High Performance Stability Research Articles

Selective recovery of lithium from aqueous solution with hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent based on quantum chemical calculations and experimental investigation

Developing green and efficient extractants for selectively recovering lithium from salt lake brine is beneficial for alleviating the increasingly growing demand for lithium resources. This study developed a novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES) for selective recovery of Li+ from simulated salt lake brine solutions. Under the optimal experimental parameters, the single extraction efficiency of Li+ was 70.18%, β (Li+/ Na+) and β (Li+/Mg2+) were 22.32 and 947.58, respectively. Cycle experiments verified the high stability and good cycle performance of HDES. The conditions affecting the extraction efficiency of Li⁺ were optimized through experiments, and the high stability and good cyclic performance of HDES were verified. The extraction ability and mechanism of HDES for different metal ions were studied based on FTIR spectra combined with density functional theory. The calculation results showed that the order of extraction capacity of HDES for metal ions was: Li+>Na+>Mg2+. This calculation results were identical to the experimental results. This research will help develop HDES for the selective recovery of lithium from aqueous solutions containing high concentrations of Mg2+, helping to address the urgent global demand for lithium resources.

Asymmetric Pore Windows in Pillar-Layered Metal-Organic Framework Membranes for H2/CO2 Separation.

In this study, a novel ultramicroporous pillar-layered Ni-LAP-NH2 [Ni2(l-asp)2(Pz-NH2)] (l-asp = l-aspartic acid, Pz-NH2 = aminopyrazine) membranes on porous α-Al2O3 tubes with high performance and good thermal stability was first fabricated using isostructural Ni-LAP[Ni2(l-asp)2(Pz)] (Pz = pyrazine) crystals as seeds. Utilizing the principle of reticular chemistry, here, we introduced the active amino side group into the Ni-LAP frameworks by replacing the pillar-layered ligand Pz with Pz -NH2 while maintaining the original Ni-LAP small pore size, and the amino side group induced a "steric hindrance" effect and the physical adsorption affinity, which synergistically delayed CO2 penetration. It was found that the preferential (111) orientation Ni-LAP-NH2 membrane (Z10) exhibited a high H2/CO2 separation performance with a separation factor of 41.7 and H2 permeance of 9.08 × 10-8 mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1 under optimal conditions. These MOF materials demonstrated potential for industrial H2 purification due to their tunable pore structure and remarkable stability. Moreover, this strategy offers an effective approach to tailoring pillar-layered MOF membranes with targeted molecular sieving ability.

Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte for High-Performance Flexible Zinc-Air Batteries.

Enhancing ionic conductivity and electrolyte uptake is of significance for gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) for flexible zinc-air batteries (FZABs). Herein, a composite mesoporous silica/polyacrylamide (5 wt.% mPAM) GPE is constructed with comparable ionic conductivity to aqueous electrolytes, where the ionic conductivity is up to 337 mS cm-1, and the weight loss after exposing in air 72h is less than 18%, owing to the excellent electrolyte uptake and continuous ion migration network provided by the mesoporous silica fillers. When used as a quasi-solid-electrolyte, the rechargeable FZAB exhibited high electrochemical performance and structural stability, where the peak power density is up to 162.8mW cm-2, and the initial charge-discharge potential gap is as low as 0.62V, resulting in a long lifespan exceeding 110h, showcasing the combination of high durability, cost-effectiveness and easy production for practical applications.

Mesoporous Electrodes Enhance the Electrocatalytic Performance of [FeFe]-Hydrogenase.

The metalloenzyme [FeFe]-hydrogenase is of interest to future biotechnologies targeting the production of "green" hydrogen (H2). We recently developed a simple two-step functionalized procedure to immobilize the [FeFe]-hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum ("CpI") on mesoporous indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes to achieve elevated H2 production with high operational stability, with current densities of 8 mA cm-2. Here, we use a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) to understand how mesoporous ITO stabilizes and activates CpI for electroenzymatic H2 production. Examination of the topography and morphology of the mesoporous ITO surface revealed a hierarchical morphology containing cavities and well-defined nanoparticle agglomerates. Any potential effect of mesoporosity was investigated by comparing the stability and electroenzymatic activity of CpI on mesoporous 'nanoITO' and planar ITO, where we determined that CpI has a higher turnover frequency and absorbs with greater stability (with respect to electroenzymatic activity over time) to nanoITO surfaces.

Mesoporous Electrodes Enhance the Electrocatalytic Performance of [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase

The metalloenzyme [FeFe]‐hydrogenase is of interest to future biotechnologies targeting the production of “green” hydrogen (H2). We recently developed a simple two‐step functionalized procedure to immobilize the [FeFe]‐hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum (“CpI”) on mesoporous indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes to achieve elevated H2 production with high operational stability, with current densities of 8 mA cm–2. Here, we use a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) to understand how mesoporous ITO stabilizes and activates CpI for electroenzymatic H2 production. Examination of the topography and morphology of the mesoporous ITO surface revealed a hierarchical morphology containing cavities and well‐defined nanoparticle agglomerates. Any potential effect of mesoporosity was investigated by comparing the stability and electroenzymatic activity of CpI on mesoporous ‘nanoITO’ and planar ITO, where we determined that CpI has a higher turnover frequency and absorbs with greater stability (with respect to electroenzymatic activity over time) to nanoITO surfaces.

Engineering Trifluoromethyl Groups in Porous Coordination Polymers to Enhance Stability and Regulate Pore Window for Hexane Isomers Separation.

Effective separation of hexane (C6) isomers is critical for a variety of industrial applications but conventional distillation methods are energy-intensive. Adsorptive separations based on porous coordination polymers (PCPs) offer a promising alternative due to their exceptional porosity and tunable properties. However, there is still an urgent need to develop PCPs with high stability and separation performance. This study investigates how substituting a methyl (-CH3) group with a trifluoromethyl (-CF3) group can regulate pores and hydrophobicity in PCPs. This precise adjustment aims to enhance stability and improve the kinetic separation performance of hydrophobic C6 isomers by considering the size and hydrophobicity of the trifluoromethyl group. Two isostructural PCPs with pcu topology, PCP-CH3 and PCP-CF3, were synthesized to vary pore diameters and hydrophobicity based on the presence of -CH3 or -CF3 groups. PCP-CF3 showed greater stability in water compared to PCP-CH3. While PCP-CH3 had high adsorption capacities, it lacked selectivity, whereas PCP-CF3 demonstrated improved selectivity, particularly in excluding dibranched isomers. Dynamic column separation experiments revealed that PCP-CF3 could selectively adsorb linear and monobranched isomers over dibranched isomers at room temperature. These findings highlight the potential of fluorine-modified PCPs for efficient isomer separation and underscore the importance of stability improvement strategies.

Microstructural optimization of lignin‐based carbon fiber: Effects of purification and high‐temperature heat treatment

AbstractLignin is a renewable biomass polymer with a carbon content of more than 60% and has been extensively studied for making lignin‐based carbon fibers (CFs). However, impurities and high carbohydrate content in lignin materials severely limit their molding in melt spinning, and pre‐oxidation and carbonization processes also affect the subsequent preparation of CFs. This paper presents a detailed study of lignin‐based carbon fiber preparation. Pretreatment increased lignin's decomposition temperature to 302.1°C and enabled melt‐spun fiber preparation. Then, pre‐oxidation and carbonization of lignin fibers were further discussed. The pre‐oxidized fibers prepared at 280°C and 0.4°C min−1 have high thermal stability and excellent carbonization performance. The lignin‐based carbon fibers (LCFs) prepared at 1100°C and 3°C min−1 have the highest degree of graphitization, and the surface is smooth without obvious holes. Under these conditions, LCFs have a graphitization degree of 1.50 and conductivity of 62.50 S cm−1, making them suitable for sensors and capacitors.Highlights Effects of pretreatment on lignin structure and properties have been studied. Effects of pre‐oxidation and carbonization on the lignin fibers were studied. Lignin‐based carbon fibers with high conductivity were obtained.

Performance Evaluation of Polygonal and Cylindrical Ball Mills Using Discrete Element Method

ABSTRACTBall mills are frequently utilized in the chemical and mineral processing industries to reduce the size of particles. In mineral processing, cylindrical rotating mills with wear‐resistant materials are used at various operation scales. Polygon‐shaped rotating mills are used in artisanal and small‐scale mining due to technological and economic reasons. It is imperative to thoroughly evaluate polygon‐shaped mills to inform decisions regarding their improvement or replacement based on technological data. Even a minor enhancement in grinding efficiency and mill durability can yield substantial economic and environmental advantages. In this study, the performance of polygonal‐shaped mills was evaluated and compared with cylindrical profiles, taking into account power draw, collision energy dissipation, relative wear, and operational stability. The effect of installing lifters in the mills was also assessed. Simulations using the discrete element method (DEM) were carried out to describe the mechanical behavior of grinding media and its interaction with the mill walls. Notably, polygonal‐shaped mills without lifters facilitated interparticle interaction with limited centrifuging of particles compared to cylindrical mills without lifters. The installation of lifters in polygonal mills increased interparticle collisions and reduced power draw and wear rate. Cylindrical mills with lifters had high interparticle collisions similar to polygonal profiles but with much lower wear rate and high operational stability.

Self-assembly fabrication of SASN@GO composites with high electrostatic safety and thermal stability performances

ABSTRACT The high electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity and mechanical sensitivity of silver acetylide-silver nitrate (SASN) seriously affects its application. For solving this problem, novel SASN@GO nanocomposites were successfully prepared by a self-assembly method. Thin sheet graphene oxide (GO) was coated on the surface of SASN, and prevented the agglomeration of SASN nanoparticles effectively. GO content in SASN@GO nanocomposites was controlled (0.5 ~ 1.5 wt%) to balance explosive performance and safety. Results reveal that SASN@(1%)GO exhibits the best thermal safety and desensitization, with thermal decomposition temperature, impact sensitivity (I s), friction sensitivity (F s) and electrostatic energy at 50% ignition probability (E 50) of 208.2°C, 1.96 J, 128 N and 0.64 mJ respectively, which are much better than that of SASN, indicating safety performances of SASN are improved through the introducetion of a small amount of GO. This work provides a strategy for reducing the explosion risk of SASN.

Exploring Stable Low Soil Phosphorous Stress Tolerance in Rice Using Novel Allele Recombination From Oryza rufipogon

ABSTRACTAdvent of changing climatic conditions along with nutrient deficient soils adversely affects the environment for the rice production. Wild introgression lines derived from KMR3 and Oryza rufipogon population were evaluated in six environments, including optimum and low phosphorus stress condition. Significant differences among the introgression lines were observed for plant height, tiller number, biomass, grain yield per plant, days to 50% flowering and harvest index across the environments. Based on grain yield observed under optimum phosphorus and limited phosphorus (P stress condition), eight stress tolerance indices were calculated and found STI and GMP are the better indices to discriminate among tolerant and susceptible genotypes, and correlation studies also confirmed the significant association between STI and GMP. Cluster analysis based on stress tolerance indices revealed three different clusters distinguishing genotypes based on their stable performance on yield related traits. AMMI and GGE biplot analysis to identify the stable performance across environments revealed NSR60, NSR101, NSR105, NSR85 and NSR86 as high grain yielders, whereas NSR135, NSR5 and NSR88 as stable performers. WAASBY‐based stability analysis on multiple traits (MTSI) showed NSR135, NSR79 and NSR18 with lowest MTSI, indicating their high stability and high mean performance compared with parent KMR3. Further genotyping for low P tolerance gene (PSTOL1) and grain yield genes (Gn1a, SPIKE, TGW6, DEP1 and OsSPL14) using allele specific markers showed that the desirable alleles of SPIKE, Gn1a and TGW6 were derived from wild parent O. rufipogon. Low P tolerance allele PSTOL1 was absent in recurrent parent KMR3; however, the introgression lines harboured desirable alleles, which were derived from O. rufipogon. Further mapping studies will help to identify a significant potential QTLs/gene for low P tolerance from O. rufipogon. Wild introgression lines, NSR85, NSR124, NSR80, NSR54, NSR86 and NSR88, were found as the high yielding and nutrient stress tolerant genotypes, which can be used as potential donors in future breeding programmes for low P stress tolerance.

Electro-assisted carbon nanotube dual catalytic membrane system for high-efficiency and energy-efficient water treatment

Improving performance of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalytic membrane via electrochemical assistance renders an effective way for water decontamination. However, the current cathodic or anodic membrane based electro-assisted PMS catalytic single-membrane systems (EPSM) usually suffer from their inherent deficiencies. Herein, a novel electro-assisted PMS catalytic dual-membrane system (EPDM) was constructed by employing two electro-conductive carbon nanotube membranes as the anodic and cathodic membranes, in order to couple the advantages of anodic and cathodic catalytic membranes for enhanced water treatment. Moreover, the filtration sequence (anode–cathode (A-C) or cathode–anode (C-A)) was varied to explore its effect on EPDM performance. Results showed the EPDM operated in C-A mode achieved ultrafast (0.95 s−1) and energy-efficient (0.008 kWh m−3) removal towards sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and its SMX mineralization rate was 1.7 times higher than that of EPDM operated in A-C mode and 5.1 or 2.4 times higher than that of cathodic or anodic membrane based EPSM. Meanwhile, the EPDM also displayed efficient fouling mitigation on both membrane surface and pores. Furthermore, EPDM can maintain high performance and good stability in long-term actual surface water treatment. The outstanding performance of EPDM operated in C-A mode was attributed to the collaboration of cathodic and anodic membranes: For one thing, cathodic and anodic membranes sequentially activated PMS to produce radicals (OH and SO4−) and non-radicals (1O2 and electron transfer) for enhanced pollutant oxidation; for another, both membranes in C-A mode effectively resisted coexisting interferents in real water.

Electrochemical Synthesis of Metasequoia-Like Reduced Graphene Oxide Coated Cobalt-Silver Catalyst for Stable and Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia.

Electrocatalytic nitrate (NO3 -) reduction to ammonia (NH3) is a green and efficient NH3synthesis technology. Metallic silver (Ag) is one of the well-known electrocatalysts for NO3 - reduction. However, under alkaline conditions, its poor water-splitting ability fails to provide sufficient protonic hydrogen required for NH3 synthesis, resulting in low NH3 selectivity. Additionally, metal catalysts are prone to leaching and oxidation during electrocatalysis, resulting in poor stability. Herein, cobalt (Co) into Ag (CoAg) catalyst is doped, which not only increases the NH3 selectivity by 34.4%, but also reduces the reduction potential by 0.1V. Meanwhile, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a protective "armor" is used to encapsulate the CoAg catalyst (rGO2.92@CoAg). The rGO2.92@CoAg catalyst shows excellent stability for over 300 hours (h) of continuous reaction. The Co and Ag contents in the rGO2.92@CoAg catalyst after continuous tests decreases by only 4.3% and 3.1%, respectively, which are much lower than those of the CoAg catalyst without the rGO (90.8%, 52.6%). Moreover, the rGO2.92@CoAg catalyst shows high Faradaic efficiency (99.3%) and NH3 yield rate (1.47mmol h-1 cm-2). Therefore, a high performance and strong stability rGO2.92@CoAg catalyst is obtained by Co doping and rGO coating, which provides theoretical basis for practical industrial application.

Novel rubber-steel adhesive based on resole phenol formaldehyde/unsaturated polyester/soybean oil polyol blends with high thermal stability performance

One of the main challenges in rubber-metal adhesive is improving the adhesion strength performance with high thermal stability. A novel rubber-steel adhesives based on resole phenol formaldehyde/unsaturated polyester/soybean oil polyol blends were fabricated to tackle this challenge. SEM investigated the morphology of the fabricated blends, while the curing reaction and the components’ interactions were evaluated using FT-IR and XRD. The heat resistance and curing properties were studied by TGA and DSC. The adhesion properties for rubber-metal adhesive specimens were tested at room temperature. The impact of soybean oil polyol modifier addition was investigated on adhesion performance. The curing conditions (touch dry, full curing, and shelf life) and hardness were investigated. It is obvious that polyol improves the heat resistance of the prepared films and enhances their adhesion behavior. The fabricated adhesive exhibits good adhesion and thermal stability due to the integration of chemical cross-linking in the matrix. It can adhere extensively to substrate surfaces via intermolecular forces with small physical movements. Controlling the curing time and delaying the shelf life could be possible for samples that take a long time to cure completely. The designed fabricated adhesive appeared to desired properties of satisfactory rubber-metal adhesion and good thermal stability.

Design and Investigation of a High-Performance Quartz-Based SAW Temperature Sensor

In this work, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) temperature sensor based on a quartz substrate was designed and investigated. Employing the Coupling-of-Modes (COM) model, a detailed analysis was conducted on the effects of the number of interdigital transducers (IDTs), the number of reflectors, and their spacing on the performance of the SAW device. The impact of the transversal mode of quartz SAWs on the device was subsequently examined using the finite element method (FEM). The simulation results indicate that optimizing these structural parameters significantly enhances the sensor’s sensitivity and frequency stability. SAW devices with optimal structural parameters were fabricated, and their resonant frequencies were tested across a temperature range of 25–150 °C. Experimental results demonstrate that the SAW temperature sensor maintains high performance stability and data reliability throughout the entire temperature range, achieving a Bode-Q of 7700. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits excellent linearity and repeatability. An analysis of the sensor’s response under varying temperature conditions reveals a significant temperature dependency on its Temperature Coefficient of Frequency (TCF). This feature suggests that the sensor possesses potential advantages for applications in industrial process control and environmental monitoring.

High-Temperature Characterization of AlGaN Channel High Electron Mobility Transistor Based on Silicon Substrate

In this paper, it is demonstrated that the AlGaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) based on silicon wafer exhibits excellent high-temperature performance. First, the output characteristics show that the ratio of on-resistance (RON) only reaches 1.55 when the working temperature increases from 25 °C to 150 °C. This increase in RON is caused by a reduction in optical phonon scattering-limited mobility (μOP) in the AlGaN material. Moreover, the device also displays great high-performance stability in that the variation of the threshold voltage (ΔVTH) is only 0.1 V, and the off-state leakage current (ID,off-state) is simply increased from 2.87 × 10−5 to 1.85 × 10−4 mA/mm, under the operating temperature variation from 25 °C to 200 °C. It is found that the two trap states are induced at high temperatures, and the trap state densities (DT) of 4.09 × 1012~5.95 × 1012 and 7.58 × 1012~1.53 × 1013 cm−2 eV−1 are located at ET in a range of 0.46~0.48 eV and 0.57~0.61 eV, respectively, which lead to the slight performance degeneration of AlGaN HEMT. Therefore, this work provides experimental and theoretical evidence of AlGaN HEMT for high-temperature applications, pushing the development of ultra-wide gap semiconductors greatly.

MgCo2O4@g‐C3N4 Composite Induced Peroxymonosulfate Activation for Effective Degradation of Tetracycline Under Visible Light

AbstractThe composite Fenton catalyst was prepared by attaching MgCo2O4 to the surface of g‐C3N4 using a one‐pot method after preparing MgCo2O4 through co‐precipitation. The microstructure of the composites was analyzed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and other characterization methods. The catalytic activity of the composites towards tetracycline (TC) was studied, and a possible catalytic mechanism was proposed. The experimental results indicate that the degradation of TC by MgCo2O4@g‐C3N4 reached almost 99.0 % within 30 min in the presence of PMS and visible light. The combination of MgCo2O4 and g‐C3N4 improved the absorption of visible light, and the energy level‐matched heterojunction facilitated the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, accelerating the redox cycle of ≡Co3+/≡Co2+. The free radical quenching experiment confirmed that the main active substances were free radical ⋅O2− and 1O2. The one‐step synthesis of composite catalysts exhibits high catalytic performance and good stability, offering a potential solution for the efficient treatment of tetracycline wastewater.

Performance analysis of DC-DC Buck converter with innovative multi-stage PIDn(1+PD) controller using GEO algorithm

Power electronic converters are widely used in various fields of electrical equipment. Due to their fast dynamics and non-linear nature, controlling them requires dealing with various complexities. Therefore, having a well-designed, high-speed, and robust controller is critical to ensure the effective operation of these devices. In a DC-DC converter, steady-state performance with minimum error and fast dynamic response relies on controller design. This paper presents the design of a multi-stage PID controller with an N-filter combined with a one plus proportional derivative (1+PD) controller. This controller illustrates fast tracking reference voltage; additionally, it shows incredible results when the DC-DC converter operates in different modes. The parameters of the proposed controller are effectively determined using the golden eagle optimization (GEO) algorithm. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison between the proposed controller, proportional–integral–derivative (PID), and fractional order PID (FOPID) controllers, as well as different metaheuristic optimization methods in various conditions, has been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The behavior of the closed-loop system under different conditions has been thoroughly investigated. The superior time and frequency domain characteristics of the closed-loop system with the PIDn(1+PD) controller highlight its superiority over other controllers. The demonstrated enhancements in settling time, voltage regulation accuracy, and transient response emphasize the potential applicability of the proposed control strategy in real-world power electronics systems, particularly in scenarios requiring high efficiency, stability, and dynamic performance.

Hollow Nanobox‐Shaped Cu2‐xS@ZnxCd1‐xS Heterojunction by Light Multireflection with Z‐Scheme Mechanism for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

AbstractAchieving efficient spatial photoinduced charge separation and light utilization for improving the high photocatalytic activity is still a major obstacle. Here, a Cu2‐xS@ZnxCd1‐xS (Cu2‐xS@ZnCdS) heterojunction is reported featuring a distinctive core–shell hollow nanobox structure. The Cu2‐xS@ZnxCd1‐xS exhibits high photocatalytic activity in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the rate of 8175 µmol∙g−1∙h−1 under visible light irradiation, outperforming pristine ZnCdS nanoparticles and Cu2‐xS hollow nanoboxes. The remarkable activity and outstanding stability of Cu2‐x@ZnCdS are attributed to the development of robust interfacial electric fields, and improved light multireflection absorption efficiency as well as the Z‐scheme mechanism. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements gave the direct evidence of the formation of the Z‐scheme, which maintained the high redox potentials of each ZnCdS and Cu2‐xS. This study gives the guideline for the design of heterojunction with the Z‐scheme mechanism, leading to the high photocatalytic performance and remarkable stability.

Engineering coordination environment of F-Al-O metastable active sites via fluorinated AlPO4 for the resource utilization of fluorinated super greenhouse gas

Stabilizing metastable active centers under non-ideal reaction conditions is still challenging for heterogeneous catalysis. F-Al-O species, key active sites for resource utilization of potent greenhouse gases hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), readily experienced excess fluorination accompanied with serious carbon deposition. Here we reveal that in situ creating F-Al-O species on the surface of AlPO4 via chemically bonded with P can strengthen the stabilization of F-Al-O. Firstly, distorted PO4 (PO4dt) tetrahedron triggers fluorination to generated F-Al-O sites, while, AlPO4 framework served as the support, provides a stable coordination environment to freeze further fluorination. DFT calculations illustrate that energy barrier for PO4dt substituted by F is extremely low (0.35 eV), compared with symmetrical PO4 (4.01 eV). The fluorinated AlPO4 demonstrates high catalytic performance (68 %) and excellent stability (100 h) compared with traditional AlF3 (41 %) for 1,1-difluoroethane dehydrofluorination. Then, constructing chemical bonds between metastable active centers and stable support provides guidelines to stabilize “restless” active centers.

Microstructure reconstruction via confined carbonization achieves highly available sodium ion diffusion channels in hard carbon

Hard carbon is considered as the main candidate negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high stability and electrochemical performance. However, the complex carbon structure and composition of hard carbon are difficult to achieve precise control during the preparation process, which leads to difficulties in accurately determining the attribution of electrochemical behavior. Here, we propose a confined carbonization strategy to achieve microstructure reconstruction of hard carbon, characterized by the anchoring of polymers in the mesopores of porous carbon to generate ordered carbon structures at high temperatures. The stacking of ordered carbon on micropores in porous carbon achieves the transition from exposed pores to closed pores (nano cleithral pores). Through mechanism detection, it is found that the ordered carbon structure provides sub nanochannels for sodium ion migration, which contributes to high slope capacity. In addition, the nano cleithral pores are sites filled with sodium ions and provide high plateau capacity. Benefiting from theses available sodium ion transport channels, carbon materials have achieved a transition from surface-controlled process to diffusion-controlled process in the sodium storage process via confined carbonization. The as-prepared carbon delivers a superior capacity of 356.2 mAh g–1 (215.6 mAh g–1 for plateau capacity) at 20 mA g–1 with excellent rate and cycling performance. This work reveals the correlation between structure and electrochemical performance for carbon electrode, providing profound guidance for the precise preparation of high-performance carbon materials.