High-performance Heat Exchangers Research Articles

Thermal-hydraulic performance of modified Schwartz-Diamond solid-networks triply periodic minimal surface structures

The triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures are widely used as disturbance core structure in high performance heat exchangers. In this paper, four modified Schwartz-Diamond solid-networks (SD-solid) TPMS structures, one structure compressed along the flow direction (β = 2), and three structures compressed along the spanwise direction (α = 2, α = 3, and α = 4) are designed. Flow and heat transfer processes in the structures are studied with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental method. The performance enhancement criterion (PEC) is employed to evaluate the overall heat transfer performance. As the results of simulation, the overall heat transfer coefficient (hoverall) of α = 2, α = 3, and α = 4 is 10.04 %, 34.34 %, and 62.03 % higher than that of SD-solid respectively. The PEC of α = 2, α = 3, and α = 4 structures is 27.35 %, 34.17 %, and 34.95 % higher than that of the original SD-solid structure, respectively. Two samples of them (β = 2 and α = 2) are fabricated using additive manufacturing and their thermal–hydraulic performance is experimented on a flow and heat transfer experimental platform. Comparing the experimental results of the hoverall, the β = 2 structure is 68.5 % higher and the α = 2 structure is 23.06 % higher than the original SD-solid structure. However, for the average pressure drop, the β = 2 structure is 448.5 % higher and the α = 2 structure is 66.77 % lower than the original SD-solid structure. It is proved that the modified SD-solid structure compressed along the spanwise direction has the performance of enhancing heat transfer and reducing the pressure drop.

Parameter investigation of an organic–inorganic hybrid resin for a 3D-printed microchannel heat exchanger

This study can act as a guideline for printing high-performance heat exchangers using diverse 3D printing technology for resin formulation.

Numerical and experimental investigations on the thermal-hydraulic performance of heat exchangers with Schwarz-P and gyroid structures

The fluid flow and heat transfer are investigated in high-performance heat exchangers with Schwarz-P and Gyroid structures using numerical and experimental approaches. This study was carried out first for laminar flow (Re = 10–100, Pr = 3–6) numerically and second for turbulent flow (Re = 1850–5500, Pr = 3.5) numerically and experimentally. All simulations were performed with COMSOL software to investigate the flow patterns, thermal performance, and pressure drop in heat exchangers based on the Schwarz-P and Gyroid with various unit cell numbers between 1 and 64. For low Re simulations, it is observed that the heat transfer coefficient and performance evaluation coefficient (PEC) increase with increasing the number of cells (or decreasing the cell size) in a constant volume. By redefining the Reynolds number based on the hydraulic inlet diameter and the velocity at the inlet of the structure, the Colburn and friction coefficients become independent of the structure's density. Correlations are provided to predict these coefficients. The results show that the Gyroid with 64-unit cells provides an average of 24 % (maximum 33 %) enhancement in the PEC and 40 % (maximum 46 %) Nusselt number improvement over the tube banks. On the contrary, the Schwarz-P does not have an improvement in PEC or Nusselt number compared to the tube bank. For the high Re study, several prototype heat exchanger samples based on the Schwarz-P and Gyroid structures were fabricated utilizing the FDM 3D-printing technique with no support structures to show that these heat exchangers could be manufactured. The SLM method was also used to fabricate a Gyroid heat exchanger for use in the experimental studies. The performance of a Gyroid heat exchanger made of AlSi10Mg has been tested for input flow rates ranging from 1 to 3 L per minute. For numerical simulation, the k-epsilon and K–W-SST turbulence models are employed and their results are compared with the present experimental data. It is found that the results of the K–W-SST model provide better agreement with experimental ones.

Numerical investigation on flow and heat transfer performance of non-Newtonian Bingham fluid in novel spiral wound tube heat exchangers

Based on the field of the coal chemical industry, exploring the applicability of high-performance heat exchangers for coal water slurry and their flow and heat transfer mechanism is of great significance for promoting the development of clean coal technology. In this paper, the flow pattern and forced convection heat transfer of a pair of tandem heated cylinders with different distances were discussed using the bi-viscous Bingham model by numerical simulation. And a novel spiral wound heat exchanger with variable diameter tubes was proposed. The results illustrate that the heat transfer coefficient under unit pressure drop h/△P of the heat exchanger decreases with the increase of the diameter of the variable tubes. When the diameter of variable tubes is 12 mm, h/△P is 19.83% larger than that of the original structure with uniform tube diameter. The empirical correlation between operating and structural parameters and heat exchanger performance is obtained. The research results provide guidance for the design of coal water slurry preheaters and the structural optimization of spiral wound tube heat exchangers.

Magnetic field impact on double diffusive mixed convective hybrid-nanofluid flow and irreversibility in porous cavity with vertical wavy walls and rotating solid cylinder

Mixed convective heat transfer due to rotating surface has sustainable importance in improving cooling efficiency of thermal engineering equipment. In this investigation, hydromagnetic double diffusive mixed convection in a wavy porous cavity filled with hybrid nanofluid having rotating heat source is numerically studied. A solid cylindrical rotating heat source is positioned at the center of the wavy cavity. The fluid domain inside the cavity is heated from the rotating heat source and partially heated bottom wall. The governing partial differential equations are simulated using finite element method. The computational technique is validated performing rational comparisons. The results indicate that the pattern of streamlines circulation, isotherms and local entropy generation are significantly influenced with the rotating heat source. The flow velocity is observed increasing rapidly with cylinder rotation speed which is maximized with increasing cavity porosity and permeability but minimized with magnetic field impact and amalgamating hybrid nanoparticles. Heat transfer enhancement is found increasing by 682.07% with rotating heat source for varying Darcy number (Da = 10−4 to 10−1) in absence of magnetic field (Ha = 0) which reduces to 504.02% in presence of magnetic field (Ha = 100). Moreover, 45.62% heat transfer enhancement is achieved for varying of cavity porosity (ε = 0.3 to 0.9) which declines to 22.83% in presence of magnetic field (Ha = 100). In addition, 90.04% more heat transfer enhancement is estimated in hybrid nanofluid of 5% volume fraction than base fluid water. The entropy generations components are affected significantly with higher values of physical parameters. The Bejan number is found declining for all influential parameters studied. Accordingly, the study has significant impact on the controlling and optimizing of fluid flow and heat transfer in hybrid nanofluid filled improved designing and is applicable in improving the performance of thermal equipment such as high-performance heat exchangers, electronic device cooling, energy storage systems, thermal mixing, space thermal management, crystal growth, float glass production, solidifications, solar technologies, and reactor safety devices, etc.

Thermophysical properties of additively manufactured (AM) GRCop-42 and GRCop-84

Additive manufacturing (AM) has enabled new opportunities of high-performance alloys for use in complex components across the aerospace, industrial, automotive, and energy industries. These industries have growing interest in copper alloys and AM for high-performance heat exchangers such as rocket engine combustion chambers. GRCop copper alloys, such as GRCop-84 (Cu-8Cr-4 Nb at%) and GRCop-42 (Cu-4Cr-2 Nb at%), have high thermal conductivity and high mechanical properties at elevated operating temperatures. In this paper, thermophysical properties for GRCop-84 and GRCop-42 produced using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) are examined. While L-PBF parameters and resulting microstructures can be achieved in a laboratory environment, those parameters do not always translate well into a production environment, and the variations across multiple machines and powder chemistries must be understood. The repeatability and reproducibility of samples across the commercial supply chain is critical for designers to ensure parts meet operational requirements. Thermophysical properties, such as thermal conductivity and thermal expansion are key design attributes. Thermal conductivities for eight GRCop-42 blocks and two GRCop-84 blocks were measured from room temperature up to 700 ℃. Thermal expansion was also measured from 20 °C to 1000 °C. These GRCop alloy parts were made with gas atomized powders from different vendors and with different L-PBF systems and parameters. Equations for the thermal conductivity and expansion are given. The variation of thermal conductivities for L-PBF GRCop parts is estimated to be less than + /− 4%. Based on phase analysis, compositional analysis, and thermal conductivity measurements, the small variations in thermal conductivities for the L-PBF GRCop parts are elucidated. The thermophysical property variations can be used to establish process capabilities and design guidelines for ongoing commercial use and further research.

Waste heat recovery potential in the thermochemical copper–chlorine cycle for hydrogen production: Development of an efficient and cost-effective heat exchanger network

With the finite nature of fossil fuel resources and related environmental issues, it is necessary to replace fossil-fuel-based hydrogen production methods with more sustainable ones. For the clean production of hydrogen, the copper-chlorine (Cu–Cl) thermochemical cycle is a favorable choice. However, internal waste heat recovery of the cycle is essential to improve the efficacy of the system. In this paper, the waste heat recovery potential of the four-step Cu–Cl cycle is investigated, to support the design of a new cost-effective and high-performance heat exchanger network. Pinch analysis is executed to find the optimum rates of cold and hot utilities for this cycle. Three heat exchanger network cases are investigated which include case 1, without heat recovery; case 2, with 16 heat exchangers; and case 3, with 11 heat exchangers. The effect of varying design parameters on the energy system's efficiency and cost-related parameters are also explored here. Based on the pinch analysis results, the minimum heating and cooling and the maximum recoverable heat, on a normalized basis, are 333.3 kJ/mol H2, 76.9 kJ/mol H2, and 134.4 kJ/mol H2, respectively. Moreover, for cases 1, 2, and 3 the thermal efficiencies are calculated as 33.3%, 41.1%, and 40.5%, respectively. Additionally, it is observed that, when the thermal energy of the cycle is supplied from a solar power tower plant, the levelized cost of hydrogen for case 1 is 9.6 $/kg H2, for case 2 is 7.9 $/kg H2, and for case 3 is 7.8 $/kg H2.

Sensitivity analysis of fluid flow parameters on the performance of fully dense ZrB2-made micro heat exchangers

Heat exchangers are important in modern technology and are used in various industries such as power plants, automobiles and airplanes. Their main role is to ensure efficient heat transfer tailored to specific system needs. With miniaturized electronics, challenges such as circuit overheating have emerged, increasing the demand for compact yet high-performance heat exchangers. The advent of micro-electromechanical systems has increased the application of micro heat exchangers with their high surface-to-volume ratio promising enhanced efficiency. Although metals such as aluminum are commonly used for fabricating heat exchangers, their susceptibility to corrosion and high temperatures limits their usefulness. This study turns attention to ultrahigh temperature ceramics, specifically fully sintered ZrB2, known for their high temperature durability and oxidation resistance. Utilizing the Taguchi approach, a robust optimization method, this study explores the sensitivity analysis of fluid flow parameters on the performance of fully dense ZrB2-made micro heat exchangers and highlights the potential of ceramics in heat exchanger construction. Based on the results, the mass flow rate with an estimated contribution of 4.4% in the effectiveness is the most influential parameter on the performance, and in the best case, the effectiveness reaches 24.3%.

The effect of unit size on the flow and heat transfer performance of the “Schwartz-D” heat exchanger

As a representative type of triple periodic minimal surface (TPMS) topology, the S-D structure exhibits distinctive heat transfer properties and is ideal for constructing high-performance heat exchangers (HXs). To explore the effect of unit size on the flow and heat transfer performance, three crossflow S-D HXs with different unit sizes and the same porosity are designed and produced by metal additive manufacturing in this study. Simulation results show that the reduction in unit size induces a larger scale of bifurcation flow and increases the frequency of flow area change in HX. Experimental results demonstrate that when the smallest unit size is adopted, the HX's effectiveness can be improved by at least 10%, but at the cost of a 42% increase in pressure drop. Meanwhile, the advantage of small unit size in heat transfer enhancement will be further expanded under large flow rate conditions. In addition, it is found that the effect of flow ratio on the heat transfer performance of the S-D HXs appears to be linear, and the unit-based Reynold number may be an appropriate dimensionless parameter for correlating their pressure drop and heat transfer data. All in all, this study is expected to provide a better understanding and guidance for the design and optimization of TPMS HXs.

A Study on the Optimization of the Louver Fin Heat Exchanger for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Using Genetic Algorithm

Fuel cell electric vehicles offer a short fuel charging time and high mileage, but require precise thermal management technology to ensure the durability and efficiency of the stack. Accordingly, the size and weight of the heat exchanger increase to ensure the performance of the heat exchanger. For this reason, a louver fin type heat exchanger requires optimal size and weight, as well as high performance. This paper optimally designs high-performance heat exchangers with reduced size and weight by applying genetic algorithms to solve this problem. The optimal result value was achieved by optimizing the design variables using concentrated variable modeling and a genetic algorithm, and the dynamic characteristics of the heat exchanger were analyzed by applying the driving cycle of the vehicle. In addition, 3D modeling was conducted to present the weight and practically applicable form. As a result, compared to the existing model, the heat transfer rate and effectiveness were improved by 5% and 1.6%, respectively, and the weight was also reduced by 5.8%. These results exceed the expected performance improvements of low size and weight. Moreover, it is expected that an improved heat exchanger optimization, as well as a design reflecting a drive cycle, could be conducted using the proposed genetic algorithm and be applied not only to a heat exchanger, but also to various components.

Additive Manufacturing of a High Temperature, Ni-Based Superalloy Compact Heat Exchanger: A Study on the Role of Select Key Printing Parameters

Abstract Compared to state-of-the-art heat exchangers, manifold-microchannel heat exchangers have shown superior heat removal density (kW/kg) at moderate pressure drops. However, manifold-microchannel heat exchangers made of Ni-based superalloys or other tough-to-machine materials can be a challenge to fabricate using conventional fabrication methods. This is mainly because of the inherently complex manifold microchannel geometry, as well as the required small feature sizes (e.g., fin thickness) that should be comparable, or smaller than state-of-the-art high-performance metallic-based heat exchangers (∼150 μm or smaller). In this study, a direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) additive manufacturing technique was used to fabricate the compact high-temperature manifold-microchannel heat exchanger reported here. The additively manufactured manifold-microchannel heat exchanger was fabricated as a single object, which significantly simplifies the fabrication process. In this work, three different additive manufacturing machines were used to study the effect of laser power, powder size, and layer thickness on the fin and channel sizes of the fabricated microchannel heat exchangers. To evaluate the minimum wall thickness for holding the required design pressures, pressure containment tests were performed. As a result, a wall thickness of 0.3 mm was shown to withstand 340 kPa and be leakage-free. A detailed analysis of different printing orientations and their effect on the manifold-microchannel heat exchanger's design was also performed. Finally, a 76 × 76 × 76 mm3 manifold microchannel heat exchanger was successfully fabricated with a fin thickness of 0.13 mm out of maraging steel. A second unit with dimensions of 94 × 87.6 × 94.4 mm3 was successfully fabricated with a fin thickness of 0.22 mm out of Inconel 718. Details of the fabrication process and key take-away results are discussed in this paper.

Review of Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers in HVAC and R Systems

The domain of Waste Heat Recovery is particularly crucial for countries facing energy consumption deficiencies. Stringent environmental regulations act as a catalyst, propelling the evolution of innovative technologies and equipment. Striking a balance between economically viable, technically feasible, and environmentally sound waste heat recovery methods is imperative, extending beyond Air Conditioners to encompass various processes. Swift advancements are required to effectively recover waste heat from diverse processes. HVAC systems, like many engineering systems, generate waste heat that holds the potential for recovery and reuse in alternative applications. This study focuses on exploring noble recovery methods, utilizing hot air reclaimed from the condenser of an HVAC system, determined through mass and energy balance considerations. Numerous experimental and theoretical investigations have been undertaken on High-Performance Heat Exchangers (HPHE) since Akachi first proposed them in 1990. However, due to the intricate interplay of hydrodynamics and thermodynamics, the operational mechanism of HPHE remains highly complex and not entirely elucidated. With high expectations for HPHE applications in the HVAC and Refrigeration (R) sector, this paper undertakes a comprehensive review of its development. It systematically summarizes the latest findings from both experimental and theoretical studies, with a specific focus on the HVAC and R field. Additionally, the paper highlights promising and innovative applications of HPHE. The intention is to furnish a foundational reference for future research endeavors in this evolving field.

A high-performance lung-inspired ceramic 3D-printed heat exchanger for high-temperature energy-efficient systems

The thermal-to-electric conversion efficiency of next-generation supercritical carbon dioxide and concentrated solar power plants is significantly augmented by operating at temperatures exceeding 1000 °C if durable, compact, high-temperature heat exchangers (HXs) are developed. Whereas metal 3D-printed HXs fail to operate under extreme temperature conditions, ceramic 3D-printed HXs are deemed promising candidates for high-temperature, highly oxidizing environments. Ceramic 3D-printed HXs, however, exhibit a high gas permeability issue through hot and cold separating walls due to an excessive non-volatile photopolymer content utilized. Here, a novel leak-free lung-inspired ceramic 3D-printed HX employing a highly complex heat transfer topology is introduced for high-temperature energy-efficient systems. The high permeability issue of ceramic 3D-printed HXs is fully eliminated through a uniform zinc-based coating. It was determined that the effective thermal conductivity of the sintered ceramic heat exchangers is affected by the coated layer. The high-temperature thermal and hydraulic characteristics of the lung-inspired ceramic 3D-printed HX are comprehensively examined and compared against a millichannel 3D-printed HX module. Experimental results indicated that the lung-inspired 3D-printed ceramic HX significantly outperforms its millichannel counterpart. The lung-inspired HX shows a volume-based power density of 8.2 MW/m3 at a hot-side inlet air temperature of 700 °C, a 71 % improvement compared with that of the millichannel HX. More importantly, the higher thermal duty of the lung-inspired 3D-printed HX is realized at a lower normalized pressure drop penalty of 510 Pa/W, 22 % lower than that of the millichannel ceramic HX. This study accelerates the advancement of high-performance ceramic 3D-printed HXs with complex topologies for high-temperature energy-efficient systems and/or corrosive environments.

Three-dimensional numerical analysis of fin-tube desiccant-coated heat exchanger for air dehumidification in tropics

High-performance desiccant-coated heat exchangers (DCHEs) can be employed in air-conditioning systems to improve energy efficiency. While there are significant developments in experimental studies, theoretical approaches for analyzing the DCHE are impeded by the complex and coupled heat and mass transport mechanisms. Therefore, a 3D mathematical model has been developed in this work to study the dehumidification performance of a DCHE. Unlike other works reported in the literature, the developed model is able to simulate the complex coupling between heat and mass transfers in the entire volume of the heat exchanger. The model is calibrated and validated with experimental data, and a maximum discrepancy of ±8 % is recorded. A time-dependent study on the performance of the DCHE is carried out to understand the distribution of temperature, reaction rates, and water uptake in the heat exchanger. Effects of key influencing operational factors are investigated and discussed. It is indicated that the DCHE enters a stable performance state regardless of its initial adsorption state. The regeneration time should be equal to the dehumidification time to optimize the performance. A higher thermal COP is achieved under lower cooling/regeneration temperature, lower air flowrate, and shorter half-cycle time, while higher inlet air humidity ratio. Higher coated desiccant mass also provides a higher thermal COP, but this enhancement levels off once the coating grows. For DCHEs with less coating, reducing cycle time is recommended over increasing the coating amount.

Developing high-performance heat exchangers for low-emission power systems

Developing high-performance heat exchangers for low-emission power systems The InDEStruct project is a collaborative engineering design doctoral training programme that provides a model for developing technology leaders, enabling them to apply scientific methods from academia to interdisciplinary industrial design. InDEStruct is driven by the need to develop more efficient and lower emission engine systems, with air charge cooling identified as the key enabling technology. To meet the challenge, InDEStruct brought together a consortium of industrial and academic partners in a novel and bespoke doctoral training programme, with four doctorates covering diverse aspects of mechanical engineering: structural vibration, stress and thermal analysis, additive manufacturing, multifunctional metamaterials, fatigue and materials development.

Experimental investigation of the applicability of a 250 kW ceria receiver/reactor for solar thermochemical hydrogen generation

Solar thermochemical water splitting via a two-stage redox cycle has been subjected to numerous theoretical and experimental studies since a couple of decades. It has been considered as a promising technology to generate green hydrogen as it is feasible to directly convert concentrated solar radiation into storable chemical energy. The present article describes the results of an experimental campaign, which has been carried out to further demonstrate the feasibility of this technology. Based on the prior experience from solar gas turbine projects, a combined receiver/reactor has been designed and built up operating at temperatures between 1400 °C and 1000 °C using radiative power of up to 150 kW generated by a large-scale solar simulator (Synlight). The reactor has a total volume of 90 L with open porous ceramic foam structure. Additionally, high-performance heat exchangers have been used to recover the heat content of the product gases. Typical necessary durations for the sub-cycles, reduction and oxidation as well as durations for the corresponding necessary heating and cooling phases have been determined. By producing up to 8,8 g of hydrogen per cycle it could be shown that the production of hydrogen in a medium scale structured reactor is possible.

A Novel Step-by-Step Automated Heat Exchanger Network Retrofit Methodology Considering Different Heat Transfer Equipment

Improving the energy efficiency in heat exchanger networks (HENs) remains a significant industrial problem, specifically in energy-intensive operations. A particular method for such an objective is the modification of HENs at the equipment-use level, where structural changes take place and units within the network are moved, replaced and/or removed. This practice is usually known as retrofit. The objective of a retrofit is to maximize the heat recovery using the minimum modifications possible and minimum retrofit cost. Traditional retrofit techniques would normally consider one type of heat exchanger (based on the original network) with no additional design features (i.e., heat transfer enhancement technologies). The expansion of such alternatives is limited by practical use and availability of theoretical methods. In this context, the inclusion of high-performance heat exchangers such as plate heat exchangers (PHEs) has not been widely explored, even when their design and operational advantages are known. In this work, a new step-by-step automated HENs retrofit approach based on Pinch Analysis is proposed. The approach is possible to identify the best modification, its location within the network, and its cost simultaneously. Moreover, to increase energy savings, this work presents a strategy that seeks to utilize high efficiency heat exchangers such as plate heat exchangers for retrofit. A distinctive feature of this new method is the ability to handle different minimum approach temperatures, given the different types of exchangers, within the optimization of HENs. Three cases are studied using this methodology to quantify the potential benefits of including PHEs in HEN retrofits, via the analysis of the retrofit cost. Results are compared with a baseline consisting in the same network, where only Shell-and-Tube-Heat-Exchangers (STHXs) are used. In addition, the results demonstrate that this methodology is flexible enough to be applied in a wide range of retrofit problems.

Heat transfer effectiveness characteristics maps for additively manufactured TPMS compact heat exchangers

Increased power density in modern miniaturized electronics caused difficulty in keeping electronic performance effective. This challenge leads to the search for high-performance compact heat exchanger as one of the thermal management solutions. Conventionally manufactured heat exchangers had limitations that thwart the development of geometrically complex heat exchangers which are capable of exploiting topological aspects to enhance thermal performance. Subsequently, additive manufacturing (AM) is proposed as a powerful fabrication technique for compact heat exchanger based on the mathematically known triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS). In this work, we present 3D compact crossflow heat exchanger computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of geometrically complex structures based on TPMS using STARCCM+ CFD platform. Moreover, CFD modelling is used to obtain new characteristics maps that relate heat transfer effectiveness (Ɛ) and number of transfer units for the proposed heat exchanger. The convection heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and inlet and outlet fluid temperature are all examined.

Topology optimization of an airfoil fin microchannel heat exchanger using artificial intelligence

High-performance microchannel heat exchangers are needed to supply heat for power conversion for nuclear microreactors. An airfoil fin microchannel design, constructed of Alloy 617 with helium as the working fluid, is analyzed and optimized using a design of experiments with artificial intelligence techniques. The use of airfoil fins offers the potential to reduce pressure drop across the heat exchanger, as compared to other types of channel configurations. A framework for topology optimization of airfoil fin printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs) has been developed that can be readily extended to different fin sizes and shapes, as well as different inlet and operating conditions, materials of construction, and working fluids. An optimization procedure is developed that employs computational fluid dynamics for a set of design points identified using Latin hypercube sampling. Computational fluid dynamics is used to analyze a simplified two-channel configuration where five design parameters are varied – inlet angle, fin scale, extent of staggering, transverse and longitudinal pitches. Two methods (a 5D polynomial and a regression neural network) are compared for generating surrogate models and the resulting response surface approximation is input to a genetic algorithm that is used to identify a set of optimal parameters. The optimal geometries are found across six channel Reynolds numbers ranging from 1000 to 5000, since inlet conditions affect flow through the heat exchanger. A set of optimal designs that maximizes heat transfer and minimizes pressure drop is identified, and a thermal stress analysis is performed on the optimal design. Correlations for the Nusselt number and Darcy friction factor are developed that can be useful for thermal hydraulic analyses using system codes. Thermal stresses are analyzed and a brief discussion of the status of code cases of PCHEs for nuclear applications is given. Testing and thermomechanical modeling is needed to facilitate future code compliance of PCHEs for high pressure and high temperature applications.

A High-Performance Lung-Inspired Ceramic 3d-Printed Heat Exchanger for High-Temperature Energy-Efficient Systems

A High-Performance Lung-Inspired Ceramic 3d-Printed Heat Exchanger for High-Temperature Energy-Efficient Systems