High-pressure Xenon Lamp Research Articles

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside mediated photodegradation of profenofos in water

Flavonoids can sensitize and quench the photolysis of pesticides such as profenofos in surface water. Profenofos has been frequently detected in surface and underground water. The present study investigated the photolysis of profenofos under various conditions, including natural and artificial light illumination, with and without cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) and in pure and surface water. The degradation half-lives of profenofos in distilled water with 10 equivalents Cy3G of profenofos were 21.7 min, 9.5 h, 12.5 h and 180 h under high-pressure mercury light, UV, Xenon lamp and solar irradiation, respectively, while those without Cy3G were 8.1 min, 6.1 h, 8.2 h and 89.9 h, respectively. The photolysis rate of profenofos under sunlight and artificial light was reduced by 1.5–2.7 times due to Cy3G, compared to the Cy3G-free control. Under sunlight irradiation, the effects of Cy3G on profenofos photolysis were larger than those under high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation. Cy3G also significantly reduced the photolysis rate of profenofos under different pH conditions and in natural water. In addition, Cy3G exhibited a significant capacity of scavenging hydroxyl radicals and quenching 1O2 in water. The effect of Cy3G on profenofos photolysis was demonstrated through their interrelations in the natural environment. These findings can help understanding of the effect of flavonoids on profenofos photolysis and are of significance for predicting the degradation kinetics of profenofos and accurately assessing its potential biological impacts.

Selective, stepwise photodegradation of chlorothalonil, dichlobenil and dichloro- and trichloro-isophthalonitriles enhanced by cyanidin in water

Chlorothalonil, a widely used chloroisophthalonitrile fungicide, is highly toxic to aquatic organisms and amphibians. It is essential to understand the persistence and fate of chlorothalonil in aquatic environments. Cyanidin is one of the most common phytopolyphenolics in nature and is a strong antioxidant. This study was designed to understand fate of chlorothalonil and its analogs in surface water in the presence of cyanidin under sunlight and artificial lights. The photodegradation rates of chlorothalonil were increased by 9.6, 19, 26 and 9.1 fold, respectively, under solar, high-pressure mercury lamp (HPML), UV and Xenon lamp light irradiation, in comparison to the cyanidin-free control. Cyanidin also enhanced 2,5-dichloroisophthalonitrile and 2,4,5-trichloro isophthalonitrile (degradation products of chlorothalonil) for 20 and 4.7 fold under HPML irradiation compared to the absence of cyanidin. Chlorothalonil was transformed to 5-chloroisophthalonitrile quantitatively after stepwise dechlorination. The concentration profiles of chlorothalonil and its degradation products were well simulated in the cyanidin-triggered photoreductive dechlorination process, in which donation of hydrogen atom from cyanidin was also agreed by the density functional theory calculations. Cyanidin accelerated photolysis of dichlobenil for 4.3 fold as high as the cyanidin-free control under HPML irradiation. The results warrant an interest in further understanding photolysis of chloroarenes in natural waters and exploring the potential of using phytochemicals to abate chloroarenes-caused pollution.

Preparation of 2D supramolecular material doping with TiO2 for degradation of tetracycline

Anatase TiO2 photocatalyst supported on [BMPP]2[2D-Mo18O56] (BMPP = 1, 3-bis(4-methylpyridine) propane dibromide) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal method. The composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The results show that the high content anatase nanoparticles are uniformly loaded on the polyacid supramolecules to form the composite material. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2/Mo9O28-BMPP towards the tetracyclines (TCs), a model pollutant, has been investigated. The results show that under a 500W high-pressure xenon lamp, 0.15 g TiO2/MoB can degrade 97% of 20 mL (25 mg/L) Tc after 115 min, showing high catalytic activity. In addition, 0.15-TiO2/MoB can be easily separated from the reaction system by centrifugation, and the catalyst still maintains high photocatalytic activity after 3 cycles of tests under the same conditions. This shows that it has the potential for recycling. This research provides a new way for the development of new supported catalysts.

Некоторые особенности спектра и кинетики фосфоресценции трифенилена в бромбензоле при 77 К

The spectrum and kinetics of triphenylene phosphorescence under monochromatic and broadband excitation in bromobenzene at 77 K were studied. It was found that the intensity distribution in the phosphorescence spectrum depends on the spectral composition of the exciting light. In the transition from excitation by monochromatic radiation of a nitrogen laser ($\lambda_{ex} = 337$ nm) to broadband excitation by a high-pressure xenon lamp with a filter of 313 nm, a 0--0 band gain is observed relative to the most intense vibronic band of a half-symmetric oscillation ($\nu =1605$ cm$^{-1})$. In this case, a broadening of the 0--0 band and a shift of its maximum to the short-wave region by 1.8 nm are observed. The decay of triphenylene phosphorescence under these conditions is two-exponential with characteristic decay times $\tau_{1} = 0.40$ s and $\tau_{2} = 0.13$ s. The contribution of the component damping with $\tau_{1}$ to the total intensity increases with the allocation of the short-wave section of the 0--0 band. The contribution of the component damping with $\tau_{2}$ increases with the allocation of the long-wave portion of the 0-0 band. An increase in the contribution of the component with $\tau_{2}$ is also observed with monochromatic laser excitation in comparison with broadband excitation. Based on these results, it was concluded that there are two spatially separated emission centers with different probabilities of deactivation of triplet excitations of triphenylene molecules. The interpretation of the results is based on the generally accepted literature provisions that halogen atoms (chlorine, bromine, iodine) increase the probability of spin forbidden and symmetry transitions in highly symmetric molecules such as triphenylene (symmetry type D$_{3h})$ and coronene (symmetry type D$_{6h})$. Based on a comparison of changes in the relative intensity of the 0-0 band of centers with $\tau_{1}$ and $\tau_{2}$, it was concluded that external heavy atoms (bromine) to a greater extent enhance the symmetry-forbidden transitions of centers with $\tau_{1}$ than with $\tau_{2}$. The faster attenuation of the phosphorescence of centers with $\tau_{2}$ than of centers with $\tau_{1}$ is due to a greater degree to an increase in their triplet - singlet transition forbidden along the spin.

Usefulness of LED lightings in cereal breeding on example of wheat, barley and oat seedlings

The LED lightings in horticulture is becoming prevalent, due to their physical properties allowing reduction of electricity consumption and on modulation of light spectrum and frequency. At present, LED lightings are not widely used by cereal breeding companies despite the fact that use of greenhouses is very common. This is why, the present experiment was run to show the evidence of LED lightings usefulness in a cereal crops breeding processes. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) and oat (Avena sativa, L.), one cultivar of each species, were used for the 9 week trial conducted in a greenhouse with strictly controlled temperature (22oC) and humidity (80%). As a light source, 4 LED illuminators along with a high-pressure sodium and xenon lamps and a natural sunlight in non-shadowed area of the same greenhouse were used. LED illuminators were characterized by relatively high ratio of blue/red radiation (0.6-1.3) to force the stem shortening, since cereal seedlings with such a growth habit are preferred in greenhouse cultivation of cereals. It was evidenced, that LED illuminators provided light suitable for cereals growth in a greenhouse, however each species had slightly different optimal light requirements. For wheat and barley the best impact on stem shortening and also on time to heading had a LED illuminator with high multi wave-blue radiation whereas on the leaves width the illuminator with lowest blue/red ratio. For oat seedlings a light source with highest light intensity and highest blue/red ratio seemed to be the most proper. Not much differences in seedlings growth and time to heading suggested that there is a chance for construction of one universal type of LED illuminator designed for greenhouse stages of cereal crops breeding. Keywords: greenhouse, light emitting diodes, cost-effectiveness, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Avena sativa DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191206.3646 Citation: Stefanski P, Siedlarz P, Matysik P, Rybka K. Usefulness of LED lightings in cereal breeding on example of wheat, barley and oat seedlings. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(6): 32–37.

Generation of high-intensity pulse incoherent visual optical signals in 0.35–2.5 μm spectral range

Subject of research. The paper considers the approach to generation of pulse optical jamming signals in broad range of wavelengths aimed to suppress visual optical and electro-optical channels of surveillance equipment operating in different spectral bands. Method. The high-intensity emission optical source was created utilizing compact cermet case short-arc high-pressure xenon lamps with internal reflectors. Optical emitter with multiplication of lamps was used in order to attain the values of energy density above the specified criterion levels at the distances of suppression. Main results. The emitter was constructed for visual-optical jamming in the spectral range of 0.35-2.5 μm with maximum light intensity of 95∙105 cd and irradiance of 120 W/m2 at 10 meters. The low-frequency modulation varies from 5 to 15 Hz while the high-frequency modulation of low-frequency pulses is kept constant at 5 kHz with 60 % modulation depth. The beam width can be mechanically switched from 6 to 15°. The emitter is embodied in all-climate type of enclosure and can be operated from –40 to +50 °C and air humidity up to 98 %. Practical relevance. Implementation of cermet case short-arc high-pressure xenon lamps with fixed integrated reflector provides an opportunity to construct compact high-power emitters of pulsed optical signals. The lamps are explosion-proof and not prone to devitrification and depressurization. The emitters utilizing the lamps with internal reflectors do not require in-service adjustment, have high reliability and durability. The emitter can be configured with the lamps of variant optical power in order to satisfy the electrical power availability of delivery vehicle of all kinds.

Usefulness of LED lightings in cereal breeding on example of wheat, barley and oat seedlings

The LED lightings in horticulture is becoming prevalent, due to their physical properties allowing reduction of electricity consumption and on modulation of light spectrum and frequency. At present, LED lightings are not widely used by cereal breeding companies despite the fact that use of greenhouses is very common. This is why, the present experiment was run to show the evidence of LED lightings usefulness in a cereal crops breeding processes. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) and oat (Avena sativa, L.), one cultivar of each species, were used for the 9 week trial conducted in a greenhouse with strictly controlled temperature (22oC) and humidity (80%). As a light source, 4 LED illuminators along with a high-pressure sodium and xenon lamps and a natural sunlight in non-shadowed area of the same greenhouse were used. LED illuminators were characterized by relatively high ratio of blue/red radiation (0.6-1.3) to force the stem shortening, since cereal seedlings with such a growth habit are preferred in greenhouse cultivation of cereals. It was evidenced, that LED illuminators provided light suitable for cereals growth in a greenhouse, however each species had slightly different optimal light requirements. For wheat and barley the best impact on stem shortening and also on time to heading had a LED illuminator with high multi wave-blue radiation whereas on the leaves width the illuminator with lowest blue/red ratio. For oat seedlings a light source with highest light intensity and highest blue/red ratio seemed to be the most proper. Not much differences in seedlings growth and time to heading suggested that there is a chance for construction of one universal type of LED illuminator designed for greenhouse stages of cereal crops breeding. Keywords: greenhouse, light emitting diodes, cost-effectiveness, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Avena sativa DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191206.3646 Citation: Stefański P, Siedlarz P, Matysik P, Rybka K. Usefulness of LED lightings in cereal breeding on example of wheat, barley and oat seedlings. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(6): 32–37.

Treatment of wastewater containing Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R using TiO2/BC composite as heterogeneous photocatalyst and adsorbent

Heterogeneous photocatalysis namely titanium dioxide (TiO2) supported on coconut shell biochar (BC) was synthesized by sol-gel method (calcined at 450 °C) in the paper, which was innovatively applied to the decolorization of Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) results demonstrated that anatase TiO2 film was firmly immobilized on the surface and pores of BC. The photocatalysis tests under UV high pressure xenon lamp (300 W) showed highest decolorization efficiency occurred at strong acid and alkali conditions (pH = 1 and 11) reached as 99.71% and 96.99% respectively within 60 min. Therefore, the TiO2/BC composites demonstrated both photocatalytic and adsorption capacity on KN-R decolorized, and presented quite durable and reusable in regeneration cycles, indicating a widely application possibility in anthraquinones dyeing wastewater treatment.

Ultraviolet Radiation of Repetitively Pulsed High-pressure Discharges in Xenon

Pulsed quartz-jacketed high-pressure xenon lamps, operating in the periodic pulse repetition modes, despite the appearing UV radiation sources of other types, remain a critical component of the processing equipment used in photochemistry, photo-medicine, nanoelectronics, biology, etc. Their main advantages, namely high power and radiation energy are slightly devalued by a relatively low efficiency of the shortwave radiation. Available literature data concerning the influence of various factors on the energy level of short-wave radiation in xenon need to be systematised and generalised because they have been obtained under conditions of uncontrolled quartz-jacketed transmission. The transmission of quartz can degrade after a while and, in addition, undergo great changes during the pulse. Besides, as a rule, in the literature, there is no detailed description of a complete kit of experimental setting. As a result, to analyse the factors affecting the efficiency of studying in the UV range is difficult, and there arises a relevant problem to optimise this type of discharge parameters to increase the efficiency in the range of 220-400 nm. A mathematical model of the radiation source, realistically describing the processes in the xenon plasma and in the stabilising envelope, can be a reliable ground for such a study. The paper shows an impact of the discharge channel diameter and length, the filling pressure of xenon, the pulse duration, the parameters of discharge circuit, and the current of pilot arc on the radiation yield. Based on the simulation-found relationship of internal plasma parameters (temperature distributions, fields of particle concentration and radiation, dynamics of electrical resistance of discharge channel, and plasma emission spectra) with radiation characteristics of discharge, are determined conditions to ensure the greatest radiation yield in the UV region. The experimental data prove the computational results. A material obtained gives practice-critical guidelines for development and correct selection of the short-wave radiation source.

Photocatalytic degradation of gaseous toluene over bcc-In2O3 hollow microspheres

In this work, the body-centered cubic indium oxide (bcc-In2O3) hollow microspheres were prepared via a P123-assisted solvothermal process. The structural properties of samples were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–visible diffusive reflectance spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The photocatalytic effects of degrading gaseous toluene were evaluated by gas chromatography and in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra under a irradiation of a 500W high pressure xenon lamp. The results indicated that the as-prepared bcc-In2O3 hollow microspheres exhibited a high degradation efficiency towards toluene within a short reaction time. Besides, the preliminary mechanism therein was inferred with the aid of in situ FTIR and electron spin-paramagnetic resonance techniques to understand the degradation process.

Nanocomposite of graphene oxide with nitrogen-doped TiO2 exhibiting enhanced photocatalytic efficiency for hydrogen evolution

The application of hydrogen energy potentially addresses energy and environmental problems. In order to improve the photocatalytic efficiency, nanocomposite of N-doped TiO2 with graphene oxide (NTG) is prepared and characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscope (AFM), photoluminescent spectra. The application of NTG to hydrogen evolution exhibits high photocatalytic efficiency of 716.0 or 112.0 μmol h−1 g−1 under high-pressure Hg or Xenon lamp, which is about 9.2 or 13.6 times higher than P25 photocatalyst. This is mainly attributed to the N-doping of TiO2 and the incorporation of graphene oxide resulting in narrow band gap, together with the synergistic effect of fast electron-transporting of photogenerated electrons and the efficient electron-collecting of graphene oxide retarding charge recombination. These results provide a significant theoretical foundation for the potential application of N-doping photocatalysts to hydrogen evolution.

Stability of very-high pressure arc discharges against perturbations of the electron temperature

We study the stability of the energy balance of the electron gas in very high–pressure plasmas against longitudinal perturbations, using a local dispersion analysis. After deriving a dispersion equation, we apply the model to a very high–pressure (100 bar) xenon plasma and find instability for electron temperatures, Te, in a window between 2400 K and 5500-7000 K, depending on the current density (106–108 A/m2). The instability can be traced back to the Joule heating of the electron gas being a growing function of Te, which is due to a rising dependence of the electron-atom collision frequency on Te. We then analyze the Te range occurring in very high–pressure xenon lamps and conclude that only the near-anode region exhibits Te sufficiently low for this instability to occur. Indeed, previous experiments have revealed that such lamps develop, under certain conditions, voltage oscillations accompanied by electromagnetic interference, and this instability has been pinned down to the plasma-anode interaction. A relation between the mechanisms of the considered instability and multiple anodic attachments of high-pressure arcs is discussed.

Light emitting diodes: Light engines to simplify and economize advanced microscopy

THE old adage, ‘‘A picture is worth a thousand words,’’ is especially true in biological research, with microscopic images serving to mark the development of key concepts in biology since Hooke first described ‘‘cells’’ in thin slices of cork (1). More than 400 years later, microscopic imaging still serves as a primary data source for biological research, with increasingly advanced techniques that provide information on molecular scale interactions and dynamics. Such advanced molecular imaging techniques take advantage of ever more sophisticated light sources, optics, detectors, and image processing methods, many of which can be quite complex and expensive. At the same time, new technologies and production methods, many driven by the consumer market, have resulted in key components of imaging systems becoming smaller, simpler, and cheaper. The convergence of these effects is having profound effects on our options for light sources for microscopic imaging. The properties of the illumination source are critical to many advanced optical microscopy methods. Lasers play a key role in many of these owing to the monochromatic and coherent nature of their light, plus their ability to be pulsed and otherwise controlled. However, illumination with high-pressure mercury gas discharge or xenon lamps is still the standard for most imaging applications. These light sources provide bright, broad-spectrum excitation (300–900 nm) that can be easily selected by excitation filters for fluorescent imaging applications. However, there are quite a few disadvantages that limit the wide-spread of mercury or xenon lamps-based microscopy system in biological applications. First, sometimes these traditional light sources are too bright and harmful for the living organisms being studied. Excessive brightness can cause rapid photo-bleaching of the dyes used to stain the cells/ tissues. UV light especially, if not blocked, can have significant deleterious effects on live cells. Second, there are substantial costs involved in using mercury or xenon lamps because of their relatively short lifespan. The life of a mercury lamp is usually several hundred hours, and the intensity of these lamps decays progressively during this time. In addition, gas discharge lamps require some time to warm up before lamp intensity reaches steady state. Therefore, once mercury lamps are turned on, they have to be left on for hours to enable fluorescent measurements as needed without delay, thereby further shortening the lamp lifetime. Third, there are also some hazards issues of using mercury or xenon lamps. These lamps generate a significant amount of heat and therefore introduce complications when used in a confined space. When mercury lamps die, they can explode and damage the lenses or mirrors within the lamp housing. These factors combine to make gas discharge lamps inconvenient for lab-based applications and impractical for field applications, including use in portable, miniature, or low cost imaging devices. By contrast, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) show great pro

Synthesis of non-stoichiometric [formula omitted] nanotube arrays and magnetism, upconversion behavior

Non-stoichiometric Nd x Ni 1 − x O y nanotube arrays have been fabricated in an anodic alumina membrane (AAM) by filtering at subatmospheric pressure. The images of non-stoichiometric Nd x Ni 1 − x O y nanotube arrays and single nanotubes are observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectra (EDS) are employed to study the morphology and chemical composition of the nanotubes. The hysteresis loops characterized by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) show that the easily magnetized direction of non-stoichiometric Nd x Ni 1 − x O y is perpendicular to the nanotube arrays and that these exhibit magnetic anisotropy as a result of the shape’s anisotropy. The upconversion of a non-stoichiometric Nd x Ni 1 − x O y nanotube is investigated using a HITACHI (F-4500) high-pressure xenon lamp, the results indicate that the blue upconversion emission and the green upconversion emission occur respectively at 480 and 534 nm, excited by 808 nm.

Photodegradation of Novel Nitromethylene Neonicotinoids with Tetrahydropyridine-Fixed Cis Configuration in Aqueous Solution

Photodegradation of 1-((6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-7-methyl-8-nitro-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-5-ol (IPPA152001) and 1-((6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-7-methyl-8-nitro-5-propoxy-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (IPPA152004) was studied in distilled water; high-pressure mercury lamp and xenon lamp were used as light sources. The photolytic rate constants of the two compounds and their half-lives were calculated. Compared with imidacloprid, the order of photodegradation rate of three compounds was as follows: imidacloprid > IPPA152001 > or = IPPA152004. Mercury lamp light intensity was measured with chemical actinometers. The quantum yields for photodegradation of IPPA152001 and IPPA152004 in distilled water were also calculated. Photodegradation products of IPPA152004 were preliminarily identified on the basis of the spectral data of GC-MS, LC-TOF-ESI, and LC-MS-MS in positive mode. The photodegradation pathways of IPPA152004 were proposed according to the structures of photoproducts.

Breakdown characteristics of high pressure xenon lamps

An investigation of the breakdown of high intensity discharge (HID) lamps filled with xenon at pressures from 0.1 to 5 bar is presented. Three power supplies were used in order to provide voltage rates of increase covering about four orders of magnitude from 5 mV ns−1 to 100 V ns−1, the latter being typical for electronic ballasts driving commercial HID lamps. Customized lamps ensure a volume breakdown between the tungsten tip electrodes of the lamp. Voltage and current waveforms were measured by means of electrical probes and the transient optical radiation was captured by a fast camera system. The breakdown voltage increases with growing pressure and voltage rate up to several 10 kV. Additional UV illumination decreases the breakdown voltage and reduces its mean variation. The experimental results were reproduced with good agreement by a fluid model taking into account the electron energy balance. The model shows an ionization front propagating towards the cathode. The front moves due to continuous field compression and relies on electron avalanches initiated by secondary electrons at the cathode.

Kinetics of Acetamiprid Photolysis in Solution

Photolysis of acetamiprid was investigated in detail under different reaction conditions. The photolysis of acetamiprid in solution followed pseudo-first-order kinetics under the experimental conditions. Acetamiprid kept stable under irradiation of high-pressure xenon lamp but degraded relatively fast when exposure to medium-pressure mercury lamp irradiation. The experimental results indicated that the degradation rate of acetamiprid in acetone was the largest among the used media and acetamiprid was more stable in basic media. The addition of oxygen, increase of light intensity and temperature will enhance the photolysis.

Quasi-monochromatic radiation source with the wavelength tunable in the entire visible range

A quasi-monochromatic radiation source whose wavelength is continuously tuned in the visible spectral range is presented. The source is based on a short-arc high-pressure xenon lamp and an acousto-optic filter. The tuning range is 420–670 nm, the characteristic time of the wavelength tuning is 18 μs, and the radiation spectral width is 10 nm.

Molecular structure, spectroscopy and matrix photochemistry of fluorocarbonyl iodide, FC(O)I.

The molecular structure of FC(O)I has been determined by gas electron diffraction. High-level ab initio methods, including coupled-cluster and the new correlation-consistent basis sets for fourth row elements, have been used to calculate the structure of FC(O)I. A comprehensive vibrational spectroscopic study (both IR and Raman) complemented by high-level calculations has also been performed. Furthermore, UV, mass, and NMR spectra have been recorded for FC(O)I. The matrix photochemistry of FC(O)I has been studied with a low-pressure mercury lamp and with a high-pressure xenon lamp in combination with interference and cut-off filters. UV photolysis revealed the formation of the OC. IF and OC.FI complexes and further photolysis of these complexes at lambda>320 nm resulted in a re-formation of FC(O)I. The structural conformation of the complexes has been characterized by comparing shifts in their CO and IF vibrational modes with respect to those of the free species. The structures, vibrational properties, and stability of the complexes were analyzed with the aid of coupled-cluster ab initio calculations.

Vertically sounding ozone lidar system based on a KrF excimer laser

A differential absorption (DIAL) lidar system based on a Raman shifted KrF excimer laser was constructed and employed for vertically sounding measurements of tropospheric ozone. This system is described, including a presentation of measurements of Raman shifting efficiencies in hydrogen and deuterium. The performance of the new system was evaluated in measurement campaigns involving two further optical remote-sensing systems: A Nd:YAG/dye laser based lidar and a long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system, utilising a high-pressure xenon lamp.