Production Of High-quality Oil Research Articles

Pyrolysis-derived waste polypropylene oils in gas turbine engines: a comprehensive performance and emission study

Addressing the burgeoning issue of polymer waste management and disposal, chemical recycling, specifically the production of highquality oil, presents an enticing solution. This research paper delves into the process of plastic waste pyrolysis, focusing on polypropylene, and thoroughly examines the physico-chemical properties of the resulting pyrolytic oil. The oils, obtained from waste plastic pyrolysis (referred to as WPPO), are then blended with kerosene and utilized as fuel for a gas turbine engine. The primary objective of this investigation is to ascertain how the blend composition influences the performance and emission parameters of the micro gas turbine. In our findings, it was observed that all tested waste plastic pyrolysis blends displayed a trend towards escalating regulated emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) with an average increase of 26% for polypropylene pyrolysis oil (PPO). The emission index (EI) for carbon monoxide (CO) was found to be relatively consistent across all fuel blends tested in this study. Interestingly, when considering the thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) within the EI calculation, blends of aviation kerosene and plastic oil showed lower values in comparison to the pure Jet A-1 fuel. Furthermore, an augmentation in the proportion of WPPO in the blends consequently led to an elevation in the exhaust gas temperature (an average increase of 8.7% for PPO). Interestingly, the fuel efficiency of the Jet engine, expressed as TSFC, demonstrated a decrease, with an average reduction of 13.8% observed for PPO.

Aqueous enzymatic extraction of macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) pulp oil: A green and sustainable approach for high-quality oil production

Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) of macauba pulp oil (MPO) was performed in this study with five commercial enzymatic pools. The chemical, nutritional, and thermal properties of the oils with high oil efficiency by AEE were evaluated and compared with mechanical pressing (MP) and organic solvent extraction (SE). Among the AEE processes, the pectinase pool (at pH 5.5 and 50 °C) exhibited the highest process efficiency (88.6 %). The oils presented low acidity values (0.4–3.1 %) and low molar absorptivities, indicating minimal oil degradation. Bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, were found in MPO. The iodine index and the fatty acid profile of the oils revealed a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic and linoleic acids, with excellent nutritional scores, as evidenced by anti-atherogenicity and anti-thrombogenicity indices. These findings emphasized that AEE is an eco-friendly approach for extracting high-quality MPO with beneficial health compounds for food products.

Industrial potential of the Kazakh SSR during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)

The aim of the article is to analyze the activities of various industries of the Kazakh SSR during the Great Patriotic War, aimed at providing raw materials to enterprises of the military-industrial complex and their own production aimed at improving the defense capabilities of the Soviet state. The relevance of the study was determined by the need to identify trends in the development of industry in the Kazakh Republic during the Patriotic War. The source base of the work was the works of Soviet, Russian and Kazakh authors, information from the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dedicated to the history of the Great Patriotic War. The peculiarities of technological production aimed at increasing labour efficiency in the coal, non-ferrous, oil, chemical and energy industries of the republic are given. The growth trends of the indicators of these industries are revealed. The main ones are: increase of raw materials extraction at Karaganda coal basin, construction of auxiliary industrial enterprises, such as brick, cement works, explosive materials plant, woodworking plant, etc. In non-ferrous metallurgy, growth of non-ferrous metal output during the war years increased manifold compared to the pre-war periods. In oil industry – growth of high-quality oil production in Western Kazakhstan. In the chemical industry – increase of the list of products through construction of new shops and workshops of the operating enterprises of the chemical industry of the republic. In the energy sphere – construction of new power stations from regional to industrial levels. It is concluded that the identified trends in industrial development in Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War were a definite contribution to the improvement of the defensive capability of the USSR and in its victory over Germany.

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS AND SEED STORAGE PERIODS ON THE QUALITY OF LINSEED OIL

Purpose. The purpose of the research was to determine changes in the quality of oil flax seeds of different varieties on weather condition during cultivation and storage period. Methods. Laboratory and statical research methods used. The laboratory was used to determine the oil content of flax seeds and to establish the quality indicators of the oil obtained from flax seeds at different storage periods. Statistical for estimating the standard deviation in determining the oil content of seeds. Results. The article analyzes the weather conditions during the growing season of oilseed flax. It was determined that the amount of precipitation and air temperature during the research periods significantly deviated from the average longterm indicators, and the precipitation was characterized by unevenness of arrival. As a result of the conducted research, it was determined that the oil flax seeds grown in the agroclimatic conditions of Polissia of Ukraine have high quality and are suitable for use as food and technical raw materials. It was established that the Liryna variety had an oil content of 46.5–47.2 % on average over the years of experiments and was ahead of the Evryka variety by this indicator. Linseed oil had high quality indicators, its iodine value ranged from 178.4–184.2 gJ2/100g for the Eureka variety and 175.3–181.2 for the Liryna variety. A high iodine number determines a significant content of unsaturated fatty acids, which determines the oil as valuable when using it for food, pharmaceutical and technical purposes. The maximum oil content in seeds is set for the initial storage period – 38.8 and 44.5%, respectively, of the variety. At the end of the storage period, after 9 months, the oil content in the Evryka variety decreased by 4.1%, and in the Liryna variety by only 2.1%. A decrease in the iodine value was established depending on the storage period. This indicator of oil quality, depending on the shelf life, decreased from 182.1 to 179.6 (by 1.4%) for the Evryka variety and from 178.4 to 169.5 (by 5.0%) for the Liryna variety. At the end of the storage period, the acid numbers of linseed oils increased. Thus, at the end of the storage period, the content of free fatty acids in the oil obtained from the seeds of the Eureka variety increased by 1.7 times, for the Liryna variety, this indicator doubled. Conclusions. The climatic condition of Polissia ensure the production of high-quality oil, and the considered terms of storage of raw materials for its production, subject to the use of optimal regimes, ensure the quality regulated by state standard.

Effects of the properties of FCCS on the removing of catalyst particles from FCCS under a DC electrostatic field

Catalytic cracking is the main method to lighten heavy crude oil, this process can produce high quality oil products such as gasoline and diesel, but also produces a large amount of fluid catalytic cracking slurry (FCCS). The catalyst particles in FCCS seriously restrict the secondary processing of FCCS and need to be removed, and the properties of FCCS is an important factor that affects the removal efficiency of the catalyst particles. Based on the “effective contact point” model proposed by the research group, this study further proposed the “electrostatic separation efficiency calculation” model. In this model, since FCCS has a uniform distribution of catalyst particles, the ratio of the number of catalyst particles can be expressed as the ratio of area to achieve the calculation of separation efficiency. Then the catalyst removal efficiency under different viscosity was analyzed, thus verifying the feasibility of this model. The effects of temperature and mass ratio of four components on the viscosity of FCCS were investigated respectively, then the effects of temperature and four components’ mass ratio on the electrostatic separation can be directly converted into the effect of viscosity on the electrostatic separation efficiency. All the results show the electrostatic separation efficiency decreases with increasing viscosity, and the best separation temperature is 120 °C.

Optimized catalytic pyrolysis of refinery waste sludge to yield clean high quality oil products

The production of clean oil products from oily waste can help the oil industry to become more efficient and sustainable. A novel technique is developed that takes waste refinery oily sludge (ROS) as feedstock to produce a clean high quality oil product. The cost of the feedstock supply is very low as ROS is a waste product that is costly to dispose of with potential adverse consequences for the ecosystem if improperly discarded. The novel process involves a two-stage tubular fixed-bed reactor capable of converting the ROS into a clean oil product and simultaneously upgrade its quality. To systematically optimize the process variables, the response surface methodology (RSM) is applied. A meticulous mathematical model with an error of less than 5% estimates the optimum point for achieving the maximum product yield. The upgrading process involves a specifically synthesized, highly selective metal (Ni/Co/Mo) loaded zeolite catalysts. The synthesized catalysts are carefully characterized using XRD, FTIR, ICP, and SEM analysis. The detailed compositions of the upgraded products are also characterized using GC–MS CHNS/O elemental, and GC techniques. Among the synthesized catalysts, the 3 wt% Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst exhibited superior performance in reducing unfavorable oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen contents in the oil products. Notably, the higher heating value of the upgraded product generated with nickel-zeolite catalysts (Ni/HZSM-5) is 44.24 MJ/kg which is in the range of naturally occurring crude oils (typically 42 to 47 MJ/kg). This feature highlights the quality and value of the final product.

The genome of Orychophragmus violaceus provides genomic insights into the evolution of Brassicaceae polyploidization and its distinct traits

Orychophragmus violaceus, referred to as “eryuelan” (February orchid) in China, is an early-flowering ornamental plant. The high oil content and abundance of unsaturated fatty acids in O. violaceus seeds make it a potential high-quality oilseed crop. Here, we generated a whole-genome assembly for O. violaceus using Nanopore and Hi-C sequencing technologies. The assembled genome of O. violaceus was ∼1.3 Gb in size, with 12 pairs of chromosomes. Through investigation of ancestral genome evolution, we determined that the genome of O. violaceus experienced a tetraploidization event from a diploid progenitor with the translocated proto-Calepineae karyotype. Comparisons between the reconstructed subgenomes of O. violaceus identified indicators of subgenome dominance, indicating that subgenomes likely originated via allotetraploidy. O. violaceus was phylogenetically close to the Brassica genus, and tetraploidy in O. violaceus occurred approximately 8.57 million years ago, close in time to the whole-genome triplication of Brassica that likely arose via an intermediate tetraploid lineage. However, the tetraploidization in Orychophragmus was independent of the hexaploidization in Brassica, as evidenced by the results from detailed phylogenetic analyses and comparisons of the break and fusion points of ancestral genomic blocks. Moreover, identification of multi-copy genes regulating the production of high-quality oil highlighted the contributions of both tetraploidization and tandem duplication to functional innovation in O. violaceus. These findings provide novel insights into the polyploidization evolution of plant species and will promote both functional genomic studies and domestication/breeding efforts in O. violaceus.

Spatial Prediction Model of Plant Water Status of an Olive Orchard (Olea europaea L.) cv. Arbequina Under Semiarid Conditions in the Central Valley of Chile

The Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a typical fruit tree of Mediterranean areas characterized by high-quality oil production and high tolerance to water deficit. Due to worldwide water scarcity in Mediterranean regions, it becomes indispensable to monitor plant water status, in example, through xylem water potential (Ψx). Unfortunately, measurement is difficult to perform with high spatial resolution at field scale (> 50 measurements per hectare), due to the large amount of manpower required in the prosses which turned this technique into a high-cost solution. This situation drastically hinders its applicability in large production areas. Thus, the objective of this research is implementing a spatial prediction model of plant water status in an olive orchard, using a single Ψx measurement performed in a reference site over the orchard. The experimental site was established in 2.2 hectares of commercial olive trees in the Pencahue valley located in the Maule region (Chile) during the 2013/14 growing season. Measurements of Ψx were performed at key phenological stages of olive trees. The proposed methodology allowed to estimate the behavior of Ψx in unsampled olive trees from reference site measurements, with an average spatial error less than ±0.6 MPa and correlation of 0.8 (R2) ratifying the high spatial dependence between different sites sampled at field scale. Therefore, distribution of spatial variability would be adequate for the application of irrigation in homogeneous management zones, facilitating water management practices in clearly identified zones within the olive orchard under study.

Catalytic pyrolysis of oily sludge with iron-containing waste for production of high-quality oil and H2-rich gas

Oily sludge (OS), as a kind of organic hazardous waste with complex components, is suitable for treatment by pyrolysis. To attain effective removal of petroleum hydrocarbons and explore synergistic disposal for multi-source solid wastes, the catalytic effects of steel slag (SS) and red mud (RM) were investigated in this work. They could reduce the activation energy, accelerate OS degradation and shift the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons towards lower temperature. What’s more, RM with higher iron content worked better, gained more pyrolytic gas and higher H2 production as well. More pyrolytic gas production was obtained when RM addition was at a low proportion. However, excessive catalyst would play a certain inhibitory role. The addition of RM promoted oil recovery at low temperature (400–500 °C) but brought more gas originating from oil cracking at high temperature (600 °C). At 400 °C, the oil yield elevated continuously with prolonging retention time. Nevertheless, even if the retention time was long enough, the harmless disposal for OS could not be completed with the catalysis of RM. Finally, the pristine minerals in RM were co-pyrolysis with OS individually to explore catalytic contributions. Metal oxides could enhance the gas yield and reduce the oil yield. The order of catalytic capacities was Fe2O3＞CaO＞SiO2＞Al2O3. Fe2O3 promoted H2 production and conversion from heavy oil into light fuels. Besides, Fe2O3 was reduced into Fe3O4 with part of [O] shifting into oil. CaO, SiO2, and Al2O3 could reduce the oxygen content in the pyrolytic oil through their acid-base properties to improve the oil quality. This work summarized the functions of various components in RM, might provide inspiration for getting insight into the application of collaborative treatment of different solid wastes.

Identification of AhFatB genes through genome-wide analysis and knockout of AhFatB reduces the content of saturated fatty acids in peanut (Arichis hypogaea L.)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an allotetraploid oilseed crop worldwide due to its abundant high-quality oil production. Peanut oil stability and quality are determined by the relative proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). The principle approach to minimize the content of SFAs in peanut is to reduce the content of palmitic acid, which is linked to cardiovascular disease. Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases (FATs) determine the types and levels of fatty acids that are exported them from the plastids. Two different classes of FAT have been classified into two families in plants, FatA and FatB. Among them, AhFatB has become the primary objective to genetically reduce the content of palmitic acid in peanut. Here, we identified 18 AhFatB genes in A. hypogaea genome and grouped into four major subfamilies through gene structures and phylogenetic relationships. Expression profiling of AhFatB genes was assessed using the publicly available RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR in 22 tissues. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we designed two sgRNAs to edit the homologs AhFatB genes Arahy.4E7QKU and Arahy.L4EP3N, and identified different types of mutations. Additionally, we discovered mutations at Arahy.4E7QKU exhibited low palmitic acid and high oleic acid phenotypes. The obtained peanut mutants with altered SFAs content have great potential for improving peanut oil quality for human health.

Optimized Nano-Catalytic Pyrolysis of Refinery Waste Sludge to Yield Clean High Quality Oil Products

Optimized Nano-Catalytic Pyrolysis of Refinery Waste Sludge to Yield Clean High Quality Oil Products

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Oil Sludge with Iron-Containing Waste for Production of High-Quality Oil and H2-Rich Gas

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Oil Sludge with Iron-Containing Waste for Production of High-Quality Oil and H2-Rich Gas

Co-pyrolysis of torrefied biomass and coal: Effect of pressure on synergistic reactions

The co-utilization of torrefied biomass and coal in thermochemical conversion technologies is an attractive process for the transition to green energy and chemicals. The main advantage of this process is the production of high quality oil products (closer resembling crude-oil) via synergistic interaction of primary products from the two feedstocks. These synergistic reactions often involve secondary reactions, which are promoted at high pressures. This paper reports quantitative results on the extent of synergistic reactions and the role of pressure on these reactions during co-pyrolysis of torrefied biomass and coal. Torrefied biomass was produced at 280 °C in a pilot rotary kiln and subsequently both pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of torrefied biomass and coal was investigated in a fixed bed reactor (heating rate 7 °C/min) at temperatures of 400–600 °C and pressures of 1, 15 and 30 bar. The results show that the prior removal of hemicellulose during torrefaction maximized the potential of hydrogen transfer from cellulose/lignin-derived products to depolymerized coal fragments. Furthermore, the dehydration and condensation reactions of depolymerized fragments were suppressed during co-pyrolysis in favour of synergistic reactions between the fragments. These reactions occurred predominantly in the molten/liquid phase and their rates could be indirectly controlled by pressure (through changing the evaporation rate), resulting in substantial changes in product distribution. In the presence of coal and its released vapours, the methoxyphenols (guaiacols) and furanics yields were significantly enhanced (positive deviation >54% and >40%, respectively, compared to additive predictions), whereas the phenol yields were inhibited (negative deviation >20%); suggesting the inhibition of demethoxylation reactions in the presence of coal depolymerized fragments. To date no studies have reported the molten phase synergistic reaction pathways occurring during co-pyrolysis of torrefied biomass and coal. Based on the findings in this paper, reaction pathways were proposed for these molten phase synergistic reactions.

Black locust flowers as a natural source of antioxidants: Sustainable production of high-quality oil from plum by-product and its incorporation in the moisturizing cream

This study presents a challenge in terms of the development of cleaner technologies and sustainable development. The main effort was invested in the improvement of oxidative stability of plum seed oil using an eco-friendly and easy-to-use procedure (maceration). The fixed oil of plum seeds is composed of unsaturated fatty acids that are very sensitive to oxidative processes, but the addition of antioxidants can solve this problem. Since the obtained oil was further applied for the preparation of topical formulation, the aim was to avoid the use of toxic solvents and the process of their evaporation during the extraction of antioxidants from plant material. The way to overcome this problem was to directly use oil for the extraction of non-polar antioxidants from black locust flowers. The reason of use this plant material was due to its pleasant odor and high content of antioxidants. The maceration was carried out at the different temperatures (25, 40, and 60 °C) and the liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL/g for 48 h. After the extraction, the reducing capacity of the fixed oils was determined using a standard spectrophotometric method with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The extraction process was described using two kinetic models, Ponomaryov and non-stationary diffusion models. The optimal extraction time and temperature were 16 h and 60 °C, respectively, for the extraction of antioxidants. Thus obtained oil with improved stability was incorporated in the moisturizing cream to develop an innovative topical formulation that can be used against the harmful effects of the environmental factors. During the oil stabilization, the addition of synthetic antioxidants was omitted so that the application of natural antioxidants was favored. This was acceptable from an ecological point of view because in this way the planting of black locust trees will be intensified and thus the carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced. • The fixed oil of plum seeds was obtained from the industrial by-product. • The plum seed oil was enriched with antioxidants from black locust flowers. • A sustainable procedure was proposed for the improvement of oil stability. • The innovative moisturizing cream with fixed oil of plum seeds was designed.

Copper and kaolin sprays as tools for controlling the olive fruit fly

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the most damaging pest of olive crop in the main growing areas. The control of this pest is based on insecticides, but more sustainable strategies are needed to reduce negative impacts such as pesticide residues, development of insecticide resistance or effects on non-target organisms. In a three-year field study, the effectiveness of preventive kaolin and copper (Bordeaux mixture) applications were evaluated. Natural pest control in olive groves is very valuable and must be preserved, so the effects of these treatments on non-target arthropods were also investigated compared to conventional dimethoate bait sprays and paying special attention to natural enemies. Kaolin sprays reduced the damage of B. oleae to levels that allow high quality oil production, even with a very high pest incidence. Copper treatments provided a certain protection that was insufficient at high infestation levels. No significant changes in abundance and number of arthropod morphospecies were detected. However, the diversity of arthropods, measured by Shannon index, was reduced by dimethoate baits and kaolin sprays and fewer predators were found in dimethoate treated trees. A significant alteration of the natural enemies’ community was also detected by Principal Response Curve (PRC) analysis in plots sprayed with kaolin, in the second year, with the coccinellid beetle Scymnus marinus (Mulsant) particularly affected. Monitoring long-term effects of kaolin sprays on natural enemies is advisable, while environmentally-friendly measures are applied to favor their presence.

High-quality oil production via the catalytic conversion of printed circuit boards

The catalytic pyrolysis (CP) of phenolic printed circuit boards over red mud and acid catalysts, HZSM-5, HBeta, HY, and desilicated HZSM-5 (HDeZSM-5), was performed using a microreactor. Compared to the non-CP, the in-situ CP led to high-quality debrominated oil production containing large quantities of aromatic and phenol compounds. Among the catalysts used, HBeta showed the highest debromination (DeBr) efficiency, followed in order by HY, red mud, HDeZSM-5, and HZSM-5. HDeZSM-5 produced the largest amount of mono-aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs), followed by HZSM-5, HBeta, HY, and red mud. Two-stage CP over in-situ red mud and ex-situ zeolites (HBeta and HDeZSM-5) was also evaluated. Although the two-stage CP produced smaller amounts of MAHs than in-situ CP over zeolites, it achieved the maximum DeBr efficiency. Between the two catalyst configurations, 1) in-situ red mud/ex-situ HBeta and 2) in-situ red mud/ex-situ HDeZSM-5, the latter produced larger amounts of MAHs with minimal brominated oil formation. Two-stage CP over in-situ red mud/ex-situ zeolites also showed that HDeZSM-5 achieved a longer catalyst lifetime in the production of debrominated MAHs owing to the smaller amount of coke formation than HBeta. This paper will provide a guideline for accelerating the commercialization of the CP process of PCB to maximize the clean fuel production efficiency with the minimized pollution.

Linum usitatisimum L. is the most important crop in Russia for the production of high-quality oil with low cost (review)

Oil crops play an important role in providing society with food, livestock feed, industry and raw materials and are of great importance for economically stable agricultural production. The purpose of this review article was to show the importance of the agricultural crop of oil flax and its oil seeds for various types of industries, the possibility of expanding its cultivation areas in Russia, as well as a way to reduce the cost of production. The article provides overview information on studies conducted on oilseed flax (Linum usitatisimum L.), on the possibility of using its products in food, technical industry, medicine, for the production of biodiesel, in crop production and fodder production. High resistance to abiotic and biotic factors put oil flax in a number of crops that can be cultivated everywhere; however, its yield, oil content and cost in different regions of Russia and the world are very different. This question has not been sufficiently studied in the literature. This review focuses on modern research by both foreign and Russian scientists. The possibilities of cultivating Linum usitatisimum L. in Russia according to the modern no-till farming system (direct sowing technology, zero technology, technology without tillage) and the directions of its oil use are shown, which indicates their relevance and high demand in various fields of human activity. Oil flax is a unique natural and biological resource that has rational and environmental benefits in cultivation.

الجامعة المستنصرية / كلية الادارة والاقتصاد

The oil refining industry in Iraq is one of the industries of strategic importance, and what these industries have been subjected to destruction, obsolescence and neglect in a way that led to the deterioration of oil products in quantity and quality, and in a manner that is not commensurate with Iraq's capabilities in the field of daily crude oil production, as well as its incompatibility with laws and standards. In addition to the inability of these industries to achieve self-sufficiency and resort to closing the gap through imports. The study assumes that rebuilding the oil refineries in Iraq on modern foundations commensurate with international environmental laws and standards, will contribute to achieving self-sufficiency in high-quality oil products and open new horizons for the refining industry. The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which are the most important reasons for the decline in the production of refineries in Iraq, failure to implement investment projects for the oil refineries sector, reliance on old methods of liquidation, obsolescence of treatment units, neglect of maintenance and maintenance operations, and continuous stops due to the interruption of electrical current, and sabotage of some pipelines that transport crude oil to the refineries. The researcher recommended that the existence of a strong sector of refineries in Iraq capable of securing energy sources and achieving self-sufficiency, in addition to its ability to compete, that achieving this goal requires working on building new and modern refineries and rehabilitating old refineries to increase production capacities and obtain high-quality oil products to Iraq can compete in the global

Oil extraction and refining: problematic questions of taxation and administration

The subject of this research is the examination of relevant problems of taxation and administering the oil sector companies in the conditions of changes in oil prices. Special attention is given to the analysis of results of the conducted policy within the framework of tax maneuver with regards to hydrocarbons extraction activity. The goal consists in the analysis of the impact of changes in taxation legislation related to increase in the rates of excise duty for the refined petroleum and introduction of damping mechanism for oil refining companies, as well as improvement of taxation and administering of oil extraction companies. The conclusion is made that the implementation of damping mechanism allows to efficiently and seamlessly regulate the oil products prices even in the conditions of rapid drop in oil prices. In the conditions of drop in oil prices on the international markets, the Russian oil refining plants would reorient significant volume of exports toward domestic market. The taxation reform in oil sector would lead to increase in the refining throughput and output of high quality oil products. The author underlines the need of reducing the tax-exempt minimum in calculation of coefficient that characterized the dynamics of global oil prices, which leads to the increase of tax rates on oil.

Production and characterization of crude oils from seafood processing by-products

The potential use of fish by-products from different species (farmed bluefin tuna, farmed seabass and seabream, and wild sardines) for oil production was investigated. The yield, physicochemical quality, fatty acid profile and nutritive value of tuna by-product and liver oil, wild sardine and sardine by-product oil, and a combined farmed seabass and seabream by-product oil were determined and compared to commercial cod liver oil. In terms of oxidative stability, tuna, seabass and seabream by-product oils had the lowest free fatty acid content, peroxide, Totox, and anisidine value. The oxidative stability of the oils was good and the highest α-tocopherol content in the range of 70.9–79.4 μg/g was found in seabass and seabream by-products oils. The sum of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids ranged from 11.6 in seabass and seabream oil to 32.8% in sardine oil. The n-3/n-6 ratio of the oils showed value ranging from 0.66 in seabass and seabream by-product oil to 11.0 in sardine oil showing a potential use of fish by-products in high quality oil production, adding economic value to the by-products and changing by-product disposal strategies.