High Performance Electric Vehicle Research Articles

Design and optimization of a high-performance multi-barrier IPMS motor for an electric scooter and bicycle.

Acknowledging the growing importance of electric vehicles (EVs) in the face of environmental concerns and increasing mobility needs, this study focuses on enhancing the performance of the electric motor, a critical component in EVs. The electric motor of these battery-powered vehicles is expected to have optimal characteristics and efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the design and optimization of a multi-barrier interior permanent magnet synchronous motor tailored for e-scooters and electric bicycles. A multi-barrier rotor structure is proposed and analysed through finite element method simulations to optimize key design parameters. The parametric analysis examines the influence of geometric variables on key motor performance criteria, including efficiency, cogging torque and weight. A correlation analysis of the variables was conducted. A very high positive correlation (0.999) was revealed, especially between the 'magnet duct dimension parameter' and efficiency. A very high negative correlation (-1) was found between 'distance from duct bottom to shaft surface' and efficiency. The optimized motor design achieves a theoretical improvement of around 7% in efficiency, reaching an overall efficiency of 89.86%. This study highlights the consideration of multiple factors such as efficiency, cogging torque and weight in the design process for the development of sustainable and high-performance EV motor designs.

High-Performance Ni-Rich Li[Ni0.92−XCo0.04Mn0.04Alx]O2 Cathodes for High Energy Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

A high-performing Ni-rich Li[Ni1−x−y−zCoxMnyAlz]O2 (NCMA) is developed by comparing the electrochemical performance of Li[Ni0.92−xCo0.04Mn0.04Alx]O2 cathodes (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05). Excessive Al leads to the accumulation of Al on secondary particle surfaces and at grain boundaries, resulting in the refinement of the cathode microstructure. Increasing the Al content enhances the degree of refinement, including primary particle elongation and radial alignment. A well-refined microstructure effectively dissipates the strain caused by the rapid contraction of unit cells during the H2 phase → H3 phase transition near the charge end, thereby suppressing the formation of internal cracks. An Al content of 3 mol% provides optimal overall electrochemical performance. The full cell with an optimized Li[Ni0.894Co0.041Mn0.034Al0.031]O2 cathode exhibits excellent long-term cycling stability, retaining >90% of its initial capacity after 500 cycles and an energy density of 740 Wh Kg-1. In contrast, a Li[Ni0.91Co0.04Mn0.04Al0.01]O2 cathode, in which Li and Ni cation mixing is prevented, loses 38.3% of its initial capacity after 500 cycles. This research demonstrates that an NCMA cathode with the optimal Al content can surpass existing layered cathodes and represents a new class of Ni-rich layered cathodes suitable for high-performance electric vehicles.

Economic efficiency of high-performance electric vehicle operation based on neural network algorithm

The operation Economic efficiency of high-performance electric vehicles is relatively low. There are still certain limitations on the range of electric vehicles and the coverage of charging facilities, which affects the user experience and convenience. This paper aims to explore ways to improve the Economic efficiency of electric vehicle operation based on neural network algorithm. Based on the neural network algorithm, this paper establishes a prediction model for the operational Economic efficiency of high-performance electric vehicles. By analyzing and modeling the relevant data, we can predict the operational Economic efficiency of electric vehicles, and extract the influencing factors from it. In this paper, the operation Economic efficiency of high-performance electric vehicles is predicted and analyzed through neural network algorithm, and the methods to improve the operation Economic efficiency are proposed. These methods can provide certain reference and guidance for the development of the electric vehicle industry.

Optimal order quantities, buyback prices, and government subsidies for cars in a sharing economy environment

To reduce carbon emissions from urban transportation and increase the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), many governments have provided purchase subsidies to incentivize customers to buy EVs. As the popularity of EVs increases, some governments have begun to provide battery recycling subsidies to car manufacturers. However, in a sharing economy environment, the mechanism under which the purchase subsidy and the battery recycling subsidy promote the popularity of EVs and the maturity of the EV sharing market is unclear. In this study, two commonly applied governmental subsidy policies are introduced: one considers only purchase subsidy (P-policy), and the other considers both purchase subsidy and recycling subsidy (P&R-policy). Under each policy, a stylized Stackelberg game model is constructed considering the forward and reverse supply chains in the car-sharing market. The objective of this study is to obtain the car-sharing platform’s optimal ordering quantities of EVs and fueled vehicles (FVs), the car manufacturer’s optimal buyback prices of used EVs and FVs, and the government’s optimal subsidies under the P-policy and P&R-policy. Through model-solving and analyses, it is found that both policies could increase the popularity of EVs in the car-sharing market, and the P&R-policy has a higher promotion effect on EVs than the P-policy. As for policy implementation, this study suggests that with the popularity of EVs, the subsidies under each policy should be decreased. Particularly, the declining rate of the purchase subsidy for high-performance EVs should be lower than that for low-performance EVs. The recycling subsidy for low-performance EVs should be reduced the most.

A Proposal for a Simplified Systematic Procedure for the Selection of Electric Motors for Land Vehicles with an Emphasis on Fuel Economy

The selection of the electric motor for the propulsion system in electric vehicles is a crucial step, as it determines the final performance of the vehicle. The design of the propulsion system of an electric vehicle, although similar in principle to that of a conventional endothermic engine, requires a change in vision. Indeed, the main problem in an electric vehicle is its range, which depends not only on the weight of the vehicle but also on the type of powertrain, type of transmission and engine, several factors that are difficult to assess at an early stage. In some cases, during the preliminary design phase of the propulsion system, one simply estimates the maximum power required by the vehicle, neglecting the calculation of the range. This evaluation is postponed to later stages, causing increased complexity and interaction during the propulsion system evaluation process. In this study, vehicle autonomy is taken into account from the outset with the aim to reduce this iteration. This paper proposes a preliminary electric motor selection method for land vehicles, highlighting the importance of smoothing the sampled data of driving cycles. A method for obtaining approximate efficiency maps of the electric motor is also illustrated, and it is shown how the total gear ratio affects vehicle energy consumption. Ultimately, this work makes a contribution to the design of more efficient and high-performance electric vehicles. This topic is more oriented to helping automotive manufactures choose in a fast and structured way electric motors for their vehicles.

A Systematic survey on Estimation of Electrical Vehicle

Due to the gasoline crisis, electric vehicles are growing in popularity. The usage of electric and battery-powered automobiles is being encouraged worldwide. This campaign also heavily relies on the usage of renewable energy sources to provide electricity. In order to build electric vehicles, engineers use static and dynamic equations. Around the world, competitions are being held to design high-performance electric vehicles. The automotive industry and businesses are transitioning a portion of their fleet from gasoline-powered vehicles to batteryoperated electric vehicles. Most vehicles today offer good performance at slightly increased costs to the consumer. The battery technology is improving andhence enhancing the range of vehicles. The movement of use of electrical vehicle will strengthen as more people are getting involved in the design and use of electric vehicle.

Analytical Routes to Chaos and Controlling Chaos in Brushless DC Motors

This study examines the dynamics in a brushless DC motor (BLDCM) and methods used to control potentially chaotic behavior or behavior similar to chaotic processes in these systems. Bifurcation diagrams revealed complex nonlinear behaviors over a range of parameter values. In the resulting bifurcation diagram, period-doubling bifurcation, period-three bifurcation, and chaotic behavior can clearly be seen. We used Lyapunov exponents and Lyapunov dimensions to show the occurrence of chaos in a BLDCM. We then used the state feedback method to control chaos behaviors in the same BLDCM. Numerical simulations show the feasibility of the suggested means. Analysis of robustness against parametric perturbation in a BLDCM was performed from the perspective of Lyapunov stability theory and by using numerical simulations. We believe that studying the nonlinear dynamics and controlling chaos in BLDCMs will help to advance the development of high-performance electric vehicles.

Periodically aligned channels in Li[Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3]O2 cathodes designed by laser ablation for high power Li ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) owing to their high energy density and cycling stability. However, achieving high driving mileage per charging time under high electrode mass loading remains a significant challenge for high performance EVs. Herein, a new strategy to improve the rate capability of thick electrodes is proposed based on the laser ablation, which generates periodically aligned channels in the electrodes. To investigate the effect of porosity and interfacial area on the power performance, Li[Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3]O2 cathode-based laser-processed electrodes (LPEs) are fabricated by adjusting the spacing and depth of channels. Comparing the relative capacity of C16C/C0.25C, LPEs shows improved value of 19.83%, whereas the conventional electrodes (CEs) of 0.08%. Furthermore, the rate capability of LPEs is superior to that of CEs under the same mass loading, arising from the formation of the channels rather than the mass loss evolved during the laser ablation. The exceptional rate capability of LPEs is attributed to the alleviated activation/concentration polarization, enhanced Li-ion diffusion kinetics, and reduced tortuosity. The laser ablation is an effective strategy, as it can be compatible with any cathode and anode materials.

Single-Crystalline Ni-Rich layered cathodes with Super-Stable cycling

Robust single-crystalline Ni-rich cathodes with increasing Ni proportion, LiNi 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 O 2 (SC83), LiNi 0.88 Co 0.06 Mn 0.06 O 2 (SC88), and LiNi 0.95 Co 0.03 Mn 0.02 O 2 (SC95) were successfully designed with molten salt-assisted method, and the correlation between the Li + storage properties, particle microcracking, surface phase transitions, and Ni fraction in the single-crystalline Ni-rich cathodes have been profoundly investigated. • -crystalline Ni-rich cathodes with increasing Ni proportion were designed with molten salt-assisted method. • The single-crystalline LiNi 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 O 2 cathode presents superior structural stability and cycling durability. • Performance degradations were attributed to the aggravated Li/Ni mixing and H2 ↔ H3 phase transition. • It provides approach for designing high-energy density and stable single-crystalline Ni-rich cathodes. Further commercial development of polycrystalline Ni-rich layered cathode is severely hindered by the deep-rooted particle microcracking, mainly initiated among the randomly orientated grain boundaries of the primary particles. Herein, robust single-crystalline Ni-rich LiNi 0.83 Co 0.11 Mn 0.06 O 2 (SC83) prepared by molten salt-assisted method shows the enhanced structure stability and cycling durability. It’s found that the particle microcracking is effectively removed for SC83 cathode during prolonged cycling helped with its eliminated grain boundaries and slight crystal shrinkage, leading to superior capacity retention of 92.8% after 100 cycles. Notably, the discharge capacity and energy density are effectively boosted with increasing Ni fraction majorly based on the more available Ni 2+ /Ni 3+ redox, giving rise to high capacities of 211.2 and 219.4 mAh g −1 for LiNi 0.88 Co 0.06 Mn 0.06 O 2 (SC88) and LiNi 0.95 Co 0.03 Mn 0.02 O 2 (SC95) cathodes, respectively. However, the particle microcracking is progressively exacerbated owing to the aggravated Li/Ni mixing and H2 ↔ H3 phase transition with Ni proportion higher than or equal to 88% in SC cathodes, resulting in severe structure collapse and capacity fading during high-rate cycling, in which a poor capacity retention of 51.8% after 250 cycles at 5C is observed for single-crystalline SC95cathode. This work sheds light on the rational design of single-crystalline Ni-rich cathodes, and highlighted the trade-off between the energy density and cycling durability, facilitating the extensive applications of single-crystalline Ni-rich cathodes in high-performance electric vehicles (EVs).

Implementation of additive manufacturing technologies in the design and build process of a two-seater high-performance electric vehicle

This paper seeks to document the implementation of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in the Electric Vehicle (EV) design cycle. AM has been known to shorten prototyping phases and provide an edge in small volume or customised product manufacturing in most product design. It also opens more possibilities for generative design methods in computer aided design (CAD) for better weight saving optimisations and organic form aesthetics. In more mature engineering fields, such as automotive engineering, we start to see companies implementing AM technologies not just to their prototypes, but also to final parts and components of their products. Insights on how effective 3D printing technology can assist the automotive industry in simplifying their processes, speed up design timeline, as well as any improvements on their design aesthetics and performances will be covered in this paper.

Design of ultrafine silicon structure for lithium battery and research progress of silicon-carbon composite negative electrode materials

As demand for high-performance electric vehicles, portable electronic equipment, and energy storage devices increases rapidly, the development of lithium-ion batteries with higher specific capacity and rate performance has become more and more urgent. As the main body of lithium storage, negative electrode materials have become the key to improving the performance of lithium batteries. The high specific capacity and low lithium insertion potential of silicon materials make them the best choice to replace traditional graphite negative electrodes. Pure silicon negative electrodes have huge volume expansion effects and SEI membranes (solid electrolyte interface) are easily damaged. Therefore, researchers have improved the performance of negative electrode materials through silicon-carbon composites. This article introduces the current design ideas of ultra-fine silicon structure for lithium batteries and the method of compounding with carbon materials, and reviews the research progress of the performance of silicon-carbon composite negative electrode materials. Ultra-fine silicon materials include disorderly dispersed ultra-fine silicon particles such as porous structures, hollow structures, and core-shell structures; and ordered ultra-fine silicon, such as silicon nanowire arrays, silicon nanotube arrays, and interconnected silicon nano-films. The article analyzes and compares the composite method of ultrafine silicon and carbon materials with different structural designs, and the effect of composite negative electrode materials on the specific capacity and cycle performance of the battery. Finally, the research direction of silicon-carbon composite negative electrode materials is prospected.

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Modelling of Brushless DC Motor Drive for Electric Vehicle Application

In Electric vehicle, motor plays a significant role. In wheel, motor improves the efficiency and safety of high-performance Electric vehicle. There are a lot of motors available in market, out of all considering their advantages and disadvantages Brushless DC motor is chosen as an efficient motor for Electric vehicle propulsion. The reason behind to choose BLDC motor is because of its desired torque vs speed characteristics, cost of maintenance is low, efficiency is high and has high power density. In this model simulation of an accurate and precise BLDC drive for Electric vehicle application is done and Simulation results such as speed, Electromechanical torque, and various phase voltages graphs are obtained.

Modelling aluminium energy storage systems comprising ionic liquid and aqueous electrolyte cells: Case studies in high-performance electric vehicles

This paper models hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) composed of ionic liquid Al-ion batteries (ILAIBs) and aqueous Al-ion batteries (AAIBs) for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion. Al-ion batteries are being developed as alternatives to existing battery technologies as Al is an abundant, non-toxic material. Al-ion batteries can be tailored for high power density or high energy density and as such are suitable for HESSs for EVs. In this paper, Al-based chemistries are substituted for one or both of the Li-ion battery (LIB) and supercapacitor (SC) components of the benchmark LIB-SC HESS, and thus the ILAIB-SC, LIB-AAIB, and ILAIB-AAIB HESSs are proposed and modelled with a high-performance EV. The performance of each HESS is compared with that of the conventional LIB-SC HESS, in terms of mass, volume, initial costs, and vehicle lifetime costs. Results show that using the ILAIB as the main energy storage in the HESS can reduce vehicle lifetime costs by 16% as compared with the LIB-based HESSs, but the volume of ILAIB-based HESSs is ten times that of LIB-based HESS. Using the AAIB as the second energy storage can reduce vehicle lifetime costs by 2% but also benefit from 2% less mass and 1% less volume as compared with the SC-based HESSs. Considering both financial costs and feasibility of deployment, the LIB-AAIB HESS is the most viable hybrid combination for high-performance EV propulsion at the present stage.

고성능 전기자동차 모델에스와 타이칸의 가속성능 비교에 관한 연구

고성능 전기자동차 모델에스와 타이칸의 가속성능 비교에 관한 연구

High Performance Electric Vehicle Powertrain Modeling, Simulation and Validation

Accurate electric vehicle (EV) powertrain modeling, simulation and validation is paramount for critical design and control decisions in high performance vehicle designs. Described in this paper is a methodology for the design and development of EV powertrain through modeling, simulation and validation on a real-world vehicle system with detailed analysis of the results. Although simulation of EV powertrains in software simulation environments plays a significant role in the design and development of EVs, validating these models on the real-world vehicle systems plays an equally important role in improving the overall vehicle reliability, safety and performance. This modeling approach leverages the use of MATLAB/Simulink software for the modeling and simulation of an EV powertrain, augmented by simultaneously validating the modeling results on a real-world vehicle which is performance tested on a chassis dynamometer. The combination of these modeling techniques and real-world validation demonstrates a methodology for a cost effective means of rapidly developing and validating high performance EV powertrains, filling the literature gaps in how these modeling methodologies can be carried out in a research framework.

Technical Aspects of High-performance Electric Vehicles

Technical Aspects of High-performance Electric Vehicles

Capacity Fading Mechanism of Ni-Rich Layered Li[NixCoyMn1-x-Y]O2 Cathode with x ≥ 0.9

Electric vehicles (EVs) require rechargeable batteries with high energy density and excellent capacity retention to meet the target driving range and ensure sufficient vehicle service life. However, the specific energy density and lifetime of EVs are largely limited by the performance of the cathode. For this reason, research on EV batteries primarily concentrated on characterizing and developing optimal cathode materials. Among the numerous proposed cathodes, Ni-rich Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2 (NCM) and Li[NixCoyAl1-x-y]O2 (NCA) cathodes are the main candidates for high performance EVs because of their high reversible capacity and operating potential. However, due to structural instability, parasitic surface reactions arising from accumulation of a NiO-like phase on the surface, it is difficult to satisfy the recommended driving range and battery lifetime at the same time.1-3 Many researches have revealed the degradation mechanism of Ni < 90%, however, there are few experimental reports on the NCM cathodes with x ≥ 0.9. Because there is a lack of comprehensive data explicitly showing the capacity fading trend of NCM cathodes (x ≥ 0.9), the current technology shows the ultimate limitation in safely utilizing the energy storage capabilities of the Ni-rich NCM cathode.In the studies presented here, Ni-rich NCM cathodes with precisely controlled compositions, LNO (x = 1.00), NCM98 (x = 0.98), NCM96 (x = 0.96), NCM94 (x = 0.94), NCM92 (x = 0.92) and NCM90 (x = 0.90) were synthesized and compared to obtain a comprehensive mechanism of the capacity fading of highly Ni-rich NCM cathodes. In situ-XRD, scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) and electrochemical analysis became the main experiment and revealed the mechanism. Reference s Yoon, C. S.; Choi, M. H.; Lim, B.-B.; Lee, E.-J.; Sun, Y.-K, Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A2483-A2489.Ryu, H.-H.; Park, K.-J.; Yoon, C. S.; Sun, Y.-K, Mater. 2018, 30, 1155-1163.Yoon, C. S.; Ryu, H.-H.; Park, G.-T.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, K.-H.; Sun, Y.-K, Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 4126-4132.

Interconnected Operations of Electric Vehicle to Grid and Microgrid

This paper presents the development of a high-performance electric vehicle (EV) synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) drive and its vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-microgrid (V2M) bidirectional operations. The EV motor drive boostable DC-link voltage is established by a battery through a bilateral interface boost-buck DC-DC converter for good driving performance over a wide speed range. The motor efficiency is 92.3% near the rated load. In idle conditions, the embedded interface converter and inverter of the motor drive can be arranged to perform the G2V/V2G operations by adding external LC low-pass filters. The on-board battery can be charged from the mains in G2V mode with good line-drawn power quality. Alternatively, in V2G mode, the battery can send the preset power back to the utility grid with good current waveform quality. Besides, the same schematics can also conduct the M2V/V2M operations. A wind switched-reluctance generator (SRG) based microgrid is used as a test plant. The EV mobile energy storage application to microgrids is successfully offered through the arranged controls for effectively utilizing renewable sources. The measured results verify the normal operations with satisfactory performances for all power stages and operation cases.

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