative. However, the accuracy and computational complexity of object detection are challenges for the practical application of automatic sorting, especially for small stains of inferior cocoons in images of densely distributed cocoons. To deal with this problem, an efficient fine-grained object detection network based on attention mechanism and multi-scale feature fusion, called AMMF-Net, is proposed for inferior silkworm cocoon recognition. In this model, fine-grained object features are key considerations to improve the detection accuracy. To efficiently extract fine-grained features of silkworm cocoon images, we designed an efficient hybrid feature extraction network (HFE-Net) that combines depth-wise separable convolution and Transformer as the backbone. It captures local and global information to extract fine-grained features of inferior silkworm cocoon images, improving the representation ability of the network. An efficient multi-scale feature fusion module (EMFF) is proposed as the neck of the object detection structure. It improves the typical down-sampling method of multi-scale feature fusion to avoid the loss of key information and achieve better performance. Our method is trained and evaluated on a dataset collected from multiple inferior cocoons. Extensive experiments validated the effectiveness and generalization performance of the HFE-Net network and the EMFF module, and the proposed AMMF-Net achieved the best detection results compared to other popular deep neural networks.

Establishment of seasonal high-quality silk cocoon cultivation based on special nutrient-rich mulberry plantations in areas with high groundwater levels in Uzbekistan

Establishment of seasonal high-quality silk cocoon cultivation based on special nutrient-rich mulberry plantations in areas with high groundwater levels in Uzbekistan

The silkworm (Bombyx mori) gut microbiota is involved in metabolic detoxification by glucosylation of plant toxins

Herbivores have evolved the ability to detoxify feed components through different mechanisms. The oligophagous silkworm feeds on Cudrania tricuspidata leaves (CTLs) instead of mulberry leaves for the purpose of producing special, high-quality silk. However, CTL-fed silkworms are found to have smaller bodies, slower growth and lower silk production than those fed mulberry leaves. Here, we show that the high content of prenylated isoflavones (PIFs) that occurred in CTLs is converted into glycosylated derivatives (GPIFs) in silkworm faeces through the silkworm gut microbiota, and this biotransformation is the key process in PIFs detoxification because GPIFs are found to be much less toxic, as revealed both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, adding Bacillus subtilis as a probiotic to remodel the gut microbiota could beneficially promote silkworm growth and development. Consequently, this study provides meaningful guidance for silk production by improving the adaptability of CTL-fed silkworms.

Development of Structurally Modified Less Wrinkle and High Drape Soft Silk Fabric

In India, high-quality silk fabrics are nearly exclusively made from the highly prized textile fibre of animal origin known as silk. Silk sarees and materials for clothing are sold in a variety of stores. The majority of these retail stores are constantly searching for various types of silk materials to advertise as unique goods. Central Silk Technological Research Institute (CSTRI) continuously works in this field to offer the silk industry a variety of silk yarns and fabrics produced under eco-friendly tags. In one such attempt, CSTRI developed a wet processing technique with a user-friendly chemical, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, by optimizing the process parameter such as time, temperature and chemical concentration. The comfort properties of the fabric were improved by modifying the secondary structure of the fibroin protein that was ascertained by Raman and C-13 NMR spectroscopies. Significantly higher drape and crease recovery properties were measured by Kawabata and FTT analysis. The products were developed in commercial scales (beside their costing) and displayed for 21 days to assess the market potential in terms of subjective assessment, product preference and price. The survey findings were statistically analysed using Minitab and Python software. The project findings in unequivocal terms recommend the chemical process using the safe chemical to treat the grey-finished fabrics to have improved utility, durability and comfort properties.

The Effect of Feeding with Central European Local Mulberry Genotypes on the Development and Health Status of Silkworms and Quality Parameters of Raw Silk.

Simple SummarySeveral regions of Slovenia and Hungary retained numerous centuries-old white mulberry trees, evidence of past sericultural activities, being traditionally used to feed the silkworm larvae. Attempts for the reintroduction of sericulture in these countries are ongoing. The current study assessed the suitability of the locally adapted mulberry trees for contemporary sericultural needs. Silkworm hybrids were fed with leaves of the selected local mulberry genotypes and the larvae performance parameters (bodyweight, spinning success, cocoon quantity, and quality) were compared to those fed with reference mulberry varieties. The chemical contents and nutritive parameters of the mulberry leaves were determined, and connections were predicted between selected leaf compounds and silkworm performance parameters. The local mulberries had higher total protein contents, and lower total phenolic contents and differed in some individual phenolics, macro- and microelements compared to the reference sericultural and fruit varieties. A combined positive influence of proteins, specific phenolics, and microelements on larval growth and silk thread parameters was predicted. The health status and gut microbiome compositions of larvae were also analyzed. The results of the study indicate that selected local Slovenian and Hungarian mulberry varieties are suitable for high-quality silk cocoon and raw silk production.Silkworm rearing activities ceased in the 1970′s in several European countries. Attempts on the re-establishment of ecological and sustainable sericulture in Slovenia and Hungary are ongoing. The aim of the study was to assess the usability of locally adapted mulberry genotypes for sericulture and to estimate connections between leaf compound and silkworm performance parameters. A controlled feeding experiment of silkworms was performed to test the influence of leaves from selected trees on the growth of larvae, the health and microbiological status of larvae (e.g., gut bacterial microbiome, Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus infection), weight of cocoons and raw silk parameters. The Slovenian and Hungarian mulberry genotypes had significantly higher total protein contents, and lower total phenolic contents and differed significantly in some individual phenolics compared to the reference sericultural and fruit varieties. Significant differences were found in the contents of the macro- and microelements, namely S, Mn, Fe, and Sr. Based on correlative statistics and multivariate analysis, a combined positive influence of proteins, specific phenolics, and microelements on larval growth and silk thread parameters was predicted. The results of the study indicate that selected local Slovenian and Hungarian mulberry varieties are suitable for high-quality silk cocoon and raw silk production.

Bacterial Survey in the Guts of Domestic Silkworms, Bombyx mori L.

Simple SummaryTo enhance the sustainability of commercial production of high-quality silk, factors that affect the economic characteristics of the silkworm and the silk it produces have been widely studied. Among these are the gut microbiota, which have been linked to absorption and utilization of nutrients, and immunity to diseases in silkworms. Because the Philippines has yet to improve the silkworm strains it currently uses for silk production, sufficient biological data, including that of microbiota, are warranted. Profiling the bacterial communities in local silkworm strains through the use of high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing would be a source of useful information. Results of the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in this study showed that four of the silkworm strains reared in the Philippines are abundant in five bacterial genera, which have also been found in other silkworm strains. Results also showed that bacterial diversity and evenness increase as larvae mature, which can be correlated to larval development and to the shift in the amount and age of mulberry leaves the larvae consume.Silkworm, Bombyx mori L., research involves studies on improving strains for enhanced sustainability of high-quality silk production. Several of these have investigated the factors affecting growth and development of silkworm larvae and cocoon characteristics that subsequently affect the yield and quality of silk. The gut microbiota has been reported to impact growth and development of silkworms and has been linked, in particular, with absorption and utilization of nutrients and immunity to diseases. The silkworm strains maintained in the Philippines lack sufficient biological data for use in strain improvement. This prompted efforts to augment the data by profiling bacterial communities through high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analysis in four of the local silkworm strains that are bred and maintained in the country. Results of the study showed that the four silkworm strains are abundant in bacteria that belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Delftia, Methylobacterium and Acinetobacter. Results also showed that bacterial diversity and evenness increase as larvae mature, which can be correlated to larval development and shifts in the amount and age of mulberry leaves the larvae consume.

Silk mill sites utilization and traces

Silk mills have a yarn reeling process and produce high quality silk from cocoon. Sericulture/filature was a leading industry to contribute to Japanese economy in early twentieth century. Most of the mills were closed during World War II, but after the war over 300 mills quickly recovered with domestic market demands. However, the business was slowing down again due to business recession from cheaper imported silk yarn. The silk mills shut down year by year and at present only two mills are operating in Japan. The objectives of this research are to clarify location of mills, type of mills owner, current utilization of the sites, and inheritance of silk mills. There are three business types of mills owner. The research clarified five kinds of the utilization (housing district, commercial complex, factories, public facilities, others) in the sites. 51 sites remain some inheritance or trace of silk mill operations including building of factory, monuments showing history, or use of silk industry related words (cocoon, filature and silk) for the replaced business operations. Designation of cultural property is effective to protect the buildings, but it is more important to share the value of silk mills traces among the site owners and communities.

Importance of breeding mulberry trees under vegetative (in vitro) methods in high-quality silk production in Uzbekistan

In the first direction of this article, the new Marhamat, Mustaqillik-18 and Jararik-12 varieties of mulberry have economic value characteristics, such as leaf stem size, leaf length, leaf width, leaf stem length, leaf weight, leaf stem weight, leaf stem weight, and net leaf weight. In addition, the systems of mulberry silkworms Liniya-101 and Liniya-205 were cultivated with Marhamat, Jararik-12 and Mustaqillik-18 and Tajik seedless varieties of mulberry. The second direction of the study was the experiments on in vitro propagation of new varieties of tobacco, and the cost-effectiveness of testing in the conditions of production of positive data obtained on the basis of the results of 2017-2020. At the same time, it can be seen that the economic efficiency of mulberry varieties grown and introduced in vitro is 4,695,300 UZS, net profit is 1,577,500 UZS, and the size of profitability is 39.6% contrast to the comparator.

Silk Mills Transition and the Sites Utilization in Gunma Prefecture

Sericulture/filature was a leading industry to contribute to Japanese economy in early twenty century. Silk mills have a key role of yarn reeling process and produce high quality silk from cocoon. Gunma Prefecture is called as a “Silk Country” resulting from both cocoon and raw silk production amount. Tomioka Silk Mill in Gu nma was inscribed as a World Cultural Heritage as the presence of reeling technologies. Most of the mills was closed during World War II, but after the war over 30 mills was quickly recovered with domestic market demands. However, the business was slowing down again due to business recession after oil shock and cheaper imported silk. The silk mills shut down year by year and at present only one silk mill is operating. The objectives of this research are to clarify (1) location of the mills, (2) current util ization of the sites, and (3) outcomes from the historical background of the mills. There are five kinds of the site utilization – public facilities, commercial complex, housing district, factories and open space. The major business owners tend to maintain the sites in case but mostly it is not easy to define a trace of silk mills there.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОЛИЧЕСТВА КОРМА И ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ НА ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КОКОНОВ

Relevance Today, the need of the world market for fine-fiber silk threads and high-quality silk products requires the improvement of scientific research in this area, namely, a thorough study of the effects of various environmental factors on the quality and productivity of the silkworm. As you know, these factors include temperature, air humidity, movement and change of air, quantity and quality of feed, exposure to radiant energy, etc. Methods Scientists of the Department of Sericulture and Tuticulture emphasized the study of the influence of the amount of feed and temperature changes on the activity of the silk gland, and therefore, on the technological parameters of cocoons. During the study, we took mulberry silkworm caterpillars of the Ipacchi-1 x Ipacchi-2 hybrid, widely distributed in Uzbekistan, which was created by scientists of the Silk Production Research Institute. Caterpillars were fed with different amounts of food at different air temperatures. Results The results of the study showed that when feeding silkworm caterpillars with different amounts of feed and at different feeding temperatures, the technological indicators of cocoons, namely the output of raw silk, the total and continuous length of the cocoon thread, and reeling are different. In particular, at 100% feeding and optimal feeding temperature, the yield of raw silk increased by 12.2%, unwinding by 12.5-24.0%, the total length of cocoon thread by 41.4-43.2%, continuous unwinding by 43.6-45.8% and fineness of cocoon filament by 42.3-44.2%. When feeding the caterpillars with a sufficient amount of feed, the larvae develop well, the activity of the silk glands improves and a sufficient amount of silk mass accumulates. As a result, a greater amount of silk is curled in the cocoon shell, which helps to increase the technological parameters of the cocoon.

Biological and physiological effects of pyriproxyfen insecticide and amino acid glycine on silkworm, Bombyx mori L

BackgroundNatural silk is one of the best yarns that attract large number of users and become a very important industry. Mulberry leaves is a natural food of silkworm, therefore scientists have recently incorporated methods for increasing production of silk. These methods use the insect growth regulators (IGRs) or similar peptide hormones and amino acids to prolong the last larval instar to obtain large cocoon and high quality silk recipes.ResultsThe present investigation was carried during the spring (season 2018) to evaluate the effect of growth regulator pyriproxyfen at concentrations 1, 10, and 100 μg/larva on Bombyx mori L., as well as the effect of amino acid glycine 1% concentration solely or in combination with pyriproxyfen at the fifth day of fifth larval instar. Feeding fifth instar larvae of B. mori on mulberry leaves dipped in glycine 1% resulted in a significant increase in the weight of mature larvae and shorter larval duration, recording 5.12 g and 9.00 days, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest significant pupal weight (1.277 g) was attained when larvae were treated topically with pyriproxyfen at 10 μg/larva in the fifth day in combined with glycine 1%. Regarding technological parameters, larvae which were topically treated with pyriproxyfen at 10 μg/larva at fifth day and fed on mulberry leaves immersed in 1% glycine possessed the highest means of cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell ratio, silk filament weight, and size over other treatments. The total protein and ALT were attained a higher mean recording 78.433 mg/ml and 51.053 mg/ml for control larvae, successively. Meanwhile, it showed the lowest values for total carbohydrate and AST.ConclusionThe study showed that pyriproxyfen prolonged the fifth larval instar, while the use of glycine led to shortening the fifth larvae instar. Exposure to mixture of IGR and glycine, however, enhanced the parameters of silk compared with control.

THE ANCIENT MARITIME SILK ROAD: A SHIFT TO GLOBALIZATION

Travelled in ancient times and Middle Ages, and still in use in the 19th century, the Silk Road is surely one of the oldest in human history. The Silk Road concept refers to the terrestrial and the maritime routes connecting Asia and Europe. Collectively, these routes are known as the “Silk Roads” because highquality silk from China was one of the principal commodities exchanged over the roads. The Maritime Silk Route, which is also referred to as the Maritime Silk Road, was “the first official international sea-trading route in Chinese history.” The cargo on the Silk Road also included many other goods like ceramics, glass, precious metals and spices, etc. However, traders from across the world also transported languages, technologies, artistic styles, religious beliefs, customs and people which enabled “transcivilizational” exchanges

FROM COTTON KIMONOS TO THE JEANS INDUSTRY THE DEVELOPMENT OF DENIM INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS IN JAPAN

FROM COTTON KIMONOS TO THE JEANS INDUSTRY THE DEVELOPMENT OF DENIM INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS IN JAPAN

Investment, Industrial Growth and Conflict in Kashmir: An Analysis

For a predominantly agrarian economy like ours, development of industries is highly essential in view of the fact that the primary sector in the state which is constrained with low man-land ratio and other structural limitations cannot take the state to high growth path. The state does not enjoy wide variety of mineral resources but is well endowed with some proven natural resources like, lime-stone, gypsum, coal, lignite, quartzite, while clay, Borax etc. The state is also rich in forest wealth and in some industrially important agriculture and horticulture products. Due to temperate climatic conditions, Kashmir is the only place in the Indian union highly suitable for rearing Univoltine and Bio-voltine silkworm races, which are famous for high quality silk. The definite comparative advantage in these and other natural resource endowments certainly provide sufficient scope for industrialization in the lines based on these resources. The state is also gifted with scenic beauty, world famous health resorts, fascinating landscape and historical legacies in craftsmanship skills, thus enjoying a distinct and an important place in handicrafts and tourism industry. For sustainable development in the industrial sector, there is an equal need for peace and stability but unfortunate the state has remained politically most unstable right from the beginning. It is a bone of contention between India & Pakistan and the two countries have fought three wars over the state right from 1947. As a result of the lack of peace and stability, the state has suffered on all fronts including the industrial front. The present paper is a modest attempt to find out the impact of political conflict in the state on investments & industrial development. On the basis of facts and figures it is being found that the lack of lasting peace and stability in the state is the most important factor responsible for the under development of the state’s industrial economy.

Preparation and Characterization of Artificial Spider Silk Produced through Microchannel Techniques

Spider silk (SS) is naturally tough; however, it turns soft when wet by water. Spiders produce high-quality silk threads by adjusting the molecular assemblage of SS-proteins and the arrangements structure of threads and recombinant spider dragline silk (RSDS). The general wet spinning techniques for producing recombinant spidroins results in uncorrected explanation to the natural spinning technique. In this study, we use tailored-SS with relative low molecular weight of 47 kD to produce a water-soluble RSDS protein. We built a microfluidic ship and used it to spun SS using aqueous solutions-micro-technique (wet spinning). This was done in order to mimic the spider-spinning processes using a steady post-spin drawing process. We succeeded to produce assemblies of spidroins with fibril structure. Then, compact constituting of micro-threads followed these wet spinning processes. Wet spinning was followed by improving the orientation, crystalline structure, and fibril melting of the hierarchical structure. The initial mechanical characterization (tensile strength) of the RSDSs attained about 510 MPa with respective extension 44%.

중국 경극 검보를 활용한 패션문화상품 디자인개발: 중국의 사대기서를 중심으로

Beijing Opera is one of the leading representatives of Chinese culture, which includes literature, music, dance, martial arts, and a type of performance that stems from the Chinese cultural history that is still relevant today. purpose of this study is to develop fashion-cultural products from the Lian Pu of the Beijing Opera, a Chinese cultural tradition that receives abundant positive feedback from around the world, showing its value in both academic and practical fields. This study was carried out first as a theoretical study of the literature, definition and types of facial make up used in the Opera, as a way of examining the formative aspect. Secondly, an analysis was conducted on the main characters, `Guan Yu` and `Zhang Fei` of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, `Li Kiu` and `Lu Zhishen` of All Men are Brothers and `Monkey King` of Journey to West, employing the collection belonging to `Yongqi Zhao` who is an expert on the Chinese Beijing Opera. Thirdly, two concepts were categorized, based on the analytic results of the abovementioned characters, each of which were then further categorized into three sub concepts. In regard to cultural development designs, the results of an analysis on the facial make-up color, form, and texture of the four main characters were utilized to construct the themes, Modern Chic and Splendor. simplest form that has been represented in the four figures has been applied to Modern Chic to show a modern image in which black, white and light blue has been used alongside the vivid red, which is a Chinese favorite, to highlight the characters. In Splendor, which is focused on the stage art of the Opera, we see more artistic traditions and colors, to further appeal to our emotions. Traditional motifs have been applied using traditional Chinese arts, in order to develop strong and brilliant colors. two styles of cultural products were developed in the form of women`s scarves and men`s ties; a total of 24 designs were expressed, using Illustrator CS6. In the final step, 4 scarves and 6 ties were produced as a sample, using high quality silk. development of these cultural fashion products will bring an opportunity to show how Chinese traditional culture can be widely utilized in commercial market design.

Regeneration of high-quality silk fibroin fiber by wet spinning from CaCl2–formic acid solvent

Silks spun by silkworms and spiders feature outstanding mechanical properties despite being spun under benign conditions. The superior physical properties of silk are closely related to its complicated hierarchical structures constructed from nanoscale building blocks, such as nanocrystals and nanofibrils. Here, we report a novel silk dissolution behavior, which preserved nanofibrils in CaCl2–formic acid solution, that enables spinning of high-quality fibers with a hierarchical structure. This process is characterized by simplicity, high efficiency, low cost, environmental compatibility and large-scale industrialization potential, as well as having utility and potential for the recycling of silk waste and the production of silk-based functional materials.