High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography Fingerprinting Research Articles

Exploring the therapeutic potential of Cynanchum tunicatum (Retz.) Alston- assessment of phytochemicals and biological activities

Cynanchum tunicatum (Retz.) Alston is native to the Asian region and is distributed in the tropical areas of India and Sri Lanka. The aim of this study is to explore the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and anti-inflammatory properties of C. tunicatum. Metabolic profiling was carried out using phytochemical screening to detect and quantify the secondary metabolites. To evaluate the potential secondary metabolites using the standard methods, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) from organic extracts of C. tunicatum and its biological activities. FTIR investigated peaks that represent alkane and aromatic compounds. GC–MS revealed the presence of 22 constituents such as 1-Hexacosene (0.145 %), l-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate (8.129 %), Campesterol (5.243 %), Beta −Amyrin (10.614 %), Lupeol (13.061 %), Octadecanoic acid (0.751 %) are the major active compounds present. HPTLC fingerprinting confirms the bioactive compounds such as colchicine, strychnine, coumarin etc. which are represented with corresponding Rf values. Among all the extracts of C. tunicatum methanolic extract showed highest antioxidant activities. In 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method exhibit the IC50 of (38.91 µg/mL), Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (1.6 µg/mL), total antioxidant assay (IC50 = 32.91 µg/mL) and IC50 of anti-inflammatory activity (42.31 µg/mL) respectively. These findings enrich the knowledge of the species Cynanchum tunicatum for the possible application as a source of bioactive compounds in drug discovery.

Phytochemical Investigation of Alysicarpus vaginalis by Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry and High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography

Introduction: Alysicarpus vaginalis belongs to the Fabaceae family, commonly known as buffalo clover and one-leaf clover. Alysicarpus vaginalis is medicinally used in disease-related kidney, diuretics, leprosy, pulmonary problems, jaundice, skin problems, respiratory difficulties, and as a hepatoprotective. Alysicarpus vaginalis is a medicinally important plant according to our review of literature on pharmacological activities, modern pharmacological activities, ethnomedicinal surveys, and traditional systems. However, very limited research related to phytochemical investigation by chromatographic techniques was studied. Methods: So, to investigate the phytochemicals of Alysicarpus vaginalis methanol extract by High-performance thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Result: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, and tannins. GC-MS revealed, the presence of six out of nine phytochemicals found medicinally important. 4-O-Methylmannose, Undecane, Neophytadiene, 2-amino-5-[(2-carboxy) vinyl]- Imidazole, Lup-20(29)-en-3-one and stigmasterol are some of the important phytochemical useful as anticancer or as anti-inflammatory. A solvent system was developed by thin-layer chromatography, followed by the HPTLC analysis using the mobile phase toluene: methanol: ethyl acetate (7:3:1). High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting detected total of 8 peaks with Rf value of 0.007, 0.089, 0.142, 0.211, 0.468, 0.585, 0.772, and 0885 at 254nm and total of 9 peaks with Rf value of 0.007, 0.089, 0.140, 0.208, 0.468, 0.661, 0.772, 0887, and 0.940 at 366nm, respectively. Conclusion: Chemoprofiling by sophisticated spectral techniques such as GC-MS and HPTLC fingerprinting can serve as an important tool for quality control of assuring purity, safety, quality, and efficacy of herbal formulation, and herbal extracts from Alysicarpus vaginalis.

Pharmacognostic study and preliminary phytochemical investigation of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees

Andrographis paniculata (family –Acanthaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant with branches that grows up to a height of 50-150 cm in moist, shaded areas. Its stem is abruptly quadrangular, heavily branched, and has a delicate texture that is readily broken. It is found in Southeast Asia, tropical and subtropical Asia, and a few other nations like Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Caribbean islands, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand etc. It is widely used in different traditional medicinal systems or countries for medicinal purposes by the traditional practitioners, tribes or community as a folklore remedies. The present communication provides a detailed account of the pharmacognostic study carried out on various parts of the Andrographis paniculata. The study includes macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopic studies, physicochemical tests, preliminary phytochemical screening, development of HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) fingerprints profile and heavy metal tests. Physicochemical parameters were performed and found average values of three parts (root, stem and leaf) such as root loss on drying at 1050C 4.93% w/w, total ash value 10.16% w/w, acid insoluble ash value 0.21% w/w, alcohol soluble extractive value 13.98% w/w and water soluble extractive value 25.77%w/w. Stem loss on drying at 1050C 6.23% w/w, total ash value 6.88% w/w, acid insoluble ash value 0.25% w/w, alcohol soluble extractive value 18.46% w/w and water soluble extractive value 21.94%w/w and leaf loss on drying at 1050C was found 6.29% w/w, total ash value 7.30% w/w, acid insoluble ash value 0.13% w/w, alcohol soluble extractive value 21.93% w/w and water soluble extractive value 38.68%w/w. HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) fingerprints profile of methanolic extract was done by using mobile phase toluene: ethyl acetate (7:3). Andrographolide and Ferullic acid standard markers were applied, major spots Rf values with colour were recorded before derivatization at 254nm. Rf values are 0.25 black, leaf, stem and root with Andrographolide standard marker, and 0.20 light black color of stem, and root with Ferullic acid standard marker. Andrographolide is higher present in leaf which was range from 1.51-162 than the stem range1.46-153 and root range 1.45-1.150, while Ferulic acid was higher present in stem range from 0.91-0.96 than root 0.76-0.82 but absent in leaf. Heavy metals i.e Pb, Cd, As, & Hg were tested and found under WHO limits Established parameters can be used as standards for quality control and identification of the plant in herbal compound formulations and also preparation of a monograph of the plant.

A rapid HPTLC fingerprinting technique for identifying the various geo-floral origins of honeys

Honey has several nutritional and therapeutic uses due to the presence of different bioactive compounds.These substances are derived from floral nectar. Therefore, it becomes essential to identify the distinct chemical profiles of honey samples. The aim of this research was to provide an accurate, straightforward, and sensitive HPTLC approach for different types of honey verification. Eight mono floral honeys (mustard, eucalyptus, litchi, orange, tea, Indian plum, black plum and pineapple) were collected from different origin of West Bengal (eastern India) and examined. Standard procedures were followed to check the quality of each honey.The flora was identified by microscopically examining the pollen found in honeys. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to analyze lipophilic fractions of each honey. Chromatographic results identified distinct patterns of bands with specific Rf values for each type of mono floral honey. HPTLC is a simple and effective method for routine analysis and verification. It can serve as authentication for different types of honey.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF IN-HOUSE AND MARKETED SAMPLES OF VAISHWANARA CHURNA

The present study aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic, physicochemical, spectroscopic analysis which includes total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), antioxidant activity, antiurolithiatic activity, total microbial load of the in-house and marketed samples of Vaishwanara Churna. The study intends to highlight the variations observed between the in-house and two marketed samples of Vaishwanara Churna. The comparative standardization of IHVC, TVC, and SVC was performed based on pharmacognostic evaluation, physicochemical evaluation and phytochemical screening. The total phenolic content was found highest in TVC viz.161.57±5.426 mg GAE/g. The highest flavonoid content was found to be 82.67±6.549 mg QUE/g in SVC. The sample also shows good antioxidant activity which was indicated by three antioxidant methods. Antiurolithiatic activity was found to be dose dependent. HPTLC fingerprint technique showed that SVC has highest concentration of gallic acid.

A strategy for quality evaluation of complex herbal preparations based on multi-color scale and efficacy-oriented high-performance thin-layer chromatography characteristic fingerprint combined with chemometric method: Sanwujiao Pills as an example

To rapidly evaluate the quality of complex herbal preparations, a new strategy was proposed based on multi-color scale and efficacy-oriented high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) characteristic fingerprint combined with chemometric method. Firstly, effective components were screened through high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and evaporative light-scattering (HPLC-UV-ELSD), using multi-wavelength fusion combined with network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. Subsequently, guided by the effective components, the targeted HPTLC characteristic fingerprint was established by multi-color scale scanning. Finally, combined with the chemometric method, the consistency of the preparation quality was evaluated, the marker components leading to quality differences were screened, and the quality control limit was established. Sanwujiao Pills (SWJPs) is a herbal preparation composed of six herbs for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Through this strategy, four HPTLC characteristic fingerprints were established, they were derived from five herbs and guided by eight effective components in SWJPs. Through similarity, clustering heatmap, principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), the quality distinctions among the 12 batches of SWJPs were determined. These batches were categorized into two groups based on their production time, and eight components affecting the quality of the preparation were identified. Meanwhile, the quality control threshold for SWJPs was determined based on Hotelling's T2 and DModX methods. This strategy aims to rapidly evaluate the quality of complex herbal preparations by HPTLC and extends the application of HPTLC fingerprint chromatography for identifying herbal medicine species and activity-related quality detection. The proposed strategy is also helpful for the quality control of other complex herbal preparations.

Investigation on ethanolic stem extract of Ipomea sagittifolia to explore the presence of Saponins by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography

Background: Saponins are a diverse group of naturally occurring plant compounds that play important roles in various aspects of plant physiology and ecology. An extract composed of several phytoconstituents may be easily analysed and interpreted using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint analysis from a qualitative standpoint. Ipomea sagittifolia (Burn. f.) has a long history of use in traditional medical systems. Method: It was decided to interpret the phytoconstituents, namely the steroids in Ipomea sagittifolia (Burn. f.), in line with Current Good Manufacturing Practises, which highlight the significance of quality in relation to phytoconstituents, because HPTLC is a very trustworthy method of analysis. In this work, an HPTLC finger print profile for the saponins was made using an ethanolic extract of the stem of Ipomea sagittifolia (Burn. f.). This system includes the Scanner 4, TLC Visualizer, and Linomat 5 Applicator. Results: When phytoconstituents were evaluated using HPTLC densitometric screening at wavelengths of 366 nm and 540 nm, several peaks could be seen in the chromatogram. By analysing the peak regions, peak heights, and Rf values that were given in the proper tables, the phytochemicals are appraised. Conclusion: The study revealed the presence of saponins. This information is highly useful in studying chemical profiling and discovering bioactive components when the Rf values of these chemicals are compared with standards as a reference.

Phytochemical, Physicochemical and HPTLC Analysis of Siddha Herbal Formulation Muppirandai Chooranam

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the Phytochemical, Physicochemical, HPTLC analysis of Siddha herbal formulation Muppirandai Chooranam (MRC), indicated for various ailments including menorrhagia.
 Study design
 Place of study: The Phytochemical and Physicochemical analysis were conducted at the Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University, located at no.69, Anna salai, Guindy, Chennai-32. The high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was carried out at Noble research solutions, Kolathur, Chennai -99.
 Methodology: Siddha formulation Muppirandai Chooranam was prepared as per good manufacturing practices (GMP) guidelines and the phytochemical analysis, physicochemical analysis were carried out at the Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University, located at no.69, Anna salai, Guindy, Chennai-32. As per PLIM guidelines (Pharmacopeia Laboratory Of Indian Medicine) in accordance with the guidelines established by AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homoeopathy), the governing body for traditional health systems in India. The HPTLC analysis was conducted at Noble Research Solutions, Kolathur, Chennai -99.
 Results: The Phytochemical screening of MRC shown the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Saponins, Flavanoids, Diterpenes, Gum and Mucilage. The physicochemical analysis of MRC revealed that it had a loss on drying of 0.42% at 105°C, a total ash content of 23.3%, an acid-insoluble ash content of 3.02%, a water-soluble ash content of 2.30%, and a water-soluble extract content of 17.67%, and alcohol soluble extract content of 5.23%.HPTLC finger printing analysis of the sample reveals the presence of five prominent peaks corresponds to the presence of five versatile phytocomponents present within it. Rf value of the peaks ranges from 0.02 to 0.37.
 Conclusion: From the findings, it is concluded that it shown the compendious understanding of presence of Phytochemical components, Physicochemical characteristics, and HPTLC analysis of MRC and it is competent to assess the quality profile of Muppirandai Chooranam as a reference standard for the development of the standardised pharmaceutical product.

Analytical Profiling of Saffron (Crocus sativus) using 1H-NMR and FTIR based Metabolomics approach and UV-Vis, HPTLC and TLC Chromatography Fingerprinting

Crocus sativus L. commonly known as saffron or Kesar in India, is an important medicinal herb in Ayurveda and has been traditionally used for treatment of neurological disorders, for depression, anxiety and sleep disorders. It is uses as a coloring and flavouring agent in the preparation of various foods. Modern research has high lighted its beneficial effects in treatment of cardiovascular action, diabetic cataract, and as a potent antiinflammatory herb. Due to its high cost its quality control is of utmost importance to ensure its authenticity, purity and its medicinal properties. In the preset study the we have used Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis, High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint, UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) based metabolomic study for quality control and characterization of saffron. The antibacterial and antifungal activity were evaluated using agar well-diffusion method in two pathogenic bacterial strains, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and two pathogenic fungal strains, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus brasiliensis. The 1H NMR spectroscopy couples with FTIR analysis leads to identifcation of the secondary metabolites of saffron like crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal on basis of reported diagonostic signals and peaks. The antimicrobial activity showed moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity. The TLC and HPTLC profile reveals the characteristic fingerprint. Overall the present study showed that the 1H-NMR, FTIR based metabolomics approach and TLC and HPTLC metabolite profiling can be powerful strategy for maintaining the holistic quality of the saffron.

High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprint profile analysis and spectro-densitometric evaluation of antiproliferative antioxidants such as ellagic acid and gallic acid from four widely used Terminalia species

High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprint profile analysis and spectro-densitometric evaluation of antiproliferative antioxidants such as ellagic acid and gallic acid from four widely used Terminalia species

Phytochemical Profiling and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activity of <i>Flacourtia inermis</i> Roxb. Fruits

Objectives: The present research work was carried out to explore the potential use Flacourtia inermis [FI] fruits for the prevention and treatment of obesity through pancreatic lipase inhibition in vitro. The study also aimed to investigate the chemical profiling of ethanol extract of FI using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography (HR-LC/MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). Materials and Methods: Dried fruits of Flacourtia inermis were pulverised and subsequently extracted using various solvents in sequential steps of increasing polarity, such as hexane, ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. After phytochemical analysis by preliminary chemical testing various extracts were evaluated for their ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, and the ethanol extract was found to have an IC<sub>50</sub> close to that of reference drug orlistat. The most potent ethanol extract was analysed by HPTLC and separated through column chromatography, and further analysis was performed by HR-LC/MS and 1H-NMR techniques. Results: The presence of various phytoconstituents in this plant was detected using different types of analytical techniques. PL lipase inhibitory activity was observed in extracts in a dose dependent manner. Performing PL inhibition assay, it was found that the ethanol fruit extracts have lipase inhibitory activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 377.15 μg/ml. HPTLC finger printing of the ethanol extract showed the presence of various bioactice compounds. HR-LC/MS study of the most active ethanol extract indicated the presence of different phytochemicals, such as phenolics and flavonoids. Column chromatographic separation of ethanol fruit extract of FI followed by structural elucidation using various spectral studies demonstrated the presence of two compounds namely myricetin and quinic acid. Conclusion: The study suggests that the edible fruits of Flacourtia inermis have the potential to inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme and therefore, may be recommended for the management of obesity. Additionally, our research sheds light on the phytochemistry of flacourtia species and may lead to the development of novel chemical entities as potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors.

HPTLC Analysis and Chemical Composition of Selected Melaleuca Essential Oils.

Tea tree oil (TTO) is a volatile essential oil obtained by distillation, mainly from the Australian native plant Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae). In this study, a comparative analysis of the chemical constituents of seven tea tree oils (M. alternifolia) and four other Melaleuca spp. oils (M. cajuputi, (MCa), two chemotypes of M. quinquenervia, (MNe and MNi), and M. ericifolia (MRo)) was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Among the seven TTOs, terpinen-4-ol (37.66-44.28%), γ-terpinene (16.42-20.75%), α-terpinene (3.47-12.62%), α-terpineol (3.11-4.66%), and terpinolene (2.75-4.19%) were the most abundant compounds. On the other hand, the most abundant compounds of the other Melaleuca oils varied, such as 1,8-cineole (64.63%) in MCa oil, (E)-nerolidol (48.40%) and linalool (33.30%) in MNe oil, 1,8-cineole (52.20%) in MNi oil, and linalool (38.19%) and 1,8-cineole (27.57%) in MRo oil. HPTLC fingerprinting of Melaleuca oils enabled the discrimination of TTO oils from other Melaleuca spp. oils. Variation was observed in the profile of the Rf values among EOs. The present study shows that HPTLC is one of the best ways to identify and evaluate the quality control in authenticating TTOs, other Melaleuca EOs, or EOs from other species within the Myrtaceae.

Phytopharmaceutical properties and quality assessment of two Himalayan medicinal plants, Meconopsis horridula and Meconopsis simplicifolia

IntroductionBhutanese traditional medicine (BTM) is an integral part of the mainstream health care system in Bhutan. It uses more than 230 species of medicinal plants, including the Meconopsis species. Although traditional BTM methods are used to check the quality of medicinal plants, these methods have limitations in differentiating the closely related species. There is a need for integrating traditional methods with modern analytical techniques to efficiently monitor the quality and safety of medicinal plants. Here, we studied two closely related Meconopsis species using both traditional and modern analytical approaches. Materials and methodsMeconopsis horridula Hook. F & Thompson and Meconopsis simplicifolia (D. Don) Walpers were collected from Lingzhi, Bhutan. The samples were tested and compared for physicochemical properties and extractive values. Their microscopy and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) profiles were also compared. A literature review was performed to document isolated phytochemicals and their biological activities. ResultsTwo Meconopsis species revealed distinct macro-and microscopic characteristics. The physicochemical analysis and the HPTLC fingerprinting generated adequate data to authenticate these two species while preparing 16 essential traditional medicine drugs (ETMDs) in BTM. A literature review revealed that the two Meconopsis species contain alkaloids and flavonoids, which can be used as biomarker compounds for quality screening. ConclusionsM. horridula and M. simplicifolia could be differentiated based on their taxonomical features, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, HPTLC fingerprint profiles, and physicochemical values. The accomplished pharmacognostic properties of the two species can be used as important parameters in ensuring the quality and safety of BTM.

High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography Fingerprinting Analysis of Punarnavadi Kwatha

Introduction: Punarnavadi kwatha is one among the commonly used medicine in Ayurvedic practice, mentioned in Chakradatta in sopha chikitsa. Main indications of Punarnavadi kwatha are Sarvanga sopha (generalised oedema), Udara (ascites), Kasa (cough), Soolam (colicky pain), and Swasa (dyspnoea) associated with Pandu (anaemia). For the purpose of quality assurance and uniformity, scientific verification of Ayurvedic medications is important. Usage of modern analytical techniques helps in the proper authentication of medicines. In the present study, highperformance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting of Punarnavadi kwatha aimed to assess the different phytoconstituents. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract of Punarnavadi kwatha was subjected to HPTLC fingerprinting using the solvent system toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid (6:3:0.5). Toluene is a least polar solvent, ethyl acetate is mid polar solvent and formic acid is highly polar so in this solvent system, maximum separation of compounds took place. Results and Discussion: The number of peaks obtained at visualization 254 nm was 8 and total area of compounds in is 30309.5. Visualization at 366 nm, number of peaks was 12 and total area is 42473.2. Conclusion: Thus, the study revealed that HPTLC fingerprinting of formulations can be used in the quality control of ayurvedic medicaments. The maximum separation of compounds occurred at this solvent system.

HPTLC Fingerprinting Profile of Root of Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.)

Introduction: The root of Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.) possesses high therapeutic value and is used in many conditions such as Gulma (abdominal tumor), Pandu (anemia), Yakrit roga (liver disorders), Pleeha roga (splenic disorders), and Hridroga (cardiac disorders). But, before internal administration, it is essential to confirm the drug’s authenticity and quality. Obtaining authentic chromatographic fingerprints that accurately reflect the pharmacologically active and chemically distinctive components of the drugs is essential. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting helps to know the authenticity and identity of the drug. It is highly useful to avoid the unnecessary usage of adulterated drugs. Detection of the marker compound is essential to know the mechanism of action a drug in particular diseases and systems of the body. Materials and Methods: In the present study, methanolic extract of root powder of B. diffusa Linn. was selected. Solvent system used was toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (5:4:0.5). After development, the plate was examined under ultraviolet light 254 nm, 366 nm, and after derivatization in white light. Results and Discussion: While analyzing the HPTLC fingerprinting profile of Punarnava (B. diffusa Linn.), at 254 nm, it showed six peaks and at 366 nm, it showed ten peaks. At 254 nm, highest peak was obtained at Rf 0.03 with a total area of 4390.5 (AU). At 366 nm, highest peak obtained at Rf 0.02 with a total area of 7211.2 (AU). Conclusion: For identification of medicinal plants, the HPTLC fingerprinting profile is a crucial component of the standardization of herbal drugs. At 254 nm, it shows 6 peaks and at 366 nm, it shows 10 peaks.

A Comparative Analysis of Choorna and Bhavitha Choorna of Flower Buds of Japa (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.) through High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography

Introduction:High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is nowadays adopted by the major pharmacopoeias of the world for analysis of herbal drugs and preparations. The current use is generally limited to the visual observation of the fingerprints for identification and detection of adulterations and falsifications. It makes sense to use HPTLC to expand chromatographic fingerprints to identify the main active ingredients in medicinal plants. Compared to thin layer chromatography, the separation and resolution are significantly superior, and the outcomes are far more consistent and repeatable. Materials and Methods: Japakusuma mukula (flower buds of Japa) which is botanically identified as Hibiscus rosasinensis Linn. contains various phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, amino acids, lipids, sesquiterpene, quinones, and naphthalene groups. HPTLC fingerprinting profile of choorna (powder) and bhavitha choorna (triturated powder) of flower buds of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. is demonstrated in methanolic extract in this study and bands are analyzed at 254 nm and 366 nm using CAMAG Linomat V Automatic Sample Spotter. The peaks and area are compared. Results and Conclusion: Similarity in the peak areas even in different Max Rf values, it could be inferred that the phytoconstituent obtained in both conditions will be having similarity. Since the bhavitha choorna possess, the greater number of large value peak areas in both the wavelength of visualization, it is clear that bhavitha choorna is more potent in comparison with choorna.

Comparative pharmacognostical, phytochemical, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet spectral studies on leaf and rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Smith

Abstract BACKGROUND: Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Smith, belonging to the Polypodiaceae family, is widely used in Ayurvedic formulation preparations and is known commonly as Aswakatri in Sanskrit. Usually, its rhizome part is used in the different formulations of Ayurveda Medicine. Many works in pharmacognostical evaluation and phytochemical analysis help reveal plants’ secondary metabolite constituents. Rhizomes or roots of many plants are the significant part used for medicinal purposes. While using these roots or rhizomes, we have to destroy the whole plant. So if the secondary metabolites in the root or rhizome are also present in aerial parts, there is no need to destroy the plant to get the medicinally important molecule. The available literature comparison of leaf and rhizome needs to be better studied. METHODS: The present study aims to compare the pharmacognostical and phytochemical contents of the leaf and rhizome of D. quercifolia using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Quantitative analysis of plant parts was carried out by estimating total phenolic content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC). Further qualitative analysis of plant parts was carried out by HPTLC using mobile phase toluene:ethyl acetate (9:1, v/v). RESULTS: Different spots were observed in the leaf (@ 254 nm—05, 366 nm—07, and 545 nm—05) and rhizome (@366 nm—08 and 545 nm—06) of D. quercifolia. Gallic acid, quercetin, and β-sitosterol are used as a bioactive marker. The β-sitosterol was characteristically observed at 545 nm at R f 0.28 in both plant parts. CONCLUSION: It has been observed that the leaf part of D. quercifolia exhibited more characteristic phytochemical constituents compared to the rhizome part. The TPC, TFC, and HPTLC fingerprint profiles are observed more in the leaf than in the rhizome part.

Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Siddha formulation Saaranai chooranam

Background: Siddha system of medicine depends largely on herbal for the treatment of diseases which was practiced at village levels and now becomes an important medicine in worldwide, According to the Akasthiyar -2000-Part– III textbook, Saaranai Chooranam is a herbal drug that is indicated for Raththa kothippu (Systemic Hypertension) Saaranai is the Tamil name for Trianthema portulacastrum, which belongs to the family Aizoaceae. Aim & Objective: This study primarily aims to evaluate the Physicochemical and Phytochemical evaluation of Saaranai Chooranam, Preliminary Phytochemical analysis such as High Performed Thin Layered Chromatography and Powder Microscopy of Saaranai Chooranam. Methodology: The Physicochemical analysis of Saaranai Chooranam is carried out using standard procedures. Results: Preliminary Phytochemical screening found, the presence of phytochemicals such as Proteins, Terpenoids, Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, and Tannins. High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting revealed the presence of many phytochemicals with different Rf values and densitometric scans of the plates showed numerous bands and peaks. The Powder Microscopy reveals the presence ofTracheidal fibre, Vessel with bordered pits, Calcium oxalate crystal, Stone cell, Group of sclereids with brownish content, Paracytic stomata and surrounding subsidiary cells, Rosette Calcium oxalate crystal, Sclereid with narrow lumen, Thick walled cells, Tracheidal fibre and Trichome. Physicochemical analysis revealed the values of total ash (17.86%), acid-insoluble ash (1.34%), water-soluble ash (13.62), sulphated ash (25.72%), pH (6.05 in 4% alcohol solution), volatile oil (0.5%), foaming index (111.11%) and swelling index (4ml). Conclusion: This study is an effort to explore the different Physico and Phytochemical compounds of Saaranai Chooranam effective in the management of Raththa kothippu (Systemic hypertension).

Establishment of quality parameters of Quisqualis indica leaves through sophisticated analytical techniques

ABSTRACT. Quisqualis indica (Q. indica; Rangoon creeper) is found in Asia and finds its place in Ayurvedic texts, ethno-medicine as well as modern research. Its leaves contain important constituents like rutin, quisqualis acid, trigonelline, L-proline and L-asparagine. Traditionally, the leaves are used as antipyretic, anti-flatulent, anti-inflammatory, anti-septic, and anti-diarrhoeal. Modern pharmacological research also supports these claims. However, this plant remains unexplored phytochemically, which restricts any means for standardization of its formulations. The present research focuses on analysis of leaves of Q. indica using sophisticated chromatographic and spectral techniques. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were used. After several pilots, TLC analyses, an HPTLC fingerprint of methanolic extract of the leaves was performed using chloroform: methanol: ethyl acetate (7: 3: 3) solvent system, which showed 12 peaks at 254 nm and 9 peaks at 366 nm. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract detected 7 known phytochemicals, some of them having pharmacological importance. This research may serve the parameters for quality control of Q. indica leaves in herbal industries, in the detection of adulteration of its formulations as well as open new avenues for phytochemical research, including isolation of a marker compound.
 
 KEY WORDS: Quisqualis indica, Adulteration, Fingerprinting, GC-MS, HPTLC, Standardization
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(2), 289-298. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i2.4

A Comprehensive HPTLC-Based Analysis of the Impacts of Temperature on the Chemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Honey

Honeys are commonly subjected to a series of post-harvest processing steps, such as filtration and/or radiation treatment and heating to various temperatures, which might affect their physicochemical properties and bioactivity levels. Therefore, there is a need for robust quality control assessments after honey processing and storage to ensure that the exposure to higher temperatures, for example, does not compromise the honey's chemical composition and/or antioxidant activity. This paper describes a comprehensive short-term (48 h) and long-term (5 months) study of the effects of temperature (40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C) on three commercial honeys (Manuka, Marri and Coastal Peppermint) and an artificial honey, using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. Samples were collected at baseline, at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, and then monthly for five months. Then, they were analysed for potential changes in their organic extract HPTLC fingerprints, in their HPTLC-DPPH total band activities, in their major sugar composition and in their hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content. It was found that, while all the assessed parameters changed over the monitoring period, changes were moderate at 40 °C but increased significantly with increasing temperature, especially the honeys' HPTLC-DPPH total band activity and HMF content.