High-power Engine Research Articles

The experimental investigation of performance behaviors of a beta-type Stirling engine with bell-crank motion mechanism

The current study aims to develop a novel power generation system that is capable of working with a Stirling engine. Within this context, a β-type Stirling engine design has been created with a bell-crank motion mechanism and a 365 cm3 swept volume. The engine has been manufactured, and then a detailed assessment has been conducted to determine the impact of the motion mechanism on engine performance characteristics. The designed and manufactured engine has been tested using a range of working fluids, such as air, argon, carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen gases. The performance tests of this engine have been carried out at 1000 K (±10) heater and 300 K (±5) coolant temperatures. Based on the outcomes of the experimental studies, the highest engine power and torque values have been obtained at a charge pressure of 4 bar using helium gas, with 143.5 W at 267 rpm and 7.75 Nm at 100 rpm, respectively. Moreover, the maximum engine power values obtained from other tests with nitrogen, air, carbon dioxide and argon gases have been compared with helium gas. Helium gas has been found to outperform nitrogen, air, carbon dioxide, and argon gases in tests by 67.3%, 73.9%, 197.1%, and 200.2%, respectively. Finally, the highest thermal efficiency value has been obtained with helium gas as 48.7% at a charge pressure of 4 bar.

Finite element analysis of thermal barrier properties under relevance vector machine in coated pistons and blades

Internal Combustion (IC) engines require Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) to preserve their effectiveness and performance. By coating engine parts with TBCs, thermal fatigue and environmental heat loss may be minimised. To reduce heat loss in IC engines during the combustion stage, piston thermal barrier coating is extremely beneficial. Additionally, it is well known that power plants with higher energy efficiency tend to operate their gas turbines at higher operating temperatures. To produce TBCs for the thermal design of gas turbines and diesel engines with higher performance, an in-depth study on the thermophysical properties of TBCs is required. This article presents an experimental investigation into the combined effect of gas turbine blades and diesel engine pistons coated with a heat barrier, utilising two distinct Thermal Barrier Coatings. Initially, numerical calculations are used to assess the wall heat transfer model’s ability to control temperature and density. The piston and blade top surfaces received plasma-sprayed, Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) with different material combinations on the piston and blades are evaluated. The Finite Element Method is developed for the coating of the ideal thickness to analyse the failure mechanism of the TBC sample. To evaluate the fatigue residual lifespan of TBC pistons, as well as blades in high-power engines, the authors also created a relevant vector Machine-based lifetime prediction model. The CO, HC and NOx emissions, as well as the fuel depletion and braking thermal efficiency, are used to calculate the performance analysis of the coated piston and blades. The results demonstrated improved thermal process endurance and decreased thermal conductivity by 28% when compared to YSZ using the RVM method respectively.

Effect of Initial Intergranular Ferrite Size on Induction Hardening Microstructure of Microalloyed Steel 38MnVS6

In this study, we investigated the effect of grain size of an initial microstructure (pearlite + ferrite) on a resulting microstructure of induction-hardened microalloyed steel 38MnVS6, which is one topical medium carbon vanadium microalloyed non-quenched and tempered steel used in manufacturing crankshafts for high-power engines. The results show that a coarse initial microstructure could contribute to the incomplete transformation of pearlite + ferrite into austenite in reaustenitization transformation by rapid heating, and the undissolved ferrite remains and locates between the neighboring prior austenite grains after the induction-hardening process. As the coarseness level of the initial microstructure increases from 102 μm to 156 μm, the morphology of undissolved ferrite varies as granule, film, semi-network, and network, in sequence. The undissolved ferrite structures have a thickness of 250–500 nm and appear dark under an optical metallographic view field. To achieve better engineering applications, it is not recommended to eliminate the undissolved ferrite by increasing much heating time for samples with coarser initial microstructures. It is better to achieve a fine original microstructure before the induction-hardening process. For example, microalloying addition of vanadium and titanium plays a role of metallurgical grain refinement via intragranular ferrite nucleation on more sites, and the heating temperature and time of the forging process should be strictly controlled to ensure the existence of fine prior austenite grains before subsequent isothermal phase transformation to pearlite + ferrite.

Bifurcation Analysis and Chaos Control of Carrier Phase-Shifted Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter

Cascaded H-bridge inverters, which belong to strongly nonlinear time-varying system with complex dynamics, have been widely used in high-voltage and high-power engineering fields. In this paper, a carrier phase-shifted sinusoidal pulse-width modulation cascaded H-bridge inverter is taken as an example with piecewise analysis to establish the discrete iterative mathematical model. Furthermore, the nonlinear dynamic behavior of this inverter system is investigated using folding diagrams, spectrum diagrams, bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, etc. We find that this inverter can exhibit multiperiod bifurcation, tangential bifurcation and paroxysmal chaos within certain ranges of control coefficients and other circuit parameters, which will influence the system’s stability seriously. On the basis of this discovery, the sinusoidal time-delay feedback control method is proposed. The difference between the load current of the controlled object and its own delay is used to form a feedback term, which is then fed into the sine function and proportional link to obtain the control term. Moreover, the Jacobian matrix of this feedback inverter system is derived, and the constraints on the feedback control coefficient are obtained based on the Jury criterion. Simulation results have verified the effectiveness of such a sinusoidal time-delay feedback control method, which can improve the stability and anti-interference of the system. The research can be used to provide some reference and guidance for the circuit design, debugging and control of cascaded H-bridge inverters.

Thermodynamic performance analysis of direct methanol solid oxide fuel cell hybrid power system for ship application

Methanol is a fuel that can be directly supplied to solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) without carbon deposition. This paper introduces the direct methanol SOFC-Internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid power and SOFC-Gas turbine (GT) hybrid power systems. Thermodynamic performance analysis of the hybrid power systems and an investigation into the impact of various parameters were conducted. The results indicate that the electric efficiency of the SOFC-ICE system is 56.07 %, which is 3 percentage points higher than the SOFC-GT system but 3–4 percentage points lower than the SOFC-ICE system with pre-reforming. Increasing fuel utilization rate, operation temperature, and excess air ratio is beneficial to the performance of the SOFC, and raising current density helps improve the system's power density. Load-sharing strategy research demonstrates that in a scenario where the power ratio between SOFC and the ICE is 35:65, compared to a methanol engine, the efficiency of the SOFC-ICE hybrid power system increases by 4.3 %. Despite a 1.4-fold increase in weight and a 1.66-fold increase in cost, the fuel consumption rate and carbon emissions decrease by 8.8 %. Therefore, the strategy of combining a high-power engine with a low-power SOFC is currently a suitable load-sharing strategy for ship applications.

Research on lightweight design method of diesel engine steel piston based on heat transfer characteristics

Steel pistons are gradually replacing traditional aluminum–silicon alloy pistons as the preferred choice for high-power density engines. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the heat transfer characteristics of steel pistons in the field of small bore diesel engines. For this reason, this paper was based on the storage temperature testing system to study the variation of temperature field and thermal stress in steel pistons of the small-bore diesel engine under the maximum torque conditions. The results show that there are significant temperature variations in the circumferential path of the steel piston head, indicating that the temperature distribution of the steel piston is highly uneven. The highest temperatures and maximum thermal stresses were found in the rim. To further achieve the lightweighting of the steel piston, a lightweight design method based on heat transfer characteristics was proposed. A multi-objective optimization algorithm was used to optimize the top land height and the position and shape of the cooling gallery. The structural design solutions with volume and thermal stress control were finally obtained. The optimized design solution can reduce the mass by a maximum of 10.01 %, the maximum temperature by a maximum of 35.04 °C and the maximum thermal stress by a maximum of 18.38 % compared to the original design.

Study on the Optimization of Investment Casting Process of Exhaust Elbow for High-Power Engine

The high-power engine exhaust elbow has a complex construction, which makes it susceptible to casting flaws that could negatively impact its functionality. Therefore, the investment casting scheme was established and optimized in this study in order to cast structurally complete exhaust elbows for high-horsepower engines. ProCAST software was used to simulate and optimize the casting and solidification processes. The optimal process parameters were determined as follows: pouring temperature of 1650 °C, pouring speed of 1.5 kg/s, and shell preheating temperature of 1050 °C. The optimization of the primary parameters of the casting process, along with the results of dimensional accuracy analysis, shape and positional deviation, and defect detection, were validated through testing. The results indicated that the optimized castings had no casting defects and complied with the design specifications.

Influence of distribution and size of graphite particle on the machinability of nodular cast iron

Nodular cast iron (NCI), also known as particulate metal matrix composites (PMMCs), is extensively utilized in the manufacturing of pistons for high-power engines. However, poor machinability is a significant problem due to the inherent microstructural inhomogeneity of the NCI. Therefore, this study aims to investigate influence of graphite particle distribution and size on the machinability of NCI. Microstructure of NCI is experimentally examined and quantitatively analyzed, and NCI is treated as a three-phase composite (i.e., matrix-interface-graphite particles). Graphite particles are considered as a plastic material, and debonding of interfaces is taken into account. Based on average particle size and volume fraction of graphite nodules, four microstructural models with different particle sizes and distributions are discussed, and turning experiments are conducted to validate simulation results. The findings reveal that graphite particles of different sizes and distributions affect stress–strain distribution in the cutting region of the material. As the distance between the graphite particles and the cutting tool increases, their influence on the stress–strain distribution becomes less significant. Furthermore, random distribution of graphite particles is more likely to result in complex crack initiation and expansion, leading to more pronounced serrated chips. The distribution of graphite particles has a more significant impact on the stability of cutting forces compared to the particle size. Both experiments and simulation results show that cavities and burrs are appeared along the cutting path because of graphite nodules, which reduces the surface quality and affects the subsequent use of the parts. On the one hand, the present work provides guidance for the finite element modelling of NCI, which is helpful to improve the precision of cutting simulation. On the other hand, by integrating advanced manufacturing technology to regulate the microstructure and cutting parameter of NCI, the present study can provide data basis and numerical analysis support for improving the machinability of NCI.

Влияние радиального зазора на тяговые характеристики винто кольцевого движителя квадрокоптера на различных режимах полета

Propeller ring propulsors are widely used on vehicles with high engine power per unit of propeller swept area (such as hovercraft and aircraft with vertical takeoff and landing capabilities). Numerical modeling allows for the selection of aerodynamic configurations of new aircraft and their engines, as well as the determination of the optimal operating modes. The characteristics of the propeller ring propulsor in various flight modes, with different blade pitch angles, are calculated based on results of CFD experiment. The influence of the radial gap above the blade tip on the thrust and the available power of the propellerring propulsor is investigated.

WOMEN AND WORK AT MID LIFE AND BEYOND: STUMBLING, STRIVING, NAVIGATING TRANSITIONS

Abstract Women at midlife and beyond are making significant and increasing contributions to The Global Longevity Economy, driving increases in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), job creation, and income generation. Indeed, advances in women’s life expectancies, statuses, and roles establish women aged 50-plus as a high-powered engine driving economic opportunity. As much as we can and must celebrate the economic contributions of older women, we cannot do so without acknowledging the forces holding them back from contributing even more. Despite the progress women at midlife and beyond have made in the United States relative to many of those who came before them, they still are challenged to reach their ultimate economic potential. This session will explore some of the factors that propel and inhibit women aged 50-plus from reaching their full economic potential, each of which is related in some capacity to paid work. The first presentation in this symposium spotlights a mixed methods study into the economic lives of working women at midlife and beyond across the United States who face one or more barriers, in addition to gender, to building their economic security. The second presentation will focus on financial challenges and experiences of women entrepreneurs aged 40-plus during the Covid-19 pandemic. The final presentation will explore financial and professional impacts of menopause transitions for women. Taken together, implications across all studies point to broad areas of intervention, innovation, and additional areas for scholarship – all as they relate to financial wellbeing and work for women at midlife and beyond.

Crankshaft High-Cycle Bending Fatigue Experiment Design Method Based on Unscented Kalman Filtering and the Theory of Crack Propagation.

The high-cycle bending fatigue experiment is one of the most important necessary steps in guiding the crankshaft manufacturing process, especially for high-power engines. In this paper, an accelerated method was proposed to shorten the time period of this experiment. First, the loading period was quickened through the prediction of the residual fatigue life based on the unscented Kalman filtering algorithm approach and the crack growth speed. Then, the accuracy of the predictions was improved obviously based on the modified training section based on the theory of fracture mechanics. Finally, the fatigue limit load analysis result was proposed based on the predicted fatigue life and the modified SAFL (statistical analysis for the fatigue limit) method. The main conclusion proposed from this paper is that compared with the conventional training sections, the modified training sections based on the theory of fracture mechanics can obviously improve the accuracy of the remaining fatigue life prediction results, which makes this approach more suitable for the application. In addition, compared with the system's inherent natural frequency, the fatigue crack can save the experiment time more effectively and thus is superior to the former factor as the failure criterion parameter.

Optimal sensor placement for permanent magnet synchronous motor condition monitoring using a digital twin-assisted fault diagnosis approach

Efficient health monitoring for identifying and quantifying damages can substantially improve the performance and structural integrity of engineered systems. Specifically, new advances in sensing technologies have pushed the research of large sensor networks to monitor complex mechanical structures. Given the need for health state monitoring, designing an optimal sensor framework with accurate detectability of failure modes has great significance. However, there is often little to no experimental data available for newly proposed mechanical systems; so a digital-twin method would make fault detection feasible for this applications. In this paper, a data-driven reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) approach is employed for sensor placement and fault detection of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), which is a relatively new system for high power engineering applications. This system suffers from inter-turn and inter-phase short-winding faults, which can cause catastrophic failure of the whole structure. For PMSMs, current sensing and magnetic field sensing can be utilized for the detection of faults, but actual sensor placement has not been considered in recent literature. In this study, the first step is to create an FEA model of the PMSM for the simulation of faults, which serves as the digital twin. Next, a data-driven approach is implemented for sensor placement and classification of faults. The proposed method utilizes distance clustering for identification of various failure modes, which is suitable for many applications due to its high accuracy and computational efficiency. In addition, a genetic algorithm is implemented to determine the minimum number and optimal placement of sensors. This framework simultaneously searches for the optimal placement of sensors while training the classifier for detectability of system health states. Ultimately, the proposed methodology shows convergence to a solution with high accuracy for detection of faults, and is demonstrated on the novel system of a PMSM with magnetic field sensors.

Isomerization of C7 and C8 through Ionic Liquids Supported by a Fe/SBA-15 Catalyst.

Isomerization is extensively utilized in the petroleum industry, and this study demonstrates an energy-efficient process utilizing an ionic liquid catalyst. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate [Emim][TFO] as an ionic liquid was immobilized on solid support Fe/SBA-15. Variants of the catalyst were developed with the Fe constant at 5% and different ratios of ionic liquid. In the catalyst Fe/[Emim][TFO]/SBA-15, the metal Fe was loaded via the impregnation method, and subsequently, the ionic liquid variants Fe/[Emim][TFO](10)/SBA-15, Fe/[Emim][TFO](20)/SBA-15, and Fe/[Emim][TFO](30)/SBA-15 were synthesized. The physical properties of the synthesized catalyst were studied using standard characteristic techniques. The process performance was studied for variants of each parameter, which include temperature, hydrogen flow rate, pressure, and weight hourly space velocity. The iso-products of n-heptane and n-octane were obtained with an appreciable conversion of >90% and a selectivity of >95% with the catalyst Fe/[Emim][TFO](20)/SBA-15 among the other synthesized catalysts. The process yielded a high quantum of iso-products with negligible cracked products at a low temperature of 140 °C. The catalyst Fe/[Emim][TFO](20)/SBA-15 at 140 °C delivered the highest yield of iso-alkanes among the three catalysts. Iso-alkanes are instrumental tools for increasing the octane number of a fuel. This study delivers high iso-alkane content fuel, which can provide the best anti knock capability and enhance fuel efficiency for the life of modern high-powered engines. The results demonstrate a process that is energy-efficient, economic, and environmentally friendly.

PERBANDINGAN UNJUK KERJA EMPAT JENIS BUSI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CDI UNLIMITER PADA SEPEDA MOTOR BENSIN EMPAT LANGKAH

This study aims to determine how much influence the modification of the ignition on a four stroke motorbike on vehicle performance, specifically power, torque and specific fuel consumption produced by a special 125 x supra motorcycle on the replacement of spark plug components. Can know the maximum power and torque and the best value of fuel consumption produced by the motorcycle. The method used is an experimental method. Four different types of spark plugs are standard spark plugs, copper spark plugs, platinum spark plugs and iridium spark plugs. Each fuel is tested alternately via a motorcycle connected to the chassis dynamometer with eddy current brake. The testing process is by turning the gas handle from 3000 RPM engine speed to 8000 RPM engine speed. This is done to get power, torque and fuel consumption data from the motorcycle. The result of the experiment is that iridium spark plugs are the best at the highest engine power and torque. Based on testing on the iridium spark plug type dynamometer produces the highest peak power, which is 4.2 kW at 7000 RPM engine rotation speed. Then based on the ratio of torque on the type of copper and platinum spark plugs increased to 6.6 NM at 6000 RPM engine speed. Bigger than the standard 6.5 NM spark plugs at 6000 RPM engine speed and the best results at the iridium spark plugs at 6.7 NM at 6000 RPM engine speed. As for the specific fuel consumption, the best value for iridium spark plugs is at 6000 RPM engine speed which is 0.311 kg / kW.

Assessment of Driver Performance and Energy Efficiency in Transportation Tasks when Vehicle Weight Undergoes Significant Changes

The results of the analysis of the operation of heavy-duty vehicles with high load capacity (tractor units with trailers) have been presented. The road transport of cargo relies heavily on vehicles of this type. Performing this role is associated with high energy consumption. Laden and unladen driving were investigated. The collected data guaranteed the constancy of numerous parameters, including the investigation of the same model vehicles under both loaded and unloaded conditions on identical roads. The assessment focused on changes in driving techniques and energy consumption during significant variations in vehicle weight. The evaluation was grounded in the measurement results of kinematic parameters, namely driving speed, acceleration, and braking deceleration. The aforementioned parameters are typically employed in analysing driving techniques (DBP—driver behaviour profile). The energy consumption of traffic was then assessed in light of the analysed changes in driving technique. The weight of the load was 24 t, increasing the weight of the vehicle by 175%. The increase in weight has caused a 68.4% increase in the energy required for driving. The change in vehicle mass has a relatively minor effect on the average, median, and modal values of driving speed. In contrast, the impact on acceleration is far greater. This is partly because the examined models of tractor units are equipped with high-power engines (420 hp). Furthermore, 81% of the roads used for transportation tasks are motorways and expressways.

Dynamic Response Analysis of the Bi-Tandem Axial Piston Pump with Dual-Loop Positive Flow Control under Pressure Disturbance

The bi-tandem axial piston pump is an indispensable powerhouse in high-pressure and high-power engineering hydraulic systems, with its output flow response characteristics under pressure disturbance exerting a significant influence on the working process of double pumps. Unfortunately, the stability of the original single-loop mechanical–hydraulic servo control system is sensitive to unpredictable interference. To alleviate this quandary, this paper proposes a dual-loop positive flow control method for the flow control of the bi-tandem axial piston pump, establishes a mathematical model of the bi-tandem axial piston pump with dual-loop positive flow control, and establishes a simulation model based on Simulink. The validity of the model is verified by experiments. The performance advantages of the dual-loop positive flow control method relative to the single-loop positive flow control method are analyzed. The results show a faster response speed and smaller steady-state error with the dual-loop method, which performs better than the original single-loop positive flow control. Furthermore, the study examines the influence of different forms, degrees, and directions of pressure disturbance on the dynamic response characteristics of the bi-tandem axial piston pump. Symmetric pressure disturbance results in an increase in the maximum relative error of the output flow proportional to its degree. Notably, the influence of asymmetric pressure disturbance on the output flow of the double pumps possesses characteristics of a superimposable nature, and the steady-state value of the output flow is highly dependent on superimposed pressure disturbance and less affected by the action time point of asymmetric pressure disturbance. Further, the unloading pressure disturbance exerts less influence on the system compared to the loading pressure disturbance. This paper provides valuable insights into improving the response speed and control accuracy of bi-tandem axial piston pumps equipped with positive flow control.

Investigation of the Performance of a Centrifugal Pump Impeller Design with the Addition of a Junction Disc Plate

This research analyzes the impeller design performance that has been modified based on previous impeller designs. The previous impeller design used high engine power consumption due to the total head, so the modification of the impeller design is expected to reduce the engine power consumption. The existing design and the modified impeller design with the addition of the junction disc plate are used by this research. This research used experiment methods and theoretical methods to compare both of impeller design performances. The experiment method measures total head, fluid capacity, engine speed, and engine power consumption. The theoretical method analyzes actual fluid velocity, specific velocity, total suction head, NPSH, and pump efficiency. The results showed that the fluid flow rate was able to increase the efficiency of the centrifugal pump by 2.8%. The conclusion explains that the addition of a junction disc plate produces energy from a steady fluid flow rate to reduce the engine power consumption and escalation of pump efficiency.

Ranking of four dual loop EGR modes

Modern Diesel engines contain sophisticated control systems to keep their environmental impact low for sustainable road transport. One of these systems is the dual loop exhaust gas recirculation, which can change combustion properties in several ways. This article presents an engine dyno measurement based on analyzing the duel loop EGR with a medium-duty Diesel engine. Intake throttles and exhaust brakes for the highest freedom in the air-fuel ratio setting support the EGR systems. The EGR modes are compared from fuel consumption, NOx emission, and exhaust gas opacity in steady and transient operations. There are expected results, for instance, in the HP EGR’s faster reaction time or the LP EGR’s boost pressure holding property. Unexpected results are also presented. Contrary to theory, LP EGR generally provides a fuel consumption advantage in many operation points due to its higher boost pressure. Typically, HP EGR can provide lower fuel consumption at higher engine power. In the emission results, LP EGR is favourable both in NOx emission and exhaust gas opacity, whereas the intake throttle-supported HP EGR usually shows the highest emission. Besides, with high EGR rates at lower engine loads, LP EGR can realize low-temperature combustion, where both emissions decrease. No difference can be detected between the LP EGR’s support valves’ results. HP EGR was faster in the transient operation, with about half the reaction time. The results can be utilized for dual-loop EGR layout and control design.

Уточненные зависимости для определения бросовой теплоты судового высокофорсированного дизеля

Повышение эффективности использования топливно-энергетических ресурсов судовой энергетической установки (СЭУ) за счет утилизации располагаемой (бросовой) теплоты судового дизеля является актуальным направлением развития морского транспорта. Одним из возможных путей решения этой задачи является совершенствование методов и средств подсчета теплового баланса судовых дизелей. Предложены эмпирические уравнения и регрессионные зависимости, которые позволят с высокой точностью определять составляющие теплового баланса судовых высокофорсированных дизелей при любых нагрузках и в различных условиях эксплуатации. Уравнения также учитывают комплексное влияние температуры окружающей среды, развиваемой мощности и режимов работы дизеля на величину его бросовой теплоты. Цель расчетно-экспериментального анализа состояла в уточнении зависимости для определения составляющих теплового баланса судового высокофорсированного дизеля и величины запасов вторичных энергоресурсов. Практическая ценность рассмотренных уравнений заключается в предельной точности удельных показателей количества бросовой теплоты судового высокофорсированного дизеля, в учете их взаимосвязи с параметрами, характеризующими особенности эксплуатации СЭУ. Границы их высокой достоверности расширены до использования в условиях низких температур (до –30 °С окружающего воздуха). Проведена проверка предлагаемых математических уравнений на адекватность путем сравнения расчетных данных о количестве бросовой теплоты исследуемых судовых высокофорсированных дизелей с паспортными показателями, установленными во время приемо-сдаточных испытаний. Данные, полученные в результате расчетов, целесообразно использовать при проектировании, модернизации и оптимизации СЭУ для повышенияеё энергетической эффективности. Increase of efficiency of use of fuel and energy resources of ship power plant (SPP) due to utilization of available (waste) heat of ship diesel is the actual direction of development of sea transport. One possible way to solve this problem is to improve the methods and means of calculating the thermal balance of ship diesels. Empirical equations and regression dependencies are proposed, which will make it possible to determine with high accuracy the components of the thermal balance of ship highly sourced diesel engines under any loads and under various operating conditions. The equations also take into account the complex influence of the ambient temperature, the developed power and the operating modes of the diesel engine on the value of its exhaust heat. The purpose of the calculation and experimental analysis was to clarify the dependence to determine the components of the thermal balance of the ship's highly sourced diesel engine and the value of the reserves of secondary energy resources. The practical value of the considered equations lies in the maximum accuracy of the specific indicators of the amount of waste heat of the ship's highly powered diesel engine, in taking into account their relationship with the parameters characterizing the peculiarities of the SPP operation. The boundaries of their high reliability have been expanded to use in low temperature conditions (up to -30 ° C of ambient air). The proposed mathematical equations were checked for adequacy by comparing the calculated data on the amount of waste heat of the studied ship high-sourced diesel engines with the passport indicators established during acceptance tests. The data obtained as a result of calculations should be used in the design, modernization and optimization of the SPP to increase its energy efficiency.

Complex Analysis of Power Output and Emission Parameters of High-Power Motorcycles at Application of Advanced and Sustainable Fuels and Their Mixtures.

The presented scientific study is focused on a complex analysis of power output and emission parameters concerning an experimental motorcycle. In spite of the fact that there are at disposal considerable theoretical and experimental results, which include also matters of the L-category vehicles, there is, in general, a lack of data covering the experimental tests and power output characteristics of racing, high-power engines that represent a technological peak in the given segment. This situation is caused by an aversion of motorcycle producers to publicize their newest information, especially in the case of the latest high-tech applications. The given study is focused on all the main results obtained from the operational tests performed on the motorcycle engine in two testing cases: first with the original arrangement of the installed piston combustion engine series produced and second with the modified engine configuration proposed in order to increase the combustion process efficiency. Three kinds of engine fuel were tested and mutually compared within the performed research work: the first was the experimental top fuel used in the world motorcycle competition 4SGP, the second was the sustainable experimental fuel, the so-called superethanol e85 developed for maximum power output and minimum emission, and the third was the standard fuel, which is commonly available at gas stations. Applicable fuel mixtures were also created with the aim to analyze their power output and emission parameters. Finally, these fuel mixtures were compared with the top technological products available in the given area.