High Pressure Micro Research Articles

Molecular mechanisms affecting the stability of high internal phase emulsions of zein-soy isoflavone complexes fabricated with ultrasound-assisted dynamic high-pressure microfluidization

In this study, zein-soy isoflavone complex (ZSI) emulsifiers were fabricated using ultrasound-assisted dynamic high-pressure micro fluidization to stabilise highinternal phase pickering emulsions. Ultrasound-assisted dynamic high-pressure micro-fluidization enhanced surface hydrophobicity, zeta potential, and soy isoflavone binding capacity, while it decreased particle size, especially during ultrasound and subsequent microfluidization. The treated ZSI could produce small droplet clusters and gel-like structures, with excellent viscoelasticity, thixotropy and creaming stability owing to their neutral contact angles. Ultrasound and subsequent micro fluidization treatment of the ZSI complexes were highly effective in preventing droplet flocculation and coalescence after long-term storage or centrifugation due to their higher surface load, thicker multi-layer interfacial structure, and stronger electronic repulsion between the oil droplets. This study provides insights and extends our current knowledge of how non-thermal technology affects the interfacial distribution of plant based particles and the physical stability of emulsions.

Study on the effect of CH4 dissolution on the microstructure of wax crystal in waxy crude oil

In this work, the influence of the dissolution of methane (CH4) gas on the wax crystal of waxy crude oil and the effect on the rheology of crude oil by dissolved CH4 were studied comprehensively. A self-deign high-pressure micro visualization device was developed to analyze wax crystals before and after gas dissolution. The crude oil from Shengli and Nanyang was tested by the device under various gas pressures. Results showed that the viscosity, maximum shear stress and equilibrium shear stress of Shengli crude oil decreased with the increasing pressure of the dissolved CH4. Due to the supersaturation of dissolved gas, the viscosity, maximum shear stress and equilibrium shear stress of Nanyang crude oil decreased initially and increased with the increasing pressure of dissolved CH4. The change in rheology of the dissolved gas crude oil can be a combined influence of gas pressure and dissolution mechanisms caused by CH4. Additionally, the wax precipitation point of Shengli crude oil decreased at the saturated dissolution of CH4, while Nanyang crude oil showed an increasing wax precipitation temperature. Notably, the wax precipitation area, number of wax particles, and average diameter of wax crystal in both crude oils gradually decreased with dissolution. However, a saturation of CH4 caused a small amount of precipitation of wax crystals in Nanyang crude oil, and the small wax crystals were aggregated to form the large wax crystals. The dissolution of CH4 gas can affect the wax crystallization process, crystallization ability, and morphology of wax crystals that resulted in significant variation in the rheology of crude oil.

Thermodynamic characterization of mixed gas hydrates in the presence of cyclopentane as guest molecule for an application in secondary refrigeration

Gas hydrates have drawn the attention of many scientists because of their potential role in energy applications. By using some thermodynamic promoters, it is possible to form hydrates at reduced pressure and near ambient temperature, which are suitable formation conditions for most industries. In this study, a high pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure the dissociation conditions of mixed cyclopentane (c-C5H10) + CO2 hydrates in the system composed of liquid water + liquid hydrocarbon + hydrate + vapour, in a pressure range of 0 to 4.3 MPa in a temperature range of 280 to 292 K. The analysis of the heat flow curve allowed the direct determination of the dissociation enthalpy of c-C5H10 + CO2 hydrates (e.g., ΔH=462.5±1.5 kJ. kg−1water at equilibrium pressure 0.25 MPa) and the average mass heat capacity of c-C5H10 + CO2 hydrates in a temperature range of 277.9-281.2 K (CpH = 1479.09 ± 137.43 J. K−1. kg−1hydrate at 0.25 MPa).

Sub-surface Damage of Ultra-Thin Monocrystalline Silicon Wafer Induced by Dry Polishing

Ultra-thin wafer fabrication has become a hot spot in recent years with the growing demand for small size and high performance electronic devices. However, far less research focused on the damage behavior in ultra-thin wafer. In this work, 300 mm diameter silicon wafer was thinned to 6 µm thick by grinding plus ultra-precision dry polishing. The damage behavior before and after the dry polishing was discussed. Mechanical and surface analysis showed that the dry polishing process can help improve the strength and surface uniformity of ultra-thin wafer by removing high pressure phase and micro cracks. Series of nano beam diffraction patterns revealed the stress induced by the thinning process only existed in surface. High resolution transmission electron microscopy images analyzed by geometric phase approach indicated that surface dislocations can move across the wafer and reached bottom device layers during the dry polishing, increasing the risk of electrical deterioration. The findings are of great significance to the study on process optimization of ultra-thin wafer and provide insights into the reliability of advanced electronic packaging.

Pyrolysis of C8-C16 hydrocarbons with different molecular structures using high-pressure micro-reactor with GC-MS/FID

Understanding the relationship of hydrocarbon chemical structure and pyrolysis is of great significance for both composition designing/screening and optimization of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels (EHFs). In this work, the pyrolysis of C8 to C16 hydrocarbons (9 normal alkanes, 14 iso-alkanes and 8 cycloalkanes) were studied on a high-pressure micro pyrolysis reactor equipped with GC-MS/FID at 600−700 °C and 3.0 MPa. The pyrolysis of iso-alkanes produces more C3 or C4 alkenes and less C2H4 than normal alkanes due to the presence of substituent and less CH2 groups. Based on the conversion and products distributions, the heat sink index (HSI) of hydrocarbons was defined to characterize their physical and endothermic heat sink. For alkanes with same carbon number, the HSI of iso-alkanes with monosubstituent in the central carbon chain is the highest, following by normal alkanes, dimethylalkanes, indicating the significant impacts of the position and number of substituents. While for cycloalkanes, n-alkylcyclohexanes had relatively higher HSIs. Generally, the new insights into hydrocarbon molecular structure-products distributions/heat sink relationships are important for the EHFs design and production for advanced aircrafts.

Effects of metal promoters on one-step Pt/SAPO-11 catalytic hydrotreatment of castor oil to C8-C16 alkanes

a series of Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts were synthesized by using incipient wetness impregnation method with SAPO-11 molecular sieve as the carrier and the active mental component Pt. The properties of the catalysts were changed by adding different metals: La, Ce, Sn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. Using castor oil as the model molecular probe, a one-step continuous catalyzed hydrogenation preparation of bio-aviation kerosene was carried out in a high pressure micro fixed-bed reactor. The effects of bimetallic multifunctional catalysts with an auxiliary metal agent on hydrodeoxygenation performance, the selectivity of C8-C16 alkanes, the selectivity of C8-C16iso-alkanes and the selectivity of C8-C16 arene were evaluated systematically. Three catalysts with good comprehensive performances, namely, Pt-La/SAPO-11, Pt-Ce/SAPO-11, Pt-Co/SAPO-11, were selected for characterization with XRF, XRD, BET, TEM, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD and Py-IR. The relationship between macroscopic catalytic properties and micro structure of the selected catalysts was discussed. It was found that the addition of La, Ce and Co reduced the specific surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter of SAPO-11 molecular sieve carrier, but increased the acid sites and total acid sites of the carrier, decreased the crystalline size of the active component Pt and promoted the interaction between Pt and the carrier. The Pt-La/SAPO-11 catalyst was the best catalyst because of its high selectivity of C8-C16 alkanes and C8-C16iso-alkanes.

Hybrid Effect Study of Pad-Conditioning/Slurry-Supply by High-Pressure-Micro-Jet (HPMJ) Method during CMP Process

Surface clogging of polishing pad is inevitable during CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) process of semiconductor wafers. In this paper, a novel slurry-feeding system utilizing HPMJ (High Pressure Micro Jet) apparatus was presented as in situ conditioning for CMP process. Clogging of pad surface can be greatly removed; the surface damage of polishing pad can also be extremely reduced by this new method. The experimental results exhibited that the material remove rate (MRR) of HPMJ method was almost constant value 100 μm h−1. However, the MRR value of conventional slurry-dripping method was about 50 μm h−1. On the other hand, surface roughness Ra changed both in hybrid HPMJ method and conventional slurry-dripping method after long-time continuous CMP process, the average Ra of hybrid HPMJ method was about 30% smaller than that of conventional slurry-dripping method, indicating that better surface quality could be obtained by HPMJ method polishing. It was demonstrated that HPMJ method showed higher MRR and lower surface roughness Ra for polishing process. HPMJ hybrid system mentioned in this study can also be applied to the polishing process of hard-to-process wide bandgap semiconductor substrate materials, such as SiC or GaN.

Experimental Investigation of Methane Hydrate Induction Time in the Presence of Cassava Peel as a Hydrate Inhibitor

The oil and gas industry faces numerous problems, from the exploration to the production phase. One of the most common problems faced by the industry is the formation of gas hydrates in the pipeline during the deep-water operation. The advancement of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) has been rapid. However, as the natural degradation of conventional KHIs, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinylcaprolactam (PVCap), is challenging, there is a need to develop environmental-friendly KHIs with enhanced biodegradability to improve possible environmental risks. Thus, green inhibitors have been developed as a new class of KHIs. Research for enhancement of green hydrate inhibitors, as an alternative for existing low dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs), has increased. In this paper, the effect of induction time with presence of cassava peels on the formation of methane hydrate was studied and compared with commercialized inhibitor, PVP. The performance of cassava peels as a kinetic hydrate inhibitor was investigated using high pressure micro differential scanning calorimetry (µ-DSC). For the induction time measurement, linear cooling ramps at a constant cooling rate of 0.5 K/min were used under isobaric conditions. Aqueous solutions of 0.5 wt % and 1.0 wt % of cassava peels were prepared and the induction time of methane hydrate formation in these solutions was measured at pressure ranges from 4.0 to 10.0 MPa. One of the characteristics to be a good kinetic inhibitor is the presence of hydroxyl functional group in inhibitors, which assist to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, thus preventing hydrates formation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirms the presence of hydroxyl groups in cassava peels with wavenumber value of 3370.68 cm−1. Cassava peel solution is observed to delay the induction times at all pressure settings and it is better at 1.0 wt % concentration. However, at lower pressures of 4 and 6 MPa, the performance is less effective when compared to a commercial inhibitor, PVP. At high pressures of 8 and 10 MPa, it can be seen that the performance is as effective as PVP. This research paper shows that cassava peels have high potential to be developed as a gas hydrate green kinetic inhibitor that can be applied for industry usage in the future.

Response of High-Pressure Micro Water Jets to Static and Dynamic Nonuniform Electric Fields

The manipulation of the trajectory of high-pressure micro water jets has the potential to greatly improve the accuracy of water jet related manufacturing processes. An experimental study was conducted to understand the basic static and dynamic responses of high-pressure micro water jet systems in the presence of nonuniform electric fields. A single electrode was employed to create a nonuniform electric field to deflect a high-pressure micro water jet toward the electrode by the dielectrophoretic force generated. The water jet's motions were precisely recorded by a high-speed camera with a 20× magnification and the videos postprocessed by a LabVIEW image processing program to acquire the deflections. The experiments revealed the fundamental relationships between three experimental parameters, i.e., voltage, pressure, and the distance between the water jet and the electrode and the deflection of the water jet in both nonuniform static and dynamic electric fields. In the latter case, electric signals at different frequencies were employed to experimentally investigate the jet's dynamic response, such as response time, frequency, and the stability of the water jet's motion. A first-order system model was proposed to approximate the jet's response to dynamic input signals. The work can serve as the basis for the development of closed-loop control systems for manipulating the trajectory of high-pressure micro water jets.

Novel isochoric measurement of the onset of vapor–liquid phase transition using differential scanning calorimetry

A novel method for measuring the onset of vapor-liquid phase transition applying an isochoric procedure in a high-pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter is introduced for the first time. Isochoric dew-point measurement is used to measure vapor pressures of CO2 at different boiling temperatures and dew points of a methane/ethane gas mixture at different pressures or temperatures. The isochoric two-phase bubble-point measurement, similar to the isobaric method, is also demonstrated to measure vapor pressures of methanol at different boiling temperatures. All results are in agreement with the literature data. The isochoric method is found to be superior to the widely used isobaric method. It can be used to measure the onset of vapor-liquid phase transition for a wide range of substances and mixtures, including the ones for which the isobaric method is inapplicable, and it eliminates difficulties usually encountered in the isobaric method. The proposed method along with the findings of this study can pave the way for experimental measurements of phase equilibria in more complex systems.

Mean induction time and isothermal kinetic analysis of methane hydrate formation in water and imidazolium based ionic liquid solutions

Abstract In this work, the performance of nine ionic liquids (ILs) as kinetic inhibitors for methane gas hydrates is investigated employing a high pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter (HPµDSC). Aqueous IL solutions of 0.01 mass fraction, as well as poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), are prepared and the induction time of methane hydrate formation in these solutions is measured at 7.1 MPa and 258.15 K. It is found that [BMIM][CF3SO3], [BMIM][CH3SO4], and [OH-EMIM][Br] can delay hydrate formation at this concentration. Their relative inhibition power (RIP) are higher than PVP. The other ILs exhibit shorter induction time when compare with the blank sample, which shows their promotional effect rather than inhibition effect. It is found that there is a strong correlation between molar mass of [BMIM]+ based ILs and induction time. An attempt to model the kinetic of methane hydrate formation in the presence of low dosage ILs has been carried out using Avrami model by utilizing isothermal hydrate crystallization data. The kinetic analysis shows the needle like the shape of the nuclei and the one dimensional crystal growth during the methane hydrate formation. The Avrami analysis also indicates that most of the crystallization process of methane hydrate is governed by the enclathration reaction and slightly leads by the diffusion-controlled mechanism.

Non-Klinkenberg slippage phenomenon at high pressure for tight core floods using a novel high pressure gas permeability measurement system

Klinkenberg slippage theory has been widely used to predict the percolation rules at high pore pressure for conventional core floods. However, recent studies have shown deviations to applications of Kinkenberg slippage theory at low back pressure for tight cores. A novel phenomenon of deviation to apparent gas permeability by Klinkenberg slippage theory as pressure differential increase for tight core is reported. To overcome problems of measuring apparent gas permeability for tight core accurately, a system of three novel equipment is invented composed of a high pressure micro flow meter, a high pressure micro flow experimental pressure control system, and a high pressure dynamic micro differential pressure gauge. Nitrogen permeability as a function of pressure gradient in tight core at high pressure differed than that at atmospheric pressure where nitrogen permeability varied inversely with pressure gradient according to Klinkenberg slippage theory. A novel phenomenon observed in this study was that as pore pressure increased passed an inflection pressure point, nitrogen permeability became directly related to pressure gradient contrary to the trend predicted by Klinkenberg slippage theory. As pore pressure became greater, the magnitude of nitrogen permeability enhancement is enhanced.

Experimental Study on the Effect of High Pressure Micro-jet Parameters on Homogeneity Performance

High-pressure micro-jet homogenization technology is one of the commonly used methods in the preparation of liquid chemicals. The study on the influence of the parameters of high pressure micro jet on the homogeneity of the agential is helpful to improve the efficacy and safety of the agential. In this paper, using high pressure homogenizer as experimental platform, the oil-water emulsion as homogeneous material, the variation law of homogeneous particle size under the conditions of homogeneous pressure, initial temperature and oil / water ratio was studied. The experimental results show that the particle size of oil droplets decreases with the increase of homogenization pressure; the particle size of oil droplets increases with the increase of initial temperature; and the particle size of oil droplets decreases with the decrease of oil/water ratio. The experimental basis is provided to improve the homogeneity of high pressure micro jet homogenizer.

Interaction between Ni promoter and Al2O3 support and its effect on the performance of NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in hydrodesulphurization

A series of NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with different NiO loadings were prepared and characterized by XRD, BET, 27Al-MAS NMR, Py-IR and HRTEM. The activity of these NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts in the hydrodesulphurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) was evaluated in a high pressure micro reactor; the interaction between Ni promoter and γ-Al2O3 support as well as its effect on the nanostructure of active MoS2 phase and HDS performance was then investigated. The results indicate that Ni promoter prefers to interact with the tetra-coordinated unsaturated aluminum sites on the support surface. With the increase of NiO loading, the average number of stacking layers for the MoS2 clusters in the sulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts is increased at the expense of the average length. As the slim MoS2 clusters are more active for the HDS of DBT, the addition of Ni promoter is then effective to enhance the catalytic activity of NiMo/γ-Al2O3 in HDS, but may lead to a slight decrease in the hydrogenation selectivity.

Recalcitrance of gas hydrate crystals formed in the presence of kinetic hydrate inhibitors

Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) are used to manage the risk of gas hydrate plug formation in oil and gas transmission pipelines and facilities. However, under severe conditions, hydrates can be formed in the presence of these additives. It is important to understand how these inhibitors would affect gas hydrate remediation. Here, the impact of different concentrations of polyvinylcaprolactam (PVCap), Luvicap® Bio and type III antifreeze proteins (AFP III) on the dissociation of propane hydrate formed in the presence of these additives has been evaluated using a high pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter. Remarkably, hydrates formed in the presence of these inhibitors were dissociated at different temperatures than those expected from hydrate equilibrium calculations as well as at higher temperatures. However, gas hydrates formed in KHI-free solution melted at the equilibrium temperature and multiple-melting points were not observed. Interestingly, an increase in inhibitor concentration decreased the amount of gas hydrate that dissociated at the equilibrium temperature. Consequently, larger amounts of hydrate were dissociated at higher temperatures. These results indicate that since remediation of hydrates in the presence of KHIs requires higher melting temperatures, more energy is required to remove hydrates under these conditions. Such an effect should be considered in the design of processes for flow assurance.

The Effect of CO2 on Wax Appearance Temperature of Crude Oils

Wax deposition makes up one of the main problems in the petroleum industry. Different types of techniques and treatments have been used to inhibit wax deposition. In this work, crude oils from Malaysian oil fields and Sudanese oil field are studied to determine their wax formation tendency for flow assurance purposes. In addition, effect of CO2 injection on the wax appearance temperature (WAT) for these crude oils is studied. In this paper, the high pressure micro differential scanning calorimetry (HPμDSC) has been employed in order to assess the WAT of the crude oils. Results showed that all these crude oils have a WAT ranging from 26.46 to 53.67°C. This suggests a likelihood of wax production in the reservoir and transportation pipelines. Experimental results showed that the injection of CO2 reduced the WAT of the crude oils to about 8.53°C below its original value.

Testing antifreeze protein from the longhorn beetle Rhagium mordax as a kinetic gas hydrate inhibitor using a high-pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter

Low dosage kinetic hydrate inhibitors are employed as alternatives to expensive thermodynamic inhibitors to manage the risk of hydrate formation inside oil and gas pipelines. These chemicals need to be tested at appropriate conditions in the laboratory before deployment in the field. A high pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter HP-μDSC VII (Setaram Inc.) containing two 50 cc high pressure cells (maximum operating pressure 40 MPa; temperature range –40 to 120 °C) was employed to observe methane hydrate formation and decomposition in the presence of hyperactive antifreeze protein from Rhagium mordax (RmAFP) and biodegradable synthetic kinetic inhibitor Luvicap Bio. A systematic capillary dispersion method was used, and this method enhanced the ability to detect the effect of various inhibitors on hydrate formation with small quantities. The presence of RmAFP and Luvicap Bio influence (inhibit) the hydrate formation phenomena significantly. Luvicap Bio (relative strength compared to buffer: 13.3 °C) is stronger than RmAFP (9.8 °C) as a nucleation inhibitor. However, the presence RmAFP not only delays hydrate nucleation but also reduces the amount of hydrate formed (20%–30%) after nucleation significantly. Unlike RmAFP, Luvicap Bio promoted the amount of hydrate formed after nucleation. The superior hydrate growth inhibition capability and predictable hydrate melting behavior compared to complex, heterogeneous hydrate melting with Luvicap Bio shows that RmAFP can be a potential natural green kinetic inhibitor for hydrate formation in pipelines.

인코넬 617을 이용한 고온고압용 미세채널 열교환기의 확산접합 공정에 관한 연구

Abstract Recently, the heat exchangers are requiring higher performance and reliability since they are being used under theoperating condition of high temperature and pressure. To satisfy these requirements, we need special materials and bondingtechnology. This study presents a manufacturing technology for high temperature and high pressure micro channel heat exchanger using Inconel 617. The bonding performance for diffusion bonded heat exchanger was examined and analyzed. The analysis were conducted by measuring thermal and mechanical properties such as thermal diffusivity and tensile strength,and parametric studies about bonding temperature and pressing force were also carried out. The results provided insight for bonding evaluation and the bonding condition of 1200 ℃ , and 50 tons was found to be suitable for this heat exchanger.From the results, we were able to establish the base technology for the manufacturing of Inconel 617 heat exchanger throughthe application of the diffusion bonding.

Development of TSV Reveal Process Using Very Fine Si/Cu Grinding and Metal Contamination Removal

Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) using through silicon via (TSV) have been developed as an emerging technology that can lead to significant progress (1–4). Among various TSV processes, the via-middle process has potential for wide spread use because formation of small-sized TSVs is relatively easy in the via-middle process. However, TSV reveal process must be performed for electrical contact in the via-middle process. This TSV reveal process is important because it can influence the metal contamination and stacking yield of 3D-ICs. Conventionally, TSV reveal is performed by Si grinding and Si dry etching (5). A disadvantage of that method is the resultant TSV depth deviation, which can cause bonding failure during wafer/chip stacking. In (6), TSV leveling was performed by introducing a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) step after deposition of the backside insulator. However, the revealed TSVs break during CMP step if they exceed a certain height. To overcome these problems, we developed a novel TSV reveal process comprising direct Si/Cu grinding and metal contamination removal (7,8). First, simultaneous grinding of Cu and Si was performed using a novel vitrified grinding wheel. In situ cleaning with a high-pressure micro jet and the inelastic porous structure of the grinding wheel suppressed the adhesion of Cu contaminants to the Si, and TSVs were leveled and exposed. Next, an electroless Ni-B film was deposited on the Cu surface of the TSVs. The Si was etched with an alkaline solution, whereas the Cu was protected by the Ni-B film. An insulator was deposited, and then the insulator on the top surface of the TSV was removed. We achieved the backside reveal of TSVs without TSV depth deviation and suppressed Cu contamination to less than 1e11 atoms/cm2. However, after direct Si/Cu grinding with an 8000 grit grinding wheel, the average surface roughness of Si was 5–10 nm, which is larger than that after chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). In this paper, we developed vitrified grinding wheels with very high grit numbers (#30,000 and #45,000) and present an improved version of our TSV reveal process. The average surface roughness of Si after Si/Cu grinding was approximately 3 nm for the 30,000 grit grinding wheel and 1 nm for the 45,000 grit grinding wheel. This value is equivalent to that after CMP. The improved process produced a uniform reveal of 4-um-diameter TSVs without TSV depth deviation and Cu contamination. The Cu contaminant concentration on Si region between TSVs was small (<3e10 atoms/cm2). This process will reduce the cost of the TSV reveal process and considerably improve the TSV yield.

Experimental investigation on the dissociation conditions of methane hydrate in the presence of imidazolium-based ionic liquids

In this work, the performance of nine ionic liquids (ILs) as thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors is investigated. The dissociation temperature is determined for methane gas hydrates using a high pressure micro deferential scanning calorimeter between (3.6 and 11.2)MPa. All the aqueous IL solutions are studied at a mass fraction of 0.10. The performance of the two best ILs is further investigated at various concentrations. Electrical conductivity and pH of these aqueous IL solutions (0.10 mass fraction) are also measured. The enthalpy of gas hydrate dissociation is calculated by the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. It is found that the ILs shift the methane hydrate (liquid+vapour) equilibrium curve (HLVE) to lower temperature and higher pressure. Our results indicate 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) 3-methylimidazolium chloride is the best among the ILs studied as a thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor. A statistical analysis reveals there is a moderate correlation between electrical conductivity and the efficiency of the IL as a gas hydrate inhibitor. The average enthalpies of methane hydrate dissociation in the presence of these ILs are found to be in the range of (57.0 to 59.1)kJ⋅mol−1. There is no significant difference between the dissociation enthalpy of methane hydrate either in the presence or in absence of ILs.