High-performance Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor Research Articles

Synthesis of pure ZnO and carbon nanoparticle/ZnO nanostructures for highly efficient glucose sensors

ABSTRACT This work presents a promising method to prepare pure zinc oxide (ZnO) films and carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) decorated ZnO (CNP/ZnO) nanostructured films as glucose sensors. ZnO nanostructure film was grown on Zn foil via the anodisation method, whereas the carbon nanoparticles were synthesised by the hydrothermal method, the decoration process of carbon nanoparticles on ZnO film nanocomposites was conducted using the ultrasonication method. Numerous experiments were conducted, such as microstructure observation, crystallinity analysis, and electrochemical property research. The nanostructures were ascertained by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) measurements, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). ZnO NPs displayed a structure with an average crystallite size of 5.12–13.47 nm, and the PL emission spectra were found to be in the 387 nm range, ZnO films were created by annealing ZnO samples at 200°C for 2 h, and FE-SEM presented nanoparticle-like shapes with a particle size range of (20–50 nm) for voltage anodisation (6 v). This led to an elevation of the energy gap to 3.20 eV. The electrochemical characterisation of the CNPs/ZnO nanostructures refines remarkably the sensitivity to glucose via pure zinc oxide nanostructures. The CNP/ZnO nanostructures demonstrated improved glucose-sensing ability with a sensitivity value of 2827 µA. m M − 1 . The low detection limit is 0.8 mm with a linear range from (0.3 mm to 1 mm). The sensitivity and repeatability of the biosensors were assessed by measuring and analysing their I–V characteristics at different glucose concentrations. Based on a straightforward, affordable, and innovative sensor design, this result validates the sensor’s significant potential as a high-performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor. It was observed that when zinc oxide films were decorated with carbon nanoparticles, there was an increase in the sensitivity of glucose detection. This is due to an increase in charge transfer and conductivity, as well as an increase in the oxidation and reduction process.

Integrating Cu/CuxO ternary nanocomposites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes enabling a high-performance nonenzymatic amperometric glucose sensor

We developed a new nonenzymatic amperometric glucose sensor by integrating a ternary nanocomposite, Cu/Cu2O/CuO (Cu/CuxO), with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (Cu/CuxO@MWCNTs) as the electrocatalyst. The Cu/CuxO@MWCNTs nanocomposite is prepared via an electroless plating process followed by thermal treatment. The constructed nanocomposites are systematically characterized with a transmission electron microscope, an X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The Cu/CuxO@MWCNTs nanocomposites-modified glassy carbon electrodes exhibit high electrocatalytic activity toward glucose electrooxidation under alkaline conditions. The efficient electrocatalytic activity of Cu/CuxO@MWCNTs for glucose electrooxidation is utilized for glucose detection using Cu/CuxO@MWCNTs-modified glassy carbon electrodes. The Cu/CuxO@MWCNTs-modified electrode displays an excellent sensing performance within a wide analyte concentration from 0.005-6,000 M (low detection limit is calculated to be 0.003 μM) with superior stability, selectivity, repeatability, and reproductivity. This as-prepared electrochemical sensor is successfully applied to selective glucose detection with satisfactory results.

MOF-based Sensing Materials for Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensors

<p>Diabetes mellitus is one of the common chronic diseases, seriously threating to human health. The continuous monitoring of blood glucose concentration can effectively prevent diabetic diseases. The sensing performance of glucose non-enzymatic sensors is mainly determined by working electrode materials. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are recognized as promising candidate for glucose sensor application, due to its large surface areas, ordered porous structure and nearly infinite designability. In this review, the sensing performance, research progress and future challenge of non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on MOF-based materials in recent years are presented. We hope that this review would provide valuable technology guidance for high performance non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on MOFs.</p>

Electrospun Manganese-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for MnOx Nanostructures Embedded in Carbon Nanofibers as a High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor.

Material-specific electrocatalytic activity and electrode design are essential factors in evaluating the performance of electrochemical sensors. Herein, the technique described involves electrospinning manganese-based metal-organic frameworks (Mn-MOFs) to develop MnOx nanostructures embedded in carbon nanofibers. The resulting structure features an electrocatalytic material for an enzyme-free glucose sensor. The elemental composition, morphology, and microstructure of the fabricated electrodes materials were characterized by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric i-t (current-time) techniques are characteristically employed to assess the electrochemical performance of materials. The MOF MnOx-CNFs nanostructures significantly improve detection performance for nonenzymatic amperometric glucose sensors, including a broad linear range (0 mM to 9.1 mM), high sensitivity (4080.6 μA mM-1 cm-2), a low detection limit (0.3 μM, S/N = 3), acceptable selectivity, outstanding reproducibility, and stability. The strategy of metal and metal oxide-integrated CNF nanostructures based on MOFs opens interesting possibilities for the development of high-performance electrochemical sensors.

Direct co-deposition of binder-free Cu-biochar-based nonenzymatic disposable sensing element for electrochemical glucose detection

This work is the first attempt to incorporate biochar on a pencil graphite electrode via one-step electrodeposition as a rational route for refining a copper-based biosensor for a high-performance nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor. Biochar undecorated electrode counterpart was also fabricated for comparison. The cyclic voltammetry graph showed that co-deposition with biochar enhanced the electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation in an alkaline medium. The surface morphology of the copper-biochar hybrid coating demonstrated an attractive three-dimensional structure that had not been reported in the literature. The results indicated that the supplied extending surface area due to biochar modification was the controlling factor for the improved electrochemical reactivity for glucose sensing. The amperometric analysis at an optimum potential of +0.70 V showed linear detection ranges from 0.8 µM to 1 mM and from 1 mM to 5 mM, and good characteristics, such as high sensitivity (6214.4 µA mM−1 cm–2), low limit of detection (0.8 µM), a fast response time (less than 2 s), and excellent anti-interference capability toward the oxidation of glucose. The cost-effective and facile fabrication suggests that the prepared glucose-sensing element can be potentially adapted for construction as a disposable.

Hierarchically porous cellulose nanofibril aerogel decorated with polypyrrole and nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide for high-performance nonenzymatic glucose sensors

Hierarchically porous cellulose nanofibril aerogel decorated with polypyrrole and nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide for high-performance nonenzymatic glucose sensors

Effect of Carbon Layer Thickness on the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glucose in a Ni/BDD Composite Electrode.

High-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor composite electrodes were prepared by loading Ni onto a boron-doped diamond (BDD) film surface through a thermal catalytic etching method. A carbon precipitate with a desired thickness could be formed on the Ni/BDD composite electrode surface by tuning the processing conditions. A systematic study regarding the influence of the precipitated carbon layer thickness on the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose was conducted. While an oxygen plasma was used to etch the precipitated carbon, Ni/BDD-based composite electrodes with the precipitated carbon layers of different thicknesses could be obtained by controlling the oxygen plasma power. These Ni/BDD electrodes were characterized by SEM microscopies, Raman and XPS spectroscopies, and electrochemical tests. The results showed that the carbon layer thickness exerted a significant impact on the resulting electrocatalytic performance. The electrode etched under 200 W power exhibited the best performance, followed by the untreated electrode and the electrode etched under 400 W power with the worst performance. Specifically, the electrode etched under 200 W was demonstrated to possess the highest sensitivity of 1443.75 μA cm-2 mM-1 and the lowest detection limit of 0.5 μM.

High-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Co3O4/rGO nanohybrid

High-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Co3O4/rGO nanohybrid

High-performance catalytic electrode for glucose sensor fabricated by one-step selective oxidation of brass compositions

In this study, three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes were synthesized by one-step electrochemical anodizing of the brass. Composites based on different oxides/hydroxides including ZnO, Cu2O, Cu(OH)2, and CuO are selectively prepared by potential modulation for the first time. With the increase of potential, the nano-oxide transforms from granular morphology into uniformly distributed nanosheet clusters, and the size of the nano-sheet decreases gradually with the increase of potential, finally, the double-layer nanosheet structure is formed. Attributed to the finely regulated composition and nanostructure, high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor electrodes are developed, which can exhibit prominent sensitivity for glucose catalytic up to 2817 μA·mM−1·cm−2 with a response time within 3 s and outstanding selectivity. This pioneering work not only offers a promising strategy for the rational construction of high-performance glucose catalytic nanostructured electrodes, but also provides a fresh pathway for the selective oxidation of alloys to form functional materials that meet practical needs.

RGO decorated N-doped NiCo2O4 hollow microspheres onto activated carbon cloth for high-performance non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detection

This paper reports the first effective fabrication of a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on activated carbon cloth (ACC) coated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) decorated N-doped urchin-like nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) hollow microspheres. Hierarchically mesoporous N-doped NiCo2O4 hollow microspheres were synthesized using a facile solvothermal method, followed by thermal treatment in a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. Subsequently, they were hydrothermally decorated with RGO nanoflakes. The resulting composite was dip-coated onto ACC, and its electrochemical and glucose sensing performances were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometric measurements in a three-electrode system. The composite electrode sensor demonstrates admirable sensitivity (6122 μM mM−1 cm−2) with an ultralow detection limit (5 nM, S/N = 3), and it performs well within a substantial linear range (0.5–1.450 mM). Additionally, it exhibits good long-term response stability and outstanding anti-interference performance. These outstanding results can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the highly electrically conductive ACC with multiple channels, the enhanced catalytic activity of highly porous N-doped NiCo2O4 hollow microspheres, and the large electroactive sites provided by its well-developed hierarchical nanostructure and RGO nanoflakes. The findings highlight the enormous potential of the ACC/N-doped NiCo2O4@RGO electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing.

Binary (α–β) NiS/PANI Nanorods with Highly Efficient Catalytic Activity in Nonenzymatic Glucose Fuel Cells and Sensors

Improving the efficiency of glucose oxidation reaction (GOR) is extremely important to build high performance nonenzymatic glucose sensors and fuel cells. In this work, we designed a novel binary ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] NiS/PANI nanorods electrocatalyst with polyaniline (PANI) as the substrates and binary ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] NiS nanoparticles dispersing on the PANI nanorods. The as-prepared NiS/PANI nanorods were characterized by XRD, XPS and SEM. The electrochemical performance of NiS/PANI nanorods was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which showed highly improved catalytic efficiency for GOR. When used as anodic catalysts in nonenzymatic glucose fuel cells, NiS/PANI nanorods displayed much higher power density of 1343.39 [Formula: see text] with an open circuit voltage of 0.84 V. NiS/PANI/NiS nanorods also presented excellent nonenzymatic sensing performance for glucose detection including a wide sensitivity of 682.21 [Formula: see text] (10–9000 [Formula: see text]M) and the low detection limit of 3.33 [Formula: see text]M ([Formula: see text]). The obviously improved electrochemical properties of NiS/PANI/NiS nanorods for GOR may be due to the synergistic effect of binary ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] NiS and PANI nanorods.

Synthesis of CuO Nanrods Using Chemical Bath Deposition for a Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensor

In the present research, CuO NRs are produced on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) using (CBD) growth process, and their electrochemical characteristics for glucose biosensors are studied. A field emission scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffractometer, energy dispersive x-ray, and UV-VIS spectroscopy were used to examine the morphology and crystallinity of a CuO film. The synthesized CuO film displays a monoclinic phase with average crystallite sizes of around (18–25) nm. CuO is composed of NRs aggregating together to construct flower and flower bud-like shape structures with a diameter between (20-80) nm and a thickness of the CuO film is about (158.5-285.7) nm. The energy gap of CuO NRs was 2.55 eV. The I-V characteristics of the biosensors were measured and evaluated at various glucose concentrations to determine their sensitivity. The electrocatalytic performance of the CuO for the detection of glucose was outstanding. With a very low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.45 μM and a sensitivity of 799 µA cm-2 Mm-1, the electrode attained a wide linear range from 0.5 to 2 mM. This result highlights the sensor's tremendous potential as a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor that makes use of an original, cost-effective, and straightforward sensor design.

High-performance enzyme-free glucose and hydrogen peroxide sensors based on bimetallic AuCu nanoparticles coupled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Interest in designing and manufacturing non-enzymatic biosensors is growing which stimulates the increased research efforts to explore innovative nanocomposites with highly catalytic activity. Here, the development of high-performance non-enzymatic glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensors based on bimetallic AuCu nanoparticles coupled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AuCu@MWCNTs) was achieved in this work. They were investigated by the cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA) methods separately. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of AuCu@MWCNTs, the proposed biosensors exhibited excellent performance such as low detection limits (1.3 nM for glucose, 0.1 nM for H2O2), broad linear ranges (8 nM-60 mM for glucose, 1 nM-4 mM for H2O2) and high sensitivities (362.3 μA·mM−1·cm−2 for glucose, 1335 μA·mM−1·cm−2 for H2O2). Besides, the AuCu@MWCNTs based electrodes provided excellent stability, repeatability and reproducibility. Based on the outstanding performance, they exhibited good reliability and accuracy in the detection of glucose in goat serum samples and real-time monitoring of H2O2 released by living cells. The present work suggests that the fabricated biosensor holds great potential for non-enzymatic glucose determination and real-time quantitative detection of H2O2 in biomedical applications.

Au Nanoparticles-Modified NiCo₂O₄ Nanowires-Supporting Co₃O₄ Dodecahedron as High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor

A hierarchically nanostructured active material composed of nanoparticles, microsized dodecahedron, and nanowires (NWs) has been successfully fabricated and used for glucose oxidation, in which the NiCo2O4 NWs were grown in situ on the carbon paper (CP) and used for supporting the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67)-derived Co3O4 dodecahedron, with the Au nanoparticles (Au-Np) being further electrodeposited on their surface (Au-Np/Co3O4/NiCo2O4 NWs/CP). The NWs effectively avoid the agglomeration of Co3O4, thus providing greater surface area for loading the Au nanoparticles. The introduction of Au can decrease the oxidation potential and enhance the catalytic current, which is beneficial for the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. The Au-Np/Co3O4/NiCo2O4 NWs/CP-based nonenzymatic glucose sensor exhibits good sensing performance, including high sensitivity of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$15.3~\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> /cm2, outstanding response/recovery times of 2.5/4.0 s (toward 180- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> glucose), good reproducibility, and excellent selectivity. Therefore, constructing a hierarchical nanocomposite is a promising strategy to develop a nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor.

Screen-Printing Preparation of High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors Based on Co3O4 Nanoparticles-Embedded N-Doped Laser-Induced Graphene

Screen-Printing Preparation of High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors Based on Co₃O₄ Nanoparticles-Embedded N-Doped Laser-Induced Graphene

Three-dimensional NiO/Co3O4@C composite for high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

In this study, a new enzyme-free glucose sensor was constructed using the transition metal-based composite material. The synthesis of ZIF-67 entailed the addition of NiO with high catalytic performance. Two-dimensional NiO/Co3O4@C heterojunctions were obtained via pyrolysis of NiO@ZIF-67 in the air at a temperature of 500℃. The enzyme-free glucose sensor Nafion/NiO/Co3O4@C/GCE was constructed by modifying NiO/Co3O4@C on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The performance of the modified electrode was tested via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and a time-current curve (i-t curve). The linear ranges of the modified electrode were 5 -1000μM and 1.0- 4.0mM with sensitivities of 690 and 215.4 μAmM-1cm-2, respectively. The detection limit was 2.28μΜ (S/N = 3). The recoveries were in the range of 98.9-99.7% during the detection of real samples. The prepared sensor Nafion/NiO/Co3O4@C/GCE showed excellent electrocatalytic properties with superb reproducibility, stability and anti-interference capability. The sensor has been successfully utilized to determine glucose in real serum samples.

Synthesis of CuO NRs Using a Double Hydrothermal Method for a Highly Efficient Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor

CuO NRs electrodes as nonenzymatic glucose sensors were successfully synthesized using a simple low-cost, high-benefit (double hydrothermal method) on indium tin oxide glass CuO/ITO with different concentrations. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy–dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and investigations were used to confirm the nanostructures. XRD patterns of CuO explained all of the peaks may be attributed to CuO’s monoclinic phase. FE-SEM presented nano rod-like shapes with a diameter range of 20–100[Formula: see text]nm and was found to be uniformly and vertically grown on the ITO substrate. Besides, the energy gap of the CuO NRs was expanded to 3.3[Formula: see text]eV, 3.1[Formula: see text]eV and 3[Formula: see text]eV, respectively. CuO NRs displayed the high activity of glucose sensing, with a sensitivity of (5805.7, 7365.7 and 994.8) [Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]Mm[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] with LOD (0.44, 0.4 and 0.35) [Formula: see text]A, respectively. These results indicate that the sensor has a lot of potential for becoming a high-performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor with a simple, low-cost, and unique sensor design.

High-Performance Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Boron-Doped Copper Oxide Nanbundles

In this paper, for the first time, boron-doped copper oxide (B-CuO) was explored as an excellent electrocatalyst for glucose oxidation, which was synthesized by a simple method. The nanomaterials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy (Raman). The results show that B-CuO presents a spindle structure with rich pores, which favors exposure of accessible active sites. Moreover, the doping of B significantly accelerates the electron transfer rate. Owing to these unique features, the enzymeless sensor based on B-CuO exhibited excellent performance for glucose analysis with a high sensitivity (1546.13 μA·mM−1·cm−2), a wide detection range (0.2 μM−1.1 mM), and a low detection limit (0.16 μM). This study demonstrated B-CuO as a new electrocatalyst for electrochemical sensing of glucose.

Development of an electrochemical nanoplatform for non-enzymatic glucose sensing based on Cu/ZnO nanocomposite

A non-enzymatic amperometric glucose sensor was designed based on Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and copper (Cu) composite membrane. The Copper/Zinc Oxide nanocomposite (Cu/ZnO NC) was elaborated by sol-gel technique, which was then characterized for physico-chemical properties using characterization techniques such as UV–Visible, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDXS). For the sensing electrode fabrication, the synthesized NC was deposited on Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) by drop-coating method. The electrochemical behavior of the elaborated sensor was studied through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The Cu/ZnO modified GCE possesses favorable electrocatalytic (EC) properties for the oxidation of glucose in alkaline solution. Furthermore, the suggested sensing nanoplatform for glucose determination had 2 linear ranges: 0.01 mM–1 mM and 1 mM–7 mM, good sensitivity (36.641 μA mM−1cm−2), a limit of detection (LOD) of about 57 μM, good selectivity as well as a response time of about 8 s. The findings of this study contribute to the applicability of a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor and may potentially act as a significant alternative method for glucose analysis.

Facile synthesis of bimetallic metal–organic frameworks on nickel foam for a high performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potential for electrochemical biosensors. In this paper, bimetallic MOFs were successfully in-situ grown on nickel foam (NF) through a facile one-pot hydrothermal treatment. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, and scanning electron microscopy were used to the structural and morphological characterization of bimetallic MOFs. Electrochemical measurement indicated that Cu1Co2-MOF/NF composite electrode processed a high sensitivity of 8304.4 μA mM−1 cm−2, a low detection limit of 0.023 mM (S/N = 3). Moreover, it also showed good anti-interference ability toward ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), dopamine hydrochloride (DA) and sodium chloride (NaCl). These results suggest that Cu1Co2-MOF/NF is a promising electrode material for high-performance glucose sensing.