Higher Prevalence Of MetS Research Articles

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults treated at a district hospital outpatient department.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of risk factors, including hypertension, high fasting blood glucose, high fasting triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels that may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS among adults attending a Free State district hospital's outpatient department. A cross-sectional study included a consecutive sample of consenting patients 18 years and older from 18 October 2021 to 19 November 2021. Patients' waist circumference was measured, and data were extracted from patients' files. The 409 participants were predominantly females (64.2%). The median age was 60 years. Triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels were available for 27.4% and 26.9% of patients, respectively. Of the 278 (68.0%) patients with sufficient information to determine their MetS status, 187 (67.3%) had MetS. Of the males with sufficient information, 49.1% (n= 56/114) had MetS compared to 79.9% (n= 131/164) of the females with sufficient information (p 0.001). The age group 60-79 years had the highest prevalence (76.7%,p 0.001). In all race groups, at least two-thirds of patients had MetS (p= 0.831). Incomplete patient notes and failure to do investigations led to a third of patients not having sufficient information to determine their MetS status. In patients with sufficient information, a high prevalence of MetS was found.Contribution:This study highlights the challenges of determining MetS retrospectively in an outpatient population and the need for completeness of medical note keeping and routine investigations in high-risk patients. It also notes the high prevalence of MetS.

Association between Remnant Cholesterol and Metabolic Syndrome among Chinese Adults: Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015-2017).

Remnant cholesterol (RC) is highly associated with several chronic diseases. However, the relationship between RC and Metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. The study's objective is to illustrate the relationship of RC to MetS. The data were collected from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015-2017), which included personal, household and dietary information. A total of 65,618 residents aged 20 years or older from 31 provinces in mainland China were included in this study. RC was calculated by the equation RC = TC - (LDL-C + HDL-C). The criteria for MetS were based on the 2020 Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Treatment Guidelines. Logistic regression models were used to analyse the relationship between RC and MetS and every MetS component. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was established to evaluate the accuracy of RC in identifying MetS, and the area under the curve (AUC) and the best threshold were calculated. The weighted RC level of Chinese residents aged 20 years or older was 0.48 mmol/L. Participants with high RC levels were likely to be elderly, have a higher prevalence of MetS, higher total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), hba1c, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Sex, body mass index (BMI), education status, household yearly income per capita, marital status, area of the country, residence location, smoking status, fruit intake and sleep time had statistical differences in the RC group (p < 0.05). The OR of MetS gradually increased with an increase in the RC quartile (p < 0.01), and higher quartiles of RC (Q4) suggested the highest MetS risk. The prevalence of each MetS component gradually increased with an increase in the RC quartile. The ROC curve found that to identify MetS, the AUC and best threshold of RC were 0.71 and 0.52 mmol/L, respectively. RC had a positive association with MetS and each MetS component. The accuracy in identifying MetS was higher in RC than in other indexes. The current study could provide new scientific evidence for the early prevention and control of MetS.

Metabolic Syndrome and Its Component Factors Among Corporate Company Employees in Kampala Uganda.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of metabolic dysregulations indicative of increased cardiometabolic risk is on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS and its components, among corporate employees in Kampala, Uganda. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken among 408 adults who were employees from seven corporate companies in Kampala, using the WHO STEPwise NCD screening approach. Metabolic syndrome was measured using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (ATPIII) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria with the waist circumference (WC) cut-off points adapted for Sub-Saharan African populations. The mean population age (standard deviation [SD]) of the respondents was 34years (± 8.87) years and 52% of them were females. The prevalence of MetS was 22.8% (NCEP ATPIII) and 28.4% (IDF). Of the respondents who did not have MetS, 75% had at least one metabolic dysregulation. Of those respondents with MetS, only 31% perceived that they were at risk of this cluster of metabolic dysregulations. In this analysis, we observed that the systolic blood pressure (BP) and the body mass index (BMI) correlated strongly (r = 0.81 and r = 0.71) with the diastolic BP and waist circumference (WC), respectively. Age on the other hand correlated fairly with the WC and BMI (both r values = 0.46). Principal component analysis showed that the greatest loadings in principle factors one, two and three were from central obesity, with low HDL-C explaining 60.8% variance in the population. Age, BMI, family history of having cardiometabolic disorders, and perceived cardiometabolic disease risk (CMR) were associated with an increased risk of MetS by 5, 8.86, 1.55, and 2.73 (all P values were < 0.05) respectively in this group of respondents. These risks remained for age, BMI and perceived CMR after removing the confounding effects of education status, marital status and family history of cardiometabolic disease. Being single on the other hand, was associated with a reduced risk of MetS (0.23, p < 0.009). While the primary contributors to the high prevalence of MetS among corporate employees in Kampala, Uganda were the high BP, high WC and high fasting blood sugar (FBS); age, BMI and perceived CMR were the key determinants of MetS. Future MetS interventions should aim to control and monitor obesity indicators in this population. Additionally, the findings inform targeted screening parameters for cardiometabolic risk assessment and suggest the need for further research into a weighted algorithm for MetS in this population.

The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome After Cesarean and Natural Delivery in Southwest Iran, 2021 - 2022

Background: The prevalence of abdominal obesity appears to vary depending on the mode of delivery. Abdominal obesity is the most common manifestation of metabolic syndrome and plays a significant role in diagnosing metabolic disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the mode of childbirth is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: A total of 350 women who had either an elective cesarean section (CS) or natural vaginal delivery (NVD) at least three years ago were included in this cross-sectional study. The sample was recruited from the integrated health system (Sib) affiliated with Ilam University of Medical Sciences in southwest Iran, 2020 - 2021, using cluster randomization. Metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the 2005 revised NCEP ATP III criteria. Descriptive data were presented as means (standard deviations, SD) or frequencies (%). A t-test was used for comparison between groups, and logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate odds ratios (ORs). Results: Metabolic syndrome was found in 18.29% of women in the NVD group and 30.29% in the elective CS group. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that breastfeeding duration (P &lt; 0.001) and NVD (P = 0.04) were significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of MetS among mothers. Each additional month of breastfeeding was shown to reduce the likelihood of MetS by 30%. The results also demonstrated that NVD had a protective effect against MetS (Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR): 0.57, 95% CI: 0.34 - 0.97, P = 0.04) after adjusting for age and breastfeeding duration. Conclusions: Women with a history of CS were found to have a higher prevalence of MetS than those in the NVD group. This suggests that the mode of delivery may play a role in the development of MetS after childbirth. Therefore, obstetricians and midwives should consider the potential risk of disorders such as MetS when deciding on elective cesarean sections.

The latest research progress on the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome and metabolic syndrome

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is the most common subtype of sleep‐disordered breathing, characterized by symptoms such as snoring, nocturnal sleep disturbances, and excessive daytime sleepiness. OSAHS is defined by recurrent upper airway collapses during sleep, leading to apneas or hypopneas. These episodes result in intermittent nocturnal hypoxia and sleep fragmentation, which provoke sympathetic activation, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation, ultimately causing chronic damage across multiple bodily systems. OSAHS significantly increases the risk of various cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. In China, approximately 176 million individuals are estimated to have OSAHS, with about 60 million experiencing moderate to severe forms of the condition. This paper reviews the epidemiological characteristics of OSAHS, the evolution of diagnostic criteria, and the association between OSAHS and metabolic syndrome (MetS), emphasizing the high prevalence of MetS among OSAHS patients. Through cross‐sectional analysis, cohort studies, and interventional studies, the complex interactions between OSAHS and MetS are examined, proposing therapeutic strategies to improve these metabolic anomalies, including continuous positive airway pressure therapy and weight management.

Association between APOE genotypes and metabolic syndrome in a middle aged and elderly Urban South Indian population

BackgroundThis study examines the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in an older urban population in South India, as part of the Tata Longitudinal Study on Aging. MethodsA total of 618 participants aged 45 and above were analyzed cross-sectionally for the association between APOE carrier status and MetS (based on both NCEP ATP III and Consensus criteria). ResultsDespite the high prevalence of MetS observed in this cohort (51.62 % by NCEP-ATP III and 61.33 % by Consensus criteria), multivariable logistic regression revealed no significant association between APOE genotypes and MetS under both criteria. However, specific associations were noted in age and sex-stratified analyses; notably, E2 carriers under 60 showed 0.42-fold decreased odds (95%CI:0.20,0.89, p-value-0.023) for an increased waist circumference, and E4 carriers above 60 were at 1.85 times increased odds (95 % CI:1.04,3.28, p-value<0.05) for decreased HDL. ConclusionThese findings suggest that while APOE genotypes influence certain metabolic parameters, their impact on MetS may be limited in this urban setting, possibly overshadowed by environmental factors and lifestyle influences, which was highlighted by the differences seen in its sister rural cohort.

Decadal Trends in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Economically Developed Regions in China.

To estimate decadal trends in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in economically developed regions in China and its association with city economic levels. Using a comprehensive Chinese healthcare database, repeated cross-sectional studies were conducted on adults who had annual health check-ups from 2012 to 2021 in 4 economically developed cities. MetS was defined by the criteria of the Chinese Diabetes Society in 2013. The crude prevalence of MetS adjusted for sex and age was reported. The association between prevalence, calendar year, and city gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was analyzed by regression model. 158 274 participants aged 18 years and older were included. The unadjusted prevalence of MetS increased from 15.5% (95% CI: 14.2%-16.8%) to 20.0% (95% CI: 19.5%-20.5%) from 2012 to 2021. The adjusted overall prevalence has increased steadily from 12.8% to 20.8% after controlling age and sex (P < .001). Male and older age groups had a higher MetS prevalence. In the regression model of the association between the MetS prevalence, calendar year, and city GDP per capita, calendar year had a positive association with the prevalence (P < .001, 95% CI: 0.648-1.954) and city GDP per capita had a negative association (P = .030, 95% CI: -0.136 to -0.007). The MetS prevalence increased steadily in the economically developed regions in China among the health check-up population during 2012-2021. The MetS prevalence is shown to be negatively associated with GDP per capita in the study population.

Prevalence and associated factors of metabolic syndrome among pregnant Ethiopian women: a hospital-based cross-sectional study

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) poses a significant public health challenge globally, including in Ethiopia, with risks for both mothers and children. Unfortunately, there is limited data on MetS in pregnant Ethiopian women. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with MetS in this population. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire adapted from the World Health Organization Steps Survey Tool for Non-communicable Diseases. About five ml of fasting peripheral blood samples were collected from each participant. The Beckman Coulter DXC 700 AU clinical chemistry analyzer was employed for lipid profile and glucose analysis. Subsequently, data were inputted into Epi Data and later exported to SPSS Version 20 for further analysis. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were carried out, with a predefined level of statistical significance at p < 0.05. A total of 318 pregnant women were included in this study. The prevalence of MetS was 13.2% (95% CI: 9.7, 17.0) based on the American Heart Association/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute definition. The most prevalent components of MetS were elevated triglyceride levels, reduced high-density lipoprotein levels, and elevated blood pressure. Unhealthy sleep duration (AOR = 5.6, 95% CI (2.4, 13.1), p < 0.001), high daily salt intake (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI (1.8, 9.5), p = 0.001), and alcohol consumption [AOR = 4.2, 95% CI (1.6, 10.9), p = 0.003] were significantly associated with MetS. The study reported a high prevalence of MetS in pregnant Ethiopian women. Factors including alcohol, high salt intake, and sleep disturbances were associated with MetS. Policymakers might utilize this data to create targeted interventions and public health policies for MetS among pregnant women, focusing on nutrition, sleep, and alcohol consumption during pregnancy to safeguard maternal and fetal health.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and its Related Factors in Bangladeshi Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of medical conditions that elevate the chances of developing cardiovascular disease, stroke and Type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine the frequency and contributing risk factors of MetS in adults from Bangladesh. In this cross-sectional study, 653 individuals (470 males and 183 females) were randomly selected to participate. Fasting blood samples were collected and analysed using standard methods to measure biochemical parameters. MetS was defined on the basis of NCEP-ATP III guidelines, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with MetS. The prevalence of MetS was 19.7% in the healthy control group, 70.2% in the hypertensive group and 46.8% in the diabetic group. Overall, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of MetS between males (45%) and females (45.9%). The participants who had both hypertension and diabetes had the highest prevalence of MetS at 77.3%. Both males and females showed an increased trend in the prevalence of MetS and its components as they aged, except for WC in males (p < 0.01 for all cases). The 46-55 age group in males had a higher prevalence of MetS (68%), whereas the >55 age group in females had a prevalence of 73.9%. The most common component of MetS was low levels of HDL-C, which affected over 80% of the studied sample. According to the logistic regression analyses, age, BMI, hypertension and diabetes were significantly associated with MetS in both genders. This study found a high prevalence of MetS in Bangladeshi adults. Several factors are significantly associated with the risk of MetS. It is crucial to consider the varying prevalence rates of MetS by age and gender as well as its different components while providing health guidance and support.

Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in female patients with overactive bladder: A population-based study.

To assess the association between overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). A population-based study was conducted to compare OAB patients with age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched control subjects regarding the prevalence of the parameters of the MetS, with respect to obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The characteristics of the OAB population were assessed. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression. 110 024 OAB patients and 220 455 controls. were identified. OAB was associated with a higher prevalence of MetS (35.4% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). The fully adjusted OR for MetS in patients with OAB compared to controls was 1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-1.46; p < 0.001. Among metabolic parameters, obesity was found to be the strongest factor associated with OAB (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.53-1.58, p < 0.001), and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterolelevels (>50) had a protective effect on the risk of OAB (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.73-0.76, p < 0.001). Data from this cohort suggest that OAB is positively associated with MetS. Clinicians approaching patients with OAB should be aware of this association. A multimodal treatment focusing on the MetS may be considered in these patients.

Prevalence of metabolic sy ndrome and its risk factors among medical undergraduates at Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated factors among medical undergraduates of Northern Border University. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 medical undergraduates of Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia from August 2023 to October 2023. Data on demographic details and anthropometric measurements were collected. Complete lipid profile and blood glucose levels were measured after at least 8-h fast. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) recommendations were utilized for diagnosing MetS. The data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0. Group differences were analyzed using Chi-square test and Post hoc analysis. Results: The estimated overall prevalence of MetS was 21.5 %. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was more prevalent among older students (37.36 %) and obese students (45.28 %) than among younger and non-obese students. Female students had a higher prevalence of MetS (29 %) than their male counterparts (14 %). The most frequent risk factors for MetS were elevated waist circumference (36 %) and low HDL levels (33 %). The majority of students (76.7 %) with high waist circumference had 2 or more risk factors for MetS. Students with a positive family history of hypertension and obesity showed greater prevalence of MetS. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated a high prevalence of MetS among young adults in Arar, Saudi Arabia. High prevalence of obesity and elevated waist circumference suggests that early and targeted interventions are required to prevent the development of MetS and cardiovascular risk in later life.

Effect of Black Glutinous Rice Fermented Beverage on Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels in Metabolic Syndrome Rats

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) represents a combination of metabolic factors that can elevate the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary heart disease (CHD). The high prevalence of MetS results in a significant socio-economic burden. However, current management approaches have limitations, prompting the exploration of functional foods and nutraceuticals as promising alternatives. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of Black Glutinous Rice Fermented Beverage (BGRFB) on Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) concentration in a MetS rat model. Rats were induced with a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide (NA) to induce MetS conditions. BGRFB was administered as a treatment to the MetS rat group. The results showed that the Negative Control (NC) group exhibited a significant decrease in SCFA levels compared to the normal group (N). However, administration of BGRFB to the T2 group resulted in a significant increase in SCFA levels. The SCFA levels in the T2 group were higher but not significantly different from the Positive Control (PC) group treated with metformin. Increasing SCFA production could be an effective strategy in addressing Mets. This study demonstrates the potential of BGRFB as a therapy to enhance SCFA production and improve MetS. The outcomes of this investigation are anticipated to provide insights into novel dietary approaches for MetS management.

Dietary Habit and Physical Activity as Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome among Civil Servants in Jambi City

The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is an important health problem due to the association with increased cardiovascular disease as the main cause of death. Approximately 20-25% of the global adult population including Indonesia suffers from MetS. The high prevalence is attributed to several factors namely lifestyle changes such as dietary habit and physical activity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary habit and physical activity with MetS incidence among civil servant employees in Jambi City, Indonesia. A cross-sectional design was used to assess the proportion of MetS, dietary habit, and physical activity. A total of 108 civil servant employees were selected as respondents from six agencies using a multistage random sampling technique. Data collection was carried out through physical examination and interviews using a questionnaire. The results showed that the prevalence of MetS was 60.2%, with three risk indicators, namely central obesity (74.1%), blood pressure (66.7%), and HDL (63%). Based on the chi-square test, dietary habit (OR=2.571, 95%CI=1.151-5.744) and physical activity (OR=3.692, 95%CI=1.625-8.388) were significantly related to MetS. The persistently high prevalence of MetS was significantly related to dietary habit and physical activity among civil servant employees in Jambi City-Indonesia. These results underscored the need to improve understanding of healthy diets by adopting a balanced nutritional intake, increasing the intensity of physical activity according to age, and engaging in regular exercise.

Biomarkers in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus along with Metabolic Syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of physiological abnormalities characterized by obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and hypertriglyceridemia, which carry the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Immune and metabolic alterations have been observed in MetS and are associated with autoimmune development. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease caused by a complex interaction of environmental, hormonal, and genetic factors and hyperactivation of immune cells. Patients with SLE have a high prevalence of MetS, in which elevated CVD is observed. Among the efforts of multidisciplinary healthcare teams to make an early diagnosis, a wide variety of factors have been considered and associated with the generation of biomarkers. This review aimed to elucidate some primary biomarkers and propose a set of assessments to improve the projection of the diagnosis and evolution of patients. These biomarkers include metabolic profiles, cytokines, cardiovascular tests, and microRNAs (miRs), which have been observed to be dysregulated in these patients and associated with outcomes.

The worldwide metabolic syndrome prevalence in people living with HIV: a systematic review

Metabolic alterations have been reported in people living with HIV (PLHIV), related to viral infection, side effects of antiretroviral therapy, genetic, environmental and/or sociodemographic factors. We aimed to draw a global picture of prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in PLHIV. We performed a systematic review based on the PRISMA Statement method. We selected studies that investigated epidemiological characteristics of PLHIV who developed MetS in 4 databases: PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and Science Direct, using descriptors: HIV; prevalence; metabolic syndrome; epidemiology; antiretroviral therapy, highly active. A total of 1117 articles were identified, including 98 in the final analysis. The prevalence of MetS ranged from 7.8 to 55.8% (Internacional Diabetes Federation - IDF) and 7.1 to 58% (National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III - NCEP/ATP III), being higher in African women than in African men (IDF), whereas European women and women of unknown origin were lower than women from Asia, South and North America (NCEP/ATP III). There is a high prevalence of MetS in PLHIV. The importance of multidisciplinary follow-up and encouragement of lifestyle changes in PLHIV is emphasized.

Post-traumatic stress disorder, dyssomnias, and metabolic syndrome

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) frequently coexist and share neurobiological and clinical features. In particular, the results of meta-analyses indicate a higher prevalence of MetS in patients with PTSD compared to the general population. PTSD is also a recognized risk factor for MetS. This synchronicity can be partially explained by pathogenetic pathways present in both conditions. These include genetic factors, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and immune dysregulation. Thus, similar mechanisms are involved in the clinical worsening of PTSD and the development of adverse cardiovascular events associated with MetS. Dyssomnias are one of the characteristic clinical features of PTSD. Today, it is believed that posttraumatic circadian rhythm disorders are the core and not a secondary feature of PTSD, which mediate the neurobiological correlates of disorders due to homeostasis imbalance. At the same time, dyssomnias, chronodestruction, and depressive disorders are part of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, obesity, and MetS. Thus, treatment of dyssomnias is one of the key tasks in the prevention and treatment of comorbid PTSD and MetS. Regulation of sleep processes and circadian rhythms through exogenous intervention, especially with melatonergic drugs, is likely to be a key part of preventing and treating dyssomnias in people who have both PTSD and MetS. The purpose of this review is to analyze the specifics of the relationships between PTSD and MetS, PTSD and dyssomnias, MetS and sleep disorders. We conducted the search in Scopus, Science Direct (from Elsevier), and PubMed, including Medline databases. The key words used were “post-traumatic stress disorder,” “dyssomnias,” “chronodestruction,” and “metabolic syndrome”. The identification of research findings that were not found during online searches involved manual searching of the bibliography of publications.

Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome among adults in Freetown, Sierra Leone: A comparative analysis of NCEP ATP III, IDF and harmonized ATP III criteria

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a global health concern, especially for low and middle-income countries with limited resources and information. The study's objective was to assess the prevalence of MetS in Freetown, Sierra Leone, using the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and Harmonize ATP III. Additionally, we aimed to establish the concordance between these three different criteria used. MethodsThis community-based health screening survey was conducted from October 2019 to October 2022. A multistage stratified random design was used to select adults aged 20 years and above. Mean, interquartile range (IQR), and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. The kappa coefficient statistics resolved the agreement between these defined criteria. ResultsThe prevalence for NCEP ATP III, Harmonize ATP III and IDF criteria was 11.8 % (95 % CI: 9.0–15.15), 14.3 % (95 % CI: 11.3–18.0), and 8.5 % (95 % CI: 6.2–11.2), respectively for the 2394 selected adults. The kappa coefficient (κ) agreement between the MetS is: Harmonized ATP III and IDF criteria = [(208 (60.8 %); (κ = 0.62)]; Harmonized ATP III and NCEP ATP III = [(201 (58.7 %); (κ = 0.71)]; while IDF and NCEP ATP III was [(132 (38.6 %); (κ = 0.52)]. In the multivariable regression analysis, waist circumference correlated with all three MetS criteria: ATP III [AOR = 0.85; C.I 95 %: (0.40–1.78), p = 0.032], Harmonized ATP III [AOR = 1.14; C.I 95 %: (0.62–2.11), p = 0.024], IDF [AOR = 1.06; C.I 95 % (0.52–2.16), p = 0.018] ConclusionWe reported a high prevalence of MetS in Freetown, Sierra Leone and identified waist circumference as a major risk factor for MetS. This underscores the crucial role of health education and effective management of MetS in Sierra Leone.

ABCA1 variant rs9282541 is associated with metabolic syndrome in Maya children.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a metabolic disorder encompassing risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In Mexico, the MetS is a national health problem in adults and children. Environmental and genetic factors condition the MetS. However, studies to elucidate the contribution of genetic factors to MetS in Mexico are scarce. A recent study showed that variant rs9282541 (A-allele) in ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) was associated with T2D in the Maya population in addition to low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Thus, this study aimed to determine whether the genetic variant of ABCA1 A-allele (rs9282541, NM_005502.4:c.688C>T, NP_005493.2:p.Arg230Cys) is associated with MetS and its components in Mexican Maya children. The study was conducted in 508 children aged 9-13 from the Yucatán Peninsula. MetS was identified according to the de Ferranti criteria. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan assay by real-time PCR. Evaluation of genetic ancestry group was included. The frequency of MetS and overweight-obesity was 45.9% and 41.6%, respectively. The genetic variant rs9282541 was associated with low HDL-C and high glucose concentrations. Remarkably, for the first time, this study showed the association of ABCA1 rs9282541 with MetS in Maya children with an OR of 3.076 (95% CI=1.16-8.13 p=0.023). Finally, this study reveals a high prevalence of MetS and suggests that variant rs9282541 of the ABCA1 gene plays an important role in the developing risk of MetS in Maya children.

Metabolic syndrome among apparently healthy adults residing in Delhi: Do vegetarian diets have a protective effect?

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has reached epidemic levels, mainly attributed to sedentary lifestyles, poor diets, and obesity. Improved health is one of the reasons why people adopt a vegetarian diet. There are now sufficient data to support the health benefits of a vegetarian diet. However, the presumed beneficial health effects of a vegetarian diet are still unclear, particularly in the Indian context. This study assesses MetS among healthy urban adults following vegetarian and nonvegetarian diets and explores the protective role of vegetarian diets if any. The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 healthy adults (35-60 years). An equal number of vegetarian and nonvegetarian male and female subjects were enrolled as per operational definitions. The prevalence of MetS was based on the NCEP-ATP III criteria. The prevalence of MetS was the same among vegetarians (47.5%) and nonvegetarians (47%, P = 1). Regression analysis showed that the MetS score was significantly associated with age (β: 0.04, CI: 0.02-0.05, P < 0.001), gender (β: 0.51, CI: 0.29-0.74, P < 0.001), and physical activity (β: -0.27, CI: -0.55 to 0.01, P < 0.05). However, there was no significant association found between the prevalence of MetS and the type of diet (β: 0.13, CI: -0.10 to 0.36, P = 0.261). The study highlights a high prevalence of MetS among healthy urban adults residing in Delhi, India. The data, thus, show that a vegetarian diet did not have any protective impact against MetS, thus highlighting that it is important to consider the variations and quality of the vegetarian diets that negatively affect the body composition and contribute to the development of subsequent risk of developing MetS.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in East Azerbaijan-Iran and its determinants factors.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a prevalent metabolic disorder with increasing prevalence attributed to extended life expectancy. This study aims to investigate MetS prevalence and its determinants in the East-Azerbaijan population. Conducted as a cross-sectional study within the East Azerbaijan region, this research is based on a major Lifestyle Promotion Project. The study encompasses 700 participants aged 15 to 65 years, representing the general population and selected using probability proportional to size multistage stratified cluster sampling. MetS diagnoses were conducted using the adult Panel III criteria. Data on socio-demographics, smoking status, and physical activity levels were collected through questionnaires. Among participants, the mean age was 42.4±12.38 years, and the mean body mass index was 27.69±4.94 kg/m2. The MetS group exhibited higher mean age and body mass index compared to the non-MetS group (P<0.001). The prevalence of MetS in the population was 34.2%, with higher rates in females (37.1%) compared to males (30.5%), though this difference wasn't statistically significant (P=0.11). Notably, a substantial distinction was observed between the two groups regarding education levels (P<0.001). The study reveals a significant association between increasing age and higher prevalence of MetS. Furthermore, lower educational levels were linked to an elevated prevalence of MetS. While other socio-demographic factors didn't demonstrate statistically significant relationships, these findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions and education in mitigating MetS risks.