High Polyphenol Content Research Articles

Formulation of Ready-to-Use Broccoli Extracts Rich in Polyphenols and Glucosinolates Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Broccoli is rich in biologically active compounds, especially polyphenols and glucosinolates, known for their health benefits. Traditional extraction methods have limitations, leading to a shift towards using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) to create high-quality extracts with enhanced biological activity. This study focuses on preparing broccoli extracts in NADES, enriched with polyphenols and glucosinolates, without additional purification steps. Using the COSMOtherm software, the solubility of polyphenols and glucosinolates in NADESs was predicted, and five biocompatible betaine-based NADESs were prepared with glucose (B:Glc1:1 and B:Glc5:2), sucrose (B:Suc), glycerol (B:Gly), and malic acid (B:MA) as hydrogen bond donors. The resulting extracts were assessed for total polyphenol and glucosinolate content, along with antioxidant capacity, using the ORAC assay. The results demonstrated that NADES extracts contained higher polyphenol content and exhibited enhanced antioxidant effects compared to the reference ethanol extract, with B:Glc1:1 extract showing the highest performance among all the extracts tested. On the other hand, the extract based on B:MA exhibited nearly six times higher total glucosinolate content compared to the ethanol extract. Additionally, polyphenols and glucosinolates were generally more stable in NADES extracts than in the reference solvent. Finally, the B:Glc1:1 extract, identified as optimal in terms of polyphenol and glucosinolate content and stability, exhibited mild stimulation of HaCaT cells growth and facilitated the wound-healing process. Through green chemistry parameter calculations, we demonstrated that the extraction of broccoli bioactives using B:Glc1:1 can be considered sustainable, underscoring the potential of NADESs for producing ready-to-use plant extracts.

Antioxidant Potential and Characterization of Polyphenol Compounds in Moringa oleifera Pods

ABSTRACTThe aim of this investigation was to comparatively assess the antioxidant and polyphenol compounds in fresh moringa pods sourced from two different regions in Australia, namely Queensland (QLD) and Western Australia (WAU). Total polyphenol content varied between 1.64 and 5.97 mg GAE/g in moringa pod samples from QLD, while it ranged from 2.84 to 4.31 mg GAE/g in WAU samples. Total flavonoid content in QLD and WAU samples averaged 4.62 and 4.24 mg QE/g, respectively. Total condensed tannin content in QLD and WAU samples averaged 2.07 and 1.60 mg CE/g, respectively. The QLD samples had higher DPPH (2.87 vs. 2.74 mg AAE/g), ABTS (15.0 vs. 12.9 mg AAE/g), and total antioxidant capacity (2.34 vs. 1.46 mg AAE/g) than WAU samples. LC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS/MS analysis identified 111 polyphenol compounds in moringa pod samples, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins. Some compounds were prevalent across most samples, such as 3‐sinapoylquinic acid and theaflavin. The study revealed that moringa pods contain a high concentration of polyphenols with strong antioxidant capacity. These findings highlight the substantial influence of regional effects on the polyphenol content and bioactive properties of moringa pods.

Comparison of different drying technologies for green tea: Changes in color, non-volatile and volatile compounds

Drying technology plays a pivotal role in tea processing. Herein, the differences in color, non-volatile, and volatile components of green tea under various drying methods were investigated. The results indicated that vacuum freeze-microwave increased the L* and b* values, and decreased the a* values of tea leaves. Moreover, vacuum freeze-microwave drying resulted in higher polyphenol content than the other three drying methods although there was no significant difference. A total of 43 volatile compounds were identified. Of these, 2-propanone, ethanol(D), ethanol(M), ethyl acetate(M), 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-methylthiophene were found to play an important role in the above discrimination (VIP >1.5). Dry extraction showed a higher content of volatile components than wet extraction. Regardless of the extraction conditions, vacuum freeze-microwave drying exhibited a stronger signal intensity and more volatile components than other drying methods. This study provides a reference for analyzing the quality differences of green tea by different drying methods.

Extraction of tea polyphenols, catechins and caffeine from different tea cultivars in Sri Lanka

<p>Tea (<em>Camellia sinensis</em>) is widely known for its health benefits. A vast array of biologically active compounds is present in tea, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, alkaloids, caffeine, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Tea phenolic constituents, which are the predominant biologically active constituents in tea, have a variety of beneficial health effects and have been widely utilized in the food industry. Consequently, on the nutraceutical and health markets, green tea extracts gained more attention. This study investigated the extraction of polyphenols from green tea of four different tea cultivars using an environmentally friendly approach and quantified the total polyphenol and caffeine contents, catechins, including (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (+)-catechin, epicatechin gallate (ECG), and (-)-epicatechin (EC) of each tea extract as well as green tea. The extraction efficiency of total polyphenol, caffeine, and catechin concentrations differed significantly among tea cultivars. Total polyphenol and caffeine contents, as well as individual catechin contents, were found to be significantly varied among the tea cultivars. Tea cultivars with high total polyphenol content could potentially be utilized in total polyphenol extraction.<strong></strong></p>

Possible lessons of a model experiment: To what extent can UV activate the production of leaf phenolics in indoor plant cultivation?

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants were grown outdoors (N°46.07, E°18.18) under either natural or UV-deprived sunlight for 25 days in the summer. High PAR resulted in high polyphenol content, which was selectively affected by solar UV-A and UV-B irradiation. Solar UV-A irradiation increased anthocyanins, but not flavonoids, in the epidermis, and this additional protection resulted in higher photochemical yields and lower NPQ. The simultaneous presence of UV-B overrode the effects of UV-A, increased epidermal flavonoids, and decreased anthocyanins. Leaves grown in full sunlight had the same photochemical yields of NPQ as those grown under a UV-excluding filter. A combination of these effects can falsely dismiss the effects of UV-B on outdoor photosynthesis. Phenolic acid content, corresponding to approximately 80% of phenolic compounds, did not depend on solar UV, and total flavonoids increased under full solar UV irradiation, but not under UV-A only. The polyphenol content in outdoor leaves also served as a reference point for an indoor experiment, which showed that even a short, 4-day exposure of low PAR grown plants to UV from an artificial source increased the amount of some, although not all, components close to or even above outdoor levels. In indoor leaves, a selective increase in quercetin glycosides (to 62–85% of outdoor levels) supports both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant functions, and the increase in crypto- and neochlorogenic acids (to 76% and 117% of outdoor levels, respectively) suggests a redistribution among biosynthesis pathways. These results demonstrate the potential and efficiency of cultivation systems without sunlight.

Synergy of biochar and biofertilizers to improve bell pepper fruit biochemical quality with increased soil carbon, Azospirillum population and mycorrhization

Sustainable crop production depends more on maintaining good soil health. Biochar significantly improves the soil's physical, chemical, biological and nutritional properties while aiding in carbon sequestration. Biofertilizers, which promote nutrient cycling, heavy metal chelation and the production of plant growth substances are crucial to sustainable agriculture. While the individual benefits of biochar and biofertilizers are well-documented, their combined effect in vegetable farming is less studied. The synergistic application of biochar and biofertilizers can improve soil health and nutrient dynamics, enhancing crops' biochemical properties. In a pot culture experiment, California Wonder bell peppers were treated with biochar and biofertilizers, including Azospirillum, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM), and Serendipita indica. These were applied directly to the soil during transplanting. Results showed that plants treated with biochar + Azospirillum had higher flavonoid, total soluble protein and ascorbic acid content. Biochar + VAM treatment resulted in higher polyphenol content, total dry matter and root volume. S. indica reduced the vegetative period and induced earlier flowering. Biochar also increased soil organic carbon (2.89 %), improved the rhizosphere Azospirillum population and enhanced fungal endophytes' root colonization. Combining biochar and biofertilizer improves bell pepper plant performance, enhances biochemical parameters and improves soil health.

Characterization of Hydrocolloids Extracted from Fenugreek and Sweet Basil Seeds and Their Effect on Rheological Properties of Wheat Starch Paste

Starch-hydrocolloid systems are crucial texturizing agents, ingredients and additives in many food products. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of extraction temperature on the composition and properties of hydrocolloids extracted from milled fenugreek and sweet basil seeds, as well as the effect of the obtained non-starch polysaccharide preparations on the rheological properties of wheat starch paste. Hydrocolloids were extracted from milled seeds of fenugreek and sweet basil at room temperature (PFRT and PSBRT, respectively) and at 70 °C (PF70 and PSB70, respectively), with the extraction yields ranging from 32 to 47%. Extracted hydrocolloids contained polysaccharides (mainly high molar mass galactomannan) and protein. Preparations extracted at 70 °C from fenugreek (PF70) and sweet basil (PSB70) seeds were characterized by a higher content of polyphenols (16.2% and 50.9%, respectively), as well as higher antioxidant properties compared to preparations extracted at room temperature (PFRT and PSBRT). The 6% share of the fenugreek and sweet basil seed preparations obtained by extraction at room temperature increased the consistency index and reduced the flow behavior index compared to the starch paste without the preparations. The share of fenugreek seed and sweet basil preparations increased (p < 0.05) the tan δ parameter of the starch paste compared to the starch paste without the preparations.

Development of Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) for Separation Polyphenolic Compounds from Spilanthes acmella

Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) is an alternative to conventional solvents in polyphenol extraction. Its composition of choline chloride combined with fructose, choline chloride with lactic acid, choline chloride with glycerol, choline chloride with propylene glycol, and choline chloride with proline have been sucessfully set using the thermal mixing method. Choline chloride served as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), while the others acted as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) at a mole ratio of 1:2. This study aimed to extract polyphenols from the flowers, stalks, stems, and leaves of Spilanthes acmella, using NADESs. The extraction process was conducted by adding 20% water to the mixture with a ratio of the sample to solvent of 1:10 (w/v), for 60 min. The extract concentration was assessed through spectroscopic photometry using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The result showed that the choline chloride-glycerol NADES was the most appropriate solvent for the extraction of polyphenols from the flowers of the plant. Meanwhile, the best NADES for the extraction from the stems, stalks, and leaves, was the mixture of choline chloride and fructose. The highest polyphenol concentration was obtained in the stems at 2545.192 mg/L. The yield obtained in the stems, leaves, stalks, and flower were 25.452, 6.284, 3.111 and 2.415 mg gallic acid equivalent/g (GAE/g), respectively. These findings suggest that NADES can be used as an eco-friendly alternative solvent for green extraction processes of active compounds from natural materials, especially polyphenols from S. acmella.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Sclerocarya birrea on Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Preclinical Studies.

Metabolic disorders, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases, are significant global health issues. Nutraceuticals, such as Sclerocarya birrea (SB), known for its high polyphenol content, are increasingly explored for managing these conditions. This study aims to evaluate the antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antihypertensive effects of SB in animal models to understand its potential as a natural intervention for metabolic diseases. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Searches across databases like PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus identified studies using SB in animal models of metabolic disorders. Inclusion criteria were studies with SB intervention, control groups, and quantitative measures of metabolic parameters. The study was registered with INPLASY (INPLASY2024100031). The meta-analysis revealed that SB significantly reduces blood glucose levels in diabetic animal models. Acute administration of SB showed a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) of -7.13 (95% CI: -11.44 to -2.83) at 1 h and -9.75 (95% CI: -15.92 to -3.59) at 2-4 h post-administration. Chronic administration indicated a non-significant reduction in glucose levels (SMD: -5.69, 95% CI: -16.38 to 5.01). SB appears to have the potential for reducing blood glucose levels and may offer benefits for other cardiometabolic risk factors, including lipid profiles and oxidative stress. However, variability in the results underscores the need for further research, including standardized animal studies and clinical trials, to confirm these effects and clarify the mechanisms by which SB may impact metabolic disorders.

The Influence of Temperature on the Antioxidants of Aronia mitschurinii Fruit Juice and Drinks.

Aronia mitschurinii is a cultivated species originating from crossbreeding the wild species Aronia melanocarpa, also known as the black chokeberry, and European mountain ash Sorbus aucuparia. The aronia fruit is dark purple, which can be attributed to the high content of anthocyanins, other flavonoids, and polyphenols. Aronia's reputation as a superberry entices small farms to use it as a prospective specialty crop. The fruit's high antioxidant content is a likely ingredient in several new products, such as jellies, jams, vitamin supplements, and beverages. Food applications of any fruit require high-temperature pasteurization as a major step in fruit processing. Many also require cooking. However, there are some major effects higher temperatures may have on antioxidants, such as isomerization and decomposition, both of which result in a loss of bioavailability of these key compounds. Here, we present a detailed investigation of the effect of temperature and time on the antioxidant content of Aronia mitschurinii juice and power aid drink. UV/vis methods were used to determine the total concentrations of anthocyanins, flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins and to determine the optimal pasteurization and/or thermal processing conditions that would prevent significant loss in the antioxidant content in aronia products.

Bioactive compounds (LC-PDA-Qtof-ESI-MS and UPLC-PDA-FL) and in vitro inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase in leaves and fruit from different varieties of Ficus carica L.

The aim of the study was to analyze the potential health-promoting and nutritional components of leaves and figs from several Spanish varieties of Ficus carica L. The study focused to identify (by LC-PDA-QTof/MS) and quantify (by UPLC-PDA-FL) various components including carotenoids, chlorophylls, tocols, amino acids, phenolic acids, flavonols, anthocyanins. Besides, the sugar profile, the antioxidant capacity (ORAC, FRAP and ABTS) and the in vitro hypoglycaemic potential via inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase were evaluated. The leaves were found to have significant antioxidant properties. This is attributed to their high content of carotenoids (3170.77-6763.77 mg/ 100 g dm), chlorophylls (405.58–744.23 mg/ 100 g dm), tocols (59.35–115.61 mg/ 100 g dm), and polyphenols (1150.34 mg/100 g dm). Additionally, figs presented greater sources of amino acids (725.07 mg/100 g dm) and exhibited higher anti-diabetic activity than leaves. Figs of “Cuello Dama Negra” variety presented the highest content of anthocyanins (108.22 mg/100 g dm). The study suggests that incorporating these vegetal materials into another food matrix could have potential health benefits, especially in terms of antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects.

New grape varieties descending from Monastrell characterised by their low sugar and high polyphenolic content

New grape varieties descending from Monastrell characterised by their low sugar and high polyphenolic content

Utilization of Microencapsulated Polyphenols to Enhance the Bioactive Compound Content in Whole Grain Bread: Recipe Optimization

In today’s health-conscious society, there is an increasing consumer demand for functional foods that not only satisfy nutritional needs but also promote overall well-being. The aim of this study was to develop a bread formulation enriched with microencapsulated polyphenols, oat β-glucan concentrate, and sour fermented beetroot juice to enhance its nutritional profile and health benefits. To protect sensitive polyphenols from thermal degradation during baking, the microencapsulation technique was employed to maintain their bioactivity. The influence of these ingredients on the physio-chemical parameters of bread (dough viscosity, hardness, porosity, bioactive ingredients content, color, and volatile compounds profiles), as well as sensory acceptability, was evaluated. Using response surface methodology, the formulation was optimized to achieve a product with high polyphenol and β-glucan content. The optimized formulation included a content of 4.60% sour fermented beetroot juice, 6.29% β-glucan concentrate, and 2.77% microencapsulated polyphenols. The final bread demonstrated significant antioxidant activity and high consumer acceptability, indicating its potential as a functional alternative to traditional bread. This innovative approach addresses the demand for healthier food options and emphasizes the role of functional ingredients in improving dietary quality and promoting health benefits.

Drying of Red Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): Process Kinetics, Color Changes, Carotenoid Content and Phenolic Profile.

Studies were conducted focusing on the drying of chili pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.), cultivar Cyklon, using convective (AD), convective-microwave (AMD), vacuum (VD), and freeze-drying (FD) methods. The influence of the drying method and temperature on the kinetics of the process and selected quality attributes of the dried product were evaluated. It was demonstrated that the Midilli model best described the drying kinetics for all methods across the entire measurement range. FD and VD produced dried products with the highest brightness and the greatest value of the a* color parameter. The lowest b* color parameter was observed for the product dried using FD at 40 °C, while the highest b* value was noted for samples dried using AMD (100 W) at 60 °C. The highest carotenoid retention was achieved with the FD method at 40 °C, while the lowest carotenoid content was found in the product obtained using the AMD method (100 W) at 60 °C. The smallest losses of capsaicinoids were observed after FD drying at 40 °C, while the largest were found for AMD (100 W) at 60 °C. The analysis of chili pepper fruit extracts revealed the quantitative composition of 12 main phenolic compounds using the UHPLC-UV method. The highest polyphenol content was obtained with FD, while the lowest total polyphenol content was recorded after AD. Regardless of temperature, the total flavonoid content was highest in extracts from FD products, and the lowest flavonoid content was found after AMD at 100 W. For all drying methods analyzed, the total flavonoid content in the pepper extracts decreased with increasing temperature.

Identification and Mining of Functional Components of Polyphenols in Fruits of Malus Germplasm Resources Based on Multivariate Analysis.

Polyphenols are important functional components that have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. Apple fruit is rich in polyphenols and is one of the dietary sources of polyphenols. The polyphenol components and contents of the peel and pulp of 74 Malus sieversii (Led.) Roem. and 26 Chinese Malus germplasm resources were determined using ultra-high-phase chromatography (UPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results showed that 34 components were detected in the peel and 30 in the flesh, and that the polyphenol components and contents of the different germplasm resources were significantly different; the polyphenol content of Malus sieversii (Led.) Roem. was significantly higher than that of the other local varieties, and the polyphenol content in the peel was also higher than that in the flesh. Rutin, quercetin 3-O-arabopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and peonidin 3-O-galactoside were detected only in the peel. The total polyphenol content in the peel ranged from 949.76 to 5840.06 mg/kg, and the polyphenol content in the pulp ranged from 367.31 to 5123.10 mg/kg. The cluster analysis of polyphenol components and contents in peel and pulp showed that 100 Malus germplasm resources could be grouped into four categories. Principal component analysis of 34 kinds and 30 kinds of polyphenols in peel and pulp of 100 resources was performed. If the eigenvalue is greater than 1, eight and seven principal components are extracted, respectively. Five Malus resources with high polyphenol content in the peel and pulp were selected: 'XY-77' (peel: 5840.06 mg/kg, pulp: 5123.10 mg/kg; 'LF-09' (peel: 4692.63 mg/kg, pulp: 3729.79 mg/kg); '2012-5' (peel: 4377.61 mg/kg, pulp: 3847.54 mg/kg); '29028' (peel: 5088.05 mg/kg, pulp: 3994.61 mg/kg); and '11-01' (peel: 5154.45 mg/kg, pulp: 3616.15 mg/kg). These results provide us with information regarding the polyphenol composition and content of the wild apple resources and local cultivars. The high polyphenol content resources obtained by screening can be used as raw materials for the extraction of polyphenol components and functional fruit juice processing and can also be used as parents for functional fruit creation and variety breeding.

Health Benefits of Yerba Mate Consumption on Cardiovascular Health

Background: Yerba mate is a Paraguayan kind of herbal tea prepared from the dried and roasted leaves of trees called Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill. It is known for high content of polyphenols, methylxanthines and saponins. According to the studies products rich in those nutrients may have a positive influence on the humans cardiovascular health. Materials and methods: We reviewed publications obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles were selected based on keywords such “yerba mate’’, “Ilex paraguariensis’’, “cardiovascular diseases’’. For the final analysis, qualified articles were published from 2005 to 2024. Results: Confirming positive impact on serum lipid levels individuals using mate tea. Long – term positive influence on blood pressure. Moreover subjects with obesity took advantages of Yerba beverage by decreasing waist-to-hip ratio. Patients with diabetes were observed to have a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose level and HbA1c concentration. Conclusions: Most of the cited researches support the hypothesis of benefits coming from drinking mate infusions for patients with elevated lipid serum levels, obesity, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes mellitus. All of mentioned health issues can lead to the cardiovascular problems therefore using mate infusions can prevent CVDs. Taking everything into consideration, medical professionals might recommend Yerba mate tea for their patients especially as a replacement of a coffee.

Eudermic Properties and Chemical-Physical Characterization of Honeys of Different Botanical Origin.

Background: Honey is a natural product that, thanks to its composition, particularly the high sugar content, is highly appreciated as an energy nourishment. In addition to sugars, it contains many other substances (carbohydrates, free amino acids, enzymatic proteins, organic acids, polyphenols) from which the therapeutic properties of honey arise: hydrating and osmotic activity, antimicrobial action, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory power. Objectives: The present work aims to deepen our knowledge/understanding of the activity of skin protection exerted by honey, as a synergic result of its multiple therapeutic effects. Moreover, this study wants to find possible correlations between biological properties and the chemical-physical traits of honey. Methods: To carry out this research, five varieties of citrus honey, one of acacia honey, one of chestnut honey, and one of multifloral honey were used. The honeys were first characterized by chemical-physical analysis and then were subjected to qualitative melissopalynological analysis. Tests were also carried out to evaluate both their antioxidant power and the effect on collagenase, an enzyme involved in the degradation of collagen present in the extracellular matrix and, therefore, in the processes of skin aging. Finally, honey samples were then used in in vitro experiments to assess their action in stimulating cell viability and proliferation on human keratinocytes. Results: Chemical-physical analysis demonstrated a good water content (about 17%), an important sugar content (with the monosaccharides glucose and fructose being the most represented in all the honey samples), various amino acids (with proline remarkably being the highest in all honeys), and a high concentration of polyphenols and total flavonoids (the maximum in chestnut honey, 762 mg/kg and 514 mg/kg, respectively). Conclusions The results obtained in this work confirm the ethnopharmacological use of honey in wound care, bring new scientific knowledge on the use of honey in dermatology, and highlight two fields of excellence, particularly incitrus and chestnut honey.

Enhancing composition and functionality of jelly candies through apple and beetroot pomace flour addition

The functionalization of food products with agri-industial residues is of great interest. Apple and beetroot pomace flour, abundant in dietary fiber and antioxidants, were incorporated into jelly candies using agar, pectin, or gelatin. Three functional formulations were devised for each flour type at the pilot scale, resulting in jelly candies with desirable sensory properties and texture. The high content of total polyphenolics, flavonoids, betacyanins, and betaxantines was determined upon in vitro digestion. The influence of different matrices on these bioactives, crucial for exerting antioxidant activity, was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays on both fresh and nine-month stored jelly candies, showcasing good bioavailability and retention. Enrichment with APF and BPF also led to reduced postprandial glucose levels, glycemic index, and load determined in vivo. These findings affirm that compositionally optimized innovative formulations of jelly candies facilitate the efficient delivery of compounds with anti-obesity effect from upcycled raw materials.

Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Antioxidant and α-Amylase-Inhibitory Compounds from Red Seaweed Using Water-Ethanol Mixtures.

Red seaweeds from the coastal shores of Ilo (Peru) are a natural source of high-value compounds beneficial to health due to their high antioxidant capacity. Thus, this work evaluated the effect of water-ethanol mixtures (0, 15, and 30%; v/v) at high temperatures (90, 120, and 150 °C) on the polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity, and polyphenols profile of red seaweed (Chondracanthus chamissoi) during a pressurized liquid extraction process, whose parameters were set at 10 atm, with a single cycle of extraction and a volume of 150%. An increase in temperature and ethanol had a positive effect on antioxidant compounds. Thus, the best processing conditions were established at 150 °C and 30% ethanol, allowing for the extraction of a high polyphenol content (2.04 mg GAE/g dw) and antioxidant capacity (IC50: 7.46 mg/mL, ORAC: 148.98 μmol TE/g dw). High ethanol concentrations (30%) effectively recovered phenolic acids, flavonols, and phlorotannins for the polyphenols profile. However, the use of pure water was more effective in recovering flavonols. Interestingly, using pure water as an extraction solvent at high temperatures allowed for a more significant inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme than water-ethanol mixtures under the same conditions. Finally, the results can be utilized for future industrial scaling and the potential utilization of extracts in developing diabetes treatments.

Enhancing Broccoli growth by bacillus rhizosphere bacteria

This study examines the enhancement of broccoli growth by Bacillus Rhizosphere. Bacteria Broccoli is a nutrient-rich vegetable known for its high content of polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and low calorie count, making it a recommended daily food. Tropical regions grow broccoli in mountainous areas. Sustainable agriculture emphasizes minimizing chemical fertilizers, and biofertilizers like Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), such as Bacillus, can reduce their use. Bacillus improves plant growth by fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphate and potassium, and producing phytohormones. Understanding Bacillus growth dynamics is vital for optimizing its agricultural application. This study aimed to analyze growth curves of different Bacillus species and investigate their potential role in promoting broccoli growth. This study was carried out in January–April 2024 at the Soil Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, and Bumi Agro Technology Company, Lembang. The research was divided into 3 stages: growth curve determination, Bacillus liquid inoculant preparation, and application of treatment to plants. The findings showed that isolates of B. safensis strain MDL5, B. altitudinis strain RPW2, B. subtilis strain YPS4, and Bacillus sp. strain SZ057 reached the highest point in their growth curves after 4 and 5 days of incubation. After that, the curves slowly went down. Inoculating Bacillus into broccoli plants resulted in an increase in plant height by 43.28–58.75% compared to the control.