High Prevalence Of Chlamydia Trachomatis Research Articles

Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection Amonginfertile Women At The University College Hospital, Ibadan

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis infection is reported as the commonest cause of tubal and pelvic infection and by proxy, the commonest cause of tubal damage and female infertility. Serotypes D-K are known to cause sexually transmitted genital tract and neonatal infection. Testing for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis has been revolutionized by the development of monoclonal antibodies. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among infertile women at the University College Hospital Ibadan and to determine the diagnostic value of Chlamydia antibody testing.
 Methodology: A cross-sectional study conducted among two hundred and seventy-three women with infertility attending the gynaecology clinic of the University College Hospital Ibadan. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) was performed on all patients as part of their routine evaluation for infertility. Venous blood was obtained to detect Chlamydia Ig G antibodies using the diagnostic bio-probe (DIA.PROBE) enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELIZA) for the quantitative determination of IgG antibodies specific to chlamydia trachomatis.
 Results: Positive test results for Chlamydia trachomatis were recorded amongst 136 women, giving a prevalence of 49.8%. 46(33.8%) women with normal tubal appearance and 90(66.2%) with tubal disease tested positive for Chlamydia antibodies. Bilateral tubal blockage was seen in 77(28.2%), while left and right tubal blockages were seen in 35(12.8%) and 21(7.7%) respectively. The accuracy of Chlamydia antibody testing in predicting tubal patency revealed a sensitivity of 67.7% and positive predictive value of 66.1% using HSG as the gold standard. Chlamydia trachomatis infection was found to be associated with age at sexual debut, history of ectopic pregnancy and previous history of abortion (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis amongst infertile women especially those with tubal disease. Risk factors associated with the infection such as early age of sexual debut, ectopic pregnancy and abortion further support the role of infectious morbidity especially with Chlamydia trachomatis.

Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection Amonginfertile Women At The University College Hospital, Ibadan

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis infection is reported as the commonest cause of tubal and pelvic infection and by proxy, the commonest cause of tubal damage and female infertility. Serotypes D-K are known to cause sexually transmitted genital tract and neonatal infection. Testing for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis has been revolutionized by the development of monoclonal antibodies. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among infertile women at the University College Hospital Ibadan and to determine the diagnostic value of Chlamydia antibody testing.
 Methodology: A cross-sectional study conducted among two hundred and seventy-three women with infertility attending the gynaecology clinic of the University College Hospital Ibadan. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) was performed on all patients as part of their routine evaluation for infertility. Venous blood was obtained to detect Chlamydia Ig G antibodies using the diagnostic bio-probe (DIA.PROBE) enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELIZA) for the quantitative determination of IgG antibodies specific to chlamydia trachomatis.
 Results: Positive test results for Chlamydia trachomatis were recorded amongst 136 women, giving a prevalence of 49.8%. 46(33.8%) women with normal tubal appearance and 90(66.2%) with tubal disease tested positive for Chlamydia antibodies. Bilateral tubal blockage was seen in 77(28.2%), while left and right tubal blockages were seen in 35(12.8%) and 21(7.7%) respectively. The accuracy of Chlamydia antibody testing in predicting tubal patency revealed a sensitivity of 67.7% and positive predictive value of 66.1% using HSG as the gold standard. Chlamydia trachomatis infection was found to be associated with age at sexual debut, history of ectopic pregnancy and previous history of abortion (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis amongst infertile women especially those with tubal disease. Risk factors associated with the infection such as early age of sexual debut, ectopic pregnancy and abortion further support the role of infectious morbidity especially with Chlamydia trachomatis.

Evaluation of the Predictive Value of Urine Leukocyte Esterase Test in Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection Among Males Attending HIV/STI Clinics in Guangdong Province, China.

Leukocyte esterase test (LET) detection is a simple and inexpensive test performed by urinalysis. This study investigated the predictive value of LET for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection among men attending HIV and sexually transmitted infection (HIV/STI) clinics in Guangdong Province, China. A total of 5,509 urine samples were collected from HIV and sexually transmitted infection clinics in Guangdong Province between 2017 and 2019. Specimens from 5,464 males were tested by both LET and nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). Of 5,464 males, 497 (9.1%) tested positive for CT or NG by NAAT, with respective prevalence rates of 6.4% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 5.8–7.1%) and 3.8% (95% CI: 3.3–4.3%), including 1.2% (95% CI: 0.9–1.4%) co-infected. Compared to the HIV-negative individuals, individuals living with HIV tend to have a higher prevalence of CT, NG and co-infection with CT and NG. The LET sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for CT were 46.4% (95% CI: 41.2–51.7%), 92.0% (95% CI: 91.2–92.7%), 28.4% (95% CI: 24.8–32.1%), and 96.1% (95% CI: 95.6–96.7%), respectively. The LET sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for NG were 68.4% (95% CI: 62.1–74.7%), 91.8% (95% CI: 91.1–92.6%), 25.0% (95% CI: 21.4–28.5%), and 98.7% (95% CI: 98.3–99%), respectively. Compared to the HIV-negative individuals, higher sensitivity and specificity were observed for HIV-positive individuals, but there was no statistical difference. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) using economic costs per additional person CT positive and NG positive was –$238.74 and –$145.60 compared with LET positive, respectively. LET is a cost-effective test and will be valuable for predicting CT and NG infection, which is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection Among Women Consulting at the Sexually Transmitted Infection Centre in la Reunion: A Cross-Sectional Study

RésuméIntroductionL'infection à Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) est l'infection sexuellement transmissible (IST) bactérienne la plus répandue dans le monde. Souvent asymptomatique, elle peut mener à des complications significatives chez les femmes. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence du CT en centre de dépistage à la Réunion et d'explorer les déterminants de cette infection.MéthodeEnquête transversale comprenant un questionnaire anonyme et une PCR par auto-écouvillon génital mené chez les femmes consultant dans deux centres de dépistage à la Réunion au cours d'une année.RésultatsParmi les 620 femmes testées, la prévalence du CT était de 6,6% (IC 95% [4, 7, 8, 6]). La prévalence maximale par classe d'âge se situait entre 12 et 17 ans avec une prévalence de 14,3% contre 7,5% chez les 18-24 ans et 3,9% chez les 25-67 ans (p = 0,003). Les facteurs de risques étaient le jeune âge (p = 0,02), un premier rapport sexuel entre 11 et 14 ans (p = 0,01), une absence d'antécédent de dépistage (p = 0,02) et les motifs de consultation « infidélité du partenaire » (p = 0,01) et « partenaire infecté » (p = 0,02).ConclusionLa prévalence du CT chez les mineures réunionnaises est élevée. Un dépistage plus systématique et un renforcement de la sensibilisation aux IST chez elles semblent primordiaux.

High prevalence of sexually transmitted coinfections among at-risk people living with HIV

Concurrent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are not uncommon in at-risk populations, for which control requires integrated testing, treatment and prevention. From May, 2019 to February, 2020, multiplex real-time PCR assays were prospectively performed to detect Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) in the urine and rectal/vaginal swab specimens collected from HIV-positive patients with a history of STIs or symptoms suggestive of STIs. Patients confirmed to have acquired STIs were treated according to treatment guidelines. During the study period, 430 participants (99.1% men who have sex with men and median age 37 years) were included. The overall prevalence of CT, NG, and/or TV infection was 30.0%, including 24.7%, 12.1%, and 0.2% for CT, NG, and TV infection, respectively. The factors associated with CT, NG, and/or TV infection were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity (AOR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.22-6.26), recently acquired hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (AOR, 5.62; 95% CI, 1.99-15.88), using mobile dating application (AOR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.13-3.83), and oral sex (AOR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.04-4.32). The rates of CT, NG, and/or TV infection were 50.0% in participants with recent HCV infection, 44.2% in those with HBsAg positivity, and 35.9% in those with incident syphilis. Among participants completing test-of-cure visits, the microbiological cure rate was 91.7% and 90.0% for chlamydia and gonorrhea, respectively. HIV-positive participants had a high prevalence of CT and/or NG, especially those coinfected with viral hepatitis and syphilis. Our results strongly support integrated STI services in the population.

Marijuana Use, Sexual Behaviors, and Prevalent Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Sexually Experienced Males and Females in the United States: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

Several national guidelines consider illicit drug use as an indication for testing and/or counseling for some sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The legal and social landscape of marijuana use is changing, and its relevance with STI risk is unclear. Sex-specific prevalence of T. vaginalis and/or C. trachomatis infection was examined by past-year marijuana use (no vs yes) among 2958 sexually experienced, 20- to 39-year-old participants of the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals [CIs] were estimated by Poisson regression. Adjusted PRs (aPR) were estimated following propensity score covariate-adjustment accounting for sociodemographics, alcohol use, injection drug use, depression, and age at sexual debut. Past-year marijuana use was reported by 27.3% and 36.3% of females and males, respectively. Male and female past-year marijuana users were more likely to have new and multiple sexual partners in the past year (P < 0.05). Past-year marijuana use was associated with prevalent C. trachomatis and/or T. vaginalis infection among females (7.4% vs. 2.9%; PR, 2.57 [95% CI, 1.62-4.07]) and males (4.0% vs. 1.1%; PR, 3.59 [95% CI, 1.96-6.58]), but this association was attenuated after propensity score covariate adjustment among females (aPR, 1.15 [95% CI, 0.72-1.83]) and males (aPR, 2.10 [95% CI, 0.88-5.02]). Additional adjustment for new or multiple sexual partners further attenuated the associations (aPRs, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.65-1.51] and 1.91 [95% CI, 0.82-4.47] for females and males, respectively). Sexually transmitted infection prevalence was higher among persons with a past-year history of marijuana use; however, this association was not significant after accounting for measured confounders. Additional work is needed to characterize STI prevalence by the mode, duration, and frequency of marijuana use.

Rectal gonorrhoea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya.

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a higher prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections compared to the rest of the population, often remaining undiagnosed. In Kenya, prevalence of rectal CT and NG infection and NG antimicrobial sensitivity are poorly described. Methods: MSM who reported receptive anal intercourse (RAI) were recruited from an ongoing human immunodeficiency virus acquisition and treatment study in coastal Kenya in 2016-2017. Rectal swabs were collected at two time points 6 months apart to estimate prevalence and incidence of CT/NG infection using a molecular point-of-care assay. Participants positive for CT or NG were treated according to national guidelines. NG culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. Participant and risk behaviour characteristics were collected and association with baseline CT/NG prevalence assessed by multivariable regression analysis. Results: Prevalence of CT/NG in 104 MSM was 21.2% (CT 13.5%, NG 9.6%, dual infection 1.9%) at baseline and 25.9% in 81 MSM at follow-up (CT 14.8%, NG 14.8%, dual infection 3.7%). CT/NG incidence was estimated at 53.0 (95% CI, 34.5-81.3) per 100 person-years. Most CT/NG positive participants were asymptomatic: 95.5% at baseline and 100% at follow-up. CT/NG infection was associated with being paid for sex [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=6.2, 95% CI (1.7-22.9)] and being in formal employment [aOR=7.5, 95% CI (1.1-49.2)]. Six NG isolates were obtained at follow-up; all were susceptible to ceftriaxone and cefixime and all were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence and incidence of asymptomatic rectal CT and NG in MSM reporting RAI in coastal Kenya. MSM who were paid for sex or had formal employment were more likely to be infected with CT/NG suggesting increased risk behaviour during transactional sex. Antimicrobial susceptibility results suggest that current antibiotic choices in Kenya are appropriate for NG treatment.

Sociodemographic factors and STIs associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in Zambian female sex workers and single mothers.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) are epidemiologically distinct. In this study, associations with sociodemographic and clinical risk factors are explored separately for CT and NG. Multivariate logistic regression (MLR) models quantify associations between potential CT and/or NG risk factors within a cross-sectional study of high-risk women in two Zambian cities, Lusaka and Ndola. CT was associated with living in Lusaka, younger age, and literacy. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) was predictive of CT in Ndola, but protective in Lusaka. In Lusaka only, CT was associated with lower education and reported unprotected sex. NG was associated with younger age, lower education, concurrent Trichomonas vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis, and incident syphilis infection. Signs and symptoms were rare and not associated with either infection. CT was more prevalent, nearly 11%, compared to NG, 6.8%. The higher prevalence of CT could explain the lack of association with other STIs. The associations observed with NG could be the result of high-risk sexual networks or lack of protective immunity. Risk factors for CT and NG are distinct and may differ geographically, which should be considered when developing diagnostic tools or guiding presumptive treatment in specific populations.

Rectal gonorrhoea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a higher prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections compared to the rest of the population, often remaining undiagnosed. In Kenya, prevalence of rectal CT and NG infection and NG antimicrobial sensitivity are poorly described. Methods: MSM who reported receptive anal intercourse (RAI) were recruited from an ongoing human immunodeficiency virus acquisition and treatment study in coastal Kenya in 2016-2017. Rectal swabs were collected at two time points 6 months apart to estimate prevalence and incidence of CT/NG infection using a molecular point-of-care assay. Participants positive for CT or NG were treated according to national guidelines. NG culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. Participant and risk behaviour characteristics were collected and association with baseline CT/NG prevalence assessed by multivariable regression analysis. Results: Prevalence of CT/NG in 104 MSM was 21.2% (CT 13.5%, NG 9.6%, dual infection 1.9%) at baseline and 25.9% in 81 MSM at follow-up (CT 14.8%, NG 14.8%, dual infection 3.7%). CT/NG incidence was estimated at 53.0 (95% CI, 34.5-81.3) per 100 person-years. Most CT/NG positive participants were asymptomatic: 95.5% at baseline and 100% at follow-up. CT/NG infection was associated with being paid for sex [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=6.2, 95% CI (1.7-22.9)] and being in formal employment [aOR=7.5, 95% CI (1.1-49.2)]. Six NG isolates were obtained at follow-up; all were susceptible to ceftriaxone and cefixime and all were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence and incidence of asymptomatic rectal CT and NG in MSM reporting RAI in coastal Kenya. MSM who were paid for sex or had formal employment were more likely to be infected with CT/NG suggesting increased risk behaviour during transactional sex. Antimicrobial susceptibility results suggest that current antibiotic choices in Kenya are appropriate for NG treatment.

Rectal gonorrhoea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a higher prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections compared to the rest of the population, often remaining undiagnosed. In Kenya, prevalence of rectal CT and NG infection and NG antimicrobial sensitivity are poorly described. Methods: MSM who reported receptive anal intercourse (RAI) were recruited from an ongoing human immunodeficiency virus acquisition and treatment study in coastal Kenya in 2016-2017. Rectal swabs were collected at two time points 6 months apart to estimate prevalence and incidence of CT/NG infection using a molecular point-of-care assay. Participants positive for CT or NG were treated according to national guidelines. NG culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. Participant and risk behaviour characteristics were collected and association with baseline CT/NG prevalence assessed by multivariable regression analysis. Results: Prevalence of CT/NG in 104 MSM was 21.2% (CT 13.5%, NG 9.6%, dual infection 1.9%) at baseline and 25.9% in 81 MSM at follow-up (CT 14.8%, NG 14.8%, dual infection 3.7%). CT/NG incidence was estimated at 53.0 (95% CI, 34.5-81.3) per 100 person-years. Most CT/NG positive participants were asymptomatic: 95.5% at baseline and 100% at follow-up. CT/NG infection was associated with being paid for sex [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=6.2, 95% CI (1.7-22.9)] and being in formal employment [aOR=7.5, 95% CI (1.1-49.2)]. Six NG isolates were obtained at follow-up; all were susceptible to ceftriaxone and cefixime and all were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence and incidence of asymptomatic rectal CT and NG in MSM reporting RAI in coastal Kenya. MSM who were paid for sex or had formal employment were more likely to be infected with CT/NG suggesting increased risk behaviour during transactional sex. Antimicrobial susceptibility results suggest that current antibiotic choices in Kenya are appropriate for NG treatment.

Rectal gonorrhoea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a higher prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections compared to the rest of the population, often remaining undiagnosed. In Kenya, prevalence of rectal CT and NG infection and NG antimicrobial sensitivity are poorly described. Methods: MSM who reported receptive anal intercourse (RAI) were recruited from an ongoing human immunodeficiency virus acquisition and treatment study in coastal Kenya in 2016-2017. Rectal swabs were collected at two time points 6 months apart to estimate prevalence and incidence of CT/NG infection using a molecular point-of-care assay. Participants positive for CT or NG were treated according to national guidelines. NG culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. Participant and risk behaviour characteristics were collected and association with baseline CT/NG prevalence assessed by multivariable regression analysis. Results: Prevalence of CT/NG in 104 MSM was 21.2% (CT 13.5%, NG 9.6%, dual infection 1.9%) at baseline and 25.9% in 81 MSM at follow-up (CT 14.8%, NG 14.8%, dual infection 3.7%). CT/NG incidence was estimated at 53.0 (95% CI, 34.5-81.3) per 100 person-years. Most CT/NG positive participants were asymptomatic: 95.5% at baseline and 100% at follow-up. CT/NG infection was associated with being paid for sex [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=6.2, 95% CI (1.7-22.9)] and being in formal employment [aOR=7.5, 95% CI (1.1-49.2)]. Six NG isolates were obtained at follow-up; all were susceptible to ceftriaxone and cefixime and all were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence and incidence of asymptomatic rectal CT and NG in MSM reporting RAI in coastal Kenya. MSM who were paid for sex or had formal employment were more likely to be infected with CT/NG suggesting increased risk behaviour during transactional sex. Antimicrobial susceptibility results suggest that current antibiotic choices in Kenya are appropriate for NG treatment.

High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women attended at Primary Health Care services in Amazon, Brazil.

ABSTRACT Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection is often silent and can lead to long-term reproductive complications in women. In this study, we determined the prevalence of CT infection and possible associations between the presence of the infection and clinical-epidemiological variables in pregnant women attended at the Basic Health Units of the Coari city, Amazonas, Brazil. From July 2016 to March 2017, 164 pregnant women undergoing prenatal care were recruited. One hundred of these women were tested for CT infection using two types of samples: cervico-vaginal and urine. The diagnosis was confirmed by PCR with primers specific for the omp1 gene of CT chromosomal DNA. Of the 100 pregnant women, 18 (18%) had CT infection, 8 (8%) of which were positive in both samples, 7 (7%) only in the urine sample and 3 (3%) only in cervical-vaginal sample. There was moderate agreement (Kappa=0.55) and no statistically significant difference between sample types (p = 0.400). The mean age of infected women was 21.1 years (SD = 4.6). Of the clinical-epidemiological variables analyzed, “more than 2 partners in the last 12 months” (p = 0.022) and gynecological complaint of “pain after intercourse” (p = 0.020) were associated with CT infection. This study showed a high prevalence (18%) of CT infection among pregnant women in Coari / Amazonas. Urine sampales were as good as cervical-vaginal ones for the screening of CT infection during the prenatal period.

Cervicitis: a prospective observational study of empiric azithromycin treatment in women with cervicitis and non-specific cervicitis.

Treatment with 1 G azithromycin was observed prospectively in 130 women with cervicitis (>30 polymorphonuclear leucocytes/high-powered field) enrolled in a cervicitis aetiology study of 558 women at three sexually transmitted infection clinics in Sydney, Australia. Two overlapping groups of women with cervicitis were considered: 'cervicitis group 1' (n = 116) excluded women with Trichomonas vaginalis and a subgroup of this, 'cervicitis group 2' (non-specific cervicitis) (n = 96) further excluded women with Neisseria gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium at enrolment. Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis was by PCR and Neisseria gonorrhoea by PCR and culture. Treatment outcomes were cervicitis or vaginal symptoms at follow-up. Effect on cervicitis at follow-up was also assessed after additional reported partner treatment. In 'cervicitis group 1' where prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and/or Chlamydia trachomatis was 23/116 (19.8%), azithromycin reduced cervicitis at follow-up (RR = 0.62 (95% CI 0.39-0.97) p = 0.035), but there was no significant effect in non-specific cervicitis ('cervicitis group 2') (RR = 0.60 (95% CI 0.35-1.01) p = 0.056). Empiric treatment did not reduce vaginal symptoms at follow-up in either group. No effect of empiric partner treatment was seen. The conclusion was that empiric azithromycin treatment of cervicitis reduces cervicitis at follow-up in populations with high prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and/or Mycoplasma genitalium. There are no benefits of empiric azithromycin for non-specific cervicitis or empiric partner treatment.

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections detected by real-time PCR among individuals reporting sexual assaults in the Paris, France area

BackgroundNeisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) are the most common bacteria involved in sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In France, combined screening for CT and NG using nucleic acid amplification tests is recommended in populations that are considered at risk. However, no data have been published about victims of sexual assaults. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the usefulness of real-time PCR for the rapid detection of CT and NG genomic DNA, and the prevalence of CT/NG infections in a sample of sexual assault victims examined at a department of forensic medicine. MethodsBetween July 2012 and July 2013, 326 adults and adolescents aged over 12 years reported a sexual assault and they were referred to the Department of Forensic Medicine for a medical and forensic examination. Secretions from urogenital (cervix or vagina), anorectal, or pharyngeal sites were collected for CT/NG assays. ResultsCT and NG were detected in 48/326 (15%) and 16/326 patients (5%), respectively, where 10 (3%) had a CT/NG co-infection. Among 48 patients with CT infection, 13 (27.1%) patients had co-occurring genital and anorectal infections. For the pharyngeal sites, 3/21 men (14.3%) were NG-positive. ConclusionsGiven the high prevalence of CT and NG infections, systematic screening of both pathogens at the time of forensic examination should provide an opportunity for the early treatment of diagnosed STIs.

Prevalence and risk factors of three curable sexually transmitted infections among women in Nairobi, Kenya.

BackgroundSexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. The complications of untreated STIs in the female genital tract and their role in adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes have been well documented. The prevalence of STIs in Kenya among women in the general population has not been extensively studied and there is a lack of guidelines for screening of non-pregnant women. Knowledge of the prevalence of curable STIs among this population can provide a basis for integrating STI screening in family planning clinics.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between May and September 2013 at the family planning (FP) clinic at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Nairobi, Kenya. A total of 261 participants aged 18–49 years were enrolled; with data from 249 participants being analysed. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather socio-demographic data and assess for risk factors. Each participant was screened for Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) by wet mount microscopy; Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) by culture and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) by PCR.ResultsThe prevalence of CT was 13 % (33/249), TV 0.4 % (1/249) and GC 0 % (0/249). All the infected women reported having had only one sexual partner in the previous 1 year. The age group prevalence for CT was highest in the 25–29 years age group (21 %). The syndromic approach to the management of STIs showed a low specificity (vaginal discharge, 65.7 %; lower abdominal pain, 60.6 %) and positive predictive value (vaginal discharge, 14 %; lower abdominal pain, 11.5 %) for the two commonly used symptoms when compared to the gold standard of CT PCR.ConclusionA high prevalence of CT was identified among women attending the FP Clinic at KNH. The study reinforces the need to implement regular screening for STIs among FP clinic attendants. It also reveals the need to review the usage of the syndromic approach for the management of STIs.

High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in anal and pharyngeal sites among a community-based sample of men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru

ObjectivesThis study aimed to characterise the epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Lima,...

P08.23 Sero-epidemiological assessment indicates high prevalence ofc. trachomatisin samoan women with infertility

Introduction Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is one of the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections in the world. Due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease, the infection is frequently undiagnosed resulting in the development of serious sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility in women. The prevalence of CT infection in Samoa was previously estimated to be 30.9%, based on pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. The high prevalence of CT infection may imply a high probability of increased risk of sequelae such as infertility in Samoan women. Methods Serological prediction of CT infertility as indicated by titers of serum antibodies to CT in infertile women was conducted using a series of commercial tests such as MEDAC and ANilabsystems serology kits. The correlation between self-reported infertility and epidemiological factors to serologically predicted CT infertility was determined. Self reported infertility in women was defined based on their patient history as the inability to get pregnant after trying for more than 1 year. Results Women who self-reported infertility had a high prevalence of serologically predicted chlamydial infertility (36%), which was significantly different from fertile women (18%). The study accounted for confounders using stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis (BMI, number of cigarettes per day, age). MEDAC CT IgG p-ELISA correlated with self-reported infertility (OR 2.32, 94% CI 1.25–4.33; P = 0.01), while Anilabsystems CT IgG ELISA correlated with the current infections diagnosed by PCR (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.11–3.37; P = 0.02). Conclusion The study highlights the importance of serological tests in potentially identifying women with CT-related infertility. The high prevalence of CT and women testing positive in CT infertility tests suggests that CT could be a major contributory factor to infertility, and a major unrecognised disease burden in the Samoan population. Disclosure of interest statement No conflicts of interest.

Epidemiological features of sexually transmitted infections among women in Tunisia: high prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among women requesting abortion

In Tunisia, we previously studied sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female sex workers and reported high prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection.1 We undertook a cross-sectional study in order to...

High Prevalence of Chlamydia Trachomatis in the Sperm of Males with Low Sperm Count in Nigeria

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis has been linked with female infertility in male infertility and sequelae especially in developing countries which is the rationale for this study. This study view Chlamydia trachomatis as causing low sperm count in males which is a factor of male fertility. Methods: A total of 666 sperm samples were collected from males with low sperm count and another 666 from normal individuals to serve as control. Blood samples (n=855) were collected from cases and control. The sperm samples were analysed using the WHO parameters of 2010. Sperm samples were stained using the Giemsa technique. Sperm were analysed for Chlamydia trachomatis using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The presence of other microorganisms likely to be incriminated with low sperm count was detected by culture unto nutrient agar plates, blood agar plates and Thayer Martins medium. Any sample containing any microorganism capable of causing low sperm count was eliminated from the study. The blood samples were analysed using the microimmunofluorescence assay for Chlamydia trachomatis IgM. Results: Of the 666 cases only 417(62.6%) were positive while the control had only 225 (33.3) positive. There was significant difference between the cases and control and they both varied in the same direction statistically. The result from the IgM Chlamydia trachomatis antibody also gave a significant difference in both cases and control. The variation between ages was not significant except in older ages of both cases and control. The 582 semen samples positive for both Chlamydia trachomatis culture and IgM analysed for WHO sperm count parameters, 432 of the cases fell short of the normal sperm count along with 150 of the controls. Conclusion: This study then confirms Chlamydia trachomatis as a major cause of low sperm count and recommends the screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in cases of low sperm counts.

Prevalence and risk behaviours for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection among female sex workers in an HIV/AIDS high-risk area

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection among female sex workers (FSWs) in an HIV/AIDS high-risk area in China and to examine risk factors associated with CT or NG infection. A cross-sectional study of 568 FSWs was conducted in Kaiyuan City, Yunnan Province, PR China. The prevalence rates of HIV, CT and NG in the study participants were 11.1%, 17.4% and 8.3%, respectively. More than one-fifth (21.3%) of participants tested positive for either CT or NG. This study identifies a relatively high prevalence of CT or NG infection among FSWs in Kaiyuan. Notably, HIV infection was found to be associated with NG infection and study participants who tested positive for NG had a higher rate of CT infection. Further studies are warranted to examine the prevalence and spread of CT and NG in China, and their potential impact on the HIV epidemic.