Higher-order Scales Research Articles

A new multiscale Cosserat model for size effect simulation in granular media

The Cosserat continuum, which contains a length scale factor l reported to link with the material’s grain size, is seemingly reasonable to describe the size effect of granular media. However, the physical meaning of l is still unclear, and its potential in describing the size effect is seldom studied. In this work, the performance of the conventional Cosserat model in capturing the size effect of granular media is firstly assessed. A new multiscale Cosserat constitutive model with an additional higher-order internal length scale vector Dq is then proposed based on the conventional Cosserat theory. The advantage of the proposed multiscale Cosserat model in size effect simulation for granular media is discussed through numerical simulations of centrifuge slope experiments and triaxial compression tests. The analysis results denote that the multiscale Cosserat continua are more sensitive to size effect than the conventional Cosserat continua, and the length scale vector Dq is like a symmetry-breaking factor that can trigger asymmetric deformation in structures; the influences of length scale factor l and Dq are seemingly opposite on stress concentration. This subtly improved constitutive model has the potential to simulate the size effect of a wider variety of materials.

The influence of submillimeter morphological variations on the wettability of WEDM-fabricated dual-scale roughness aluminum alloy 6082 surfaces

Deriving inspiration from natural hierarchical superhydrophobic surfaces, multi-scale structures were manufactured on AA6082 surfaces via wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM), featuring microscale texture due to spark erosion, superimposed upon a wide-range simple and more complicated geometries of submillimeter profiles. The effect that the higher-order scale morphologies had on wettability was investigated. The dual-scale morphology elevated the hydrophobicity of the surfaces compared to single-scale or unmodified surfaces, reaching superhydrophobicity (151°) in the case of a certain triangular profile. Rectangular and triangular profiles facilitated the higher contact angles, while re-entrant geometries were able to totally prevent cavity wetting. A correlation of static contact angle with roughness parameters of the larger scale such as Ra, Rz, Rp, Rsk, and Rku for certain geometry configurations was identified. Peak hydrophobicity resulted at Ra = 70 μm, Rz = 240 μm, and Rp = 160 μm concerning simple geometries. Negative Rsk and Rku > 1.5 affected negatively contact angle of samples. All investigated tested types were found to reach higher hydrophobicity at moderate drop volumes (5 μl). The fabricated samples were anisotropic in at least two directions, showing decreased hydrophobicity in the front, parallel to the groove direction. When tested in multi-directional dynamic tilting up to 90°, the more complicated geometries were able to retain resistance to spreading. All samples demonstrated superliquiphilicity with lower surface tension liquids, making them strong candidate in applications such as oil/water separation. Finally, all samples tested sustained their hydrophobic character subsequent to a 3-month atmospheric exposure period.

Entrepreneurial Resilience and Business Survival: The Mediating Role of Self-compassion

The growing decline in the survival rate of most small-scale enterprises (SSEs) has remained a source of concern for stakeholders and the absence of an integrative model that explains the process through which resilience drives business survival has made for an unclear relationship. Hence, this article addresses the mediating effect of self-compassion on entrepreneurial resilience and business survival. A dataset of 260 entrepreneurs was analysed with the aid of SmartPLSv3.9. The study found that entrepreneurial resilience and self-compassion significantly affect business survival and self-compassion mediates the link between entrepreneurial resilience and business survival. The article provides an integrated model that accounts for the process through which entrepreneurial resilience influences business survival. Further, the article advances new knowledge on self-compassion by exploring its role in business survival. The study validates the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale and Raes et al.’s (2011) higher-order factor scale of self-compassion.

Precise learning curves and higher-order scaling limits for dot-product kernel regression *

As modern machine learning models continue to advance the computational frontier, it has become increasingly important to develop precise estimates for expected performance improvements under different model and data scaling regimes. Currently, theoretical understanding of the learning curves (LCs) that characterize how the prediction error depends on the number of samples is restricted to either large-sample asymptotics () or, for certain simple data distributions, to the high-dimensional asymptotics in which the number of samples scales linearly with the dimension (). There is a wide gulf between these two regimes, including all higher-order scaling relations , which are the subject of the present paper. We focus on the problem of kernel ridge regression for dot-product kernels and present precise formulas for the mean of the test error, bias and variance, for data drawn uniformly from the sphere with isotropic random labels in the rth-order asymptotic scaling regime with held constant. We observe a peak in the LC whenever for any integer r, leading to multiple sample-wise descent and non-trivial behavior at multiple scales. We include a colab (available at: https://tinyurl.com/2nzym7ym) notebook that reproduces the essential results of the paper.

12 The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form Symptom Reporting Among Adult Neuropsychological Referrals

Objective:Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is a broad construct that refers to negative events one may experience during childhood, including, but not limited to, childhood maltreatment, household dysfunction, and trauma. ACEs have consistently shown to be associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes. Although researchers have investigated the effects of trauma and abuse on personality measures, few studies have examined differences between those with high ACEs, low ACEs, and no ACEs on measures of personality in the context of neuropsychological evaluations.Participants and Methods:The current study included 128 consecutive adult patients referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The sample was 39.8% non-Hispanic White, 21.9% non-Hispanic Black, 16.4% Hispanic, 10.9% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 10.9% other race/ethnicity, with a mean age of 27.9 years (SD=6.3) and mean education of 16.1 years (SD=2.2). Multivariate analyses of variance were performed to evaluate differences on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) between individuals who experienced high levels of ACEs (>4/10 on the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire), low levels of ACEs (1-3/10), and no ACEs (0/10).Results:When analyzing Higher-Order (H-O) scales, there was a significant group difference in mean elevation on the Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction (BXD) scale, F(2,113)=3.124, p < .05, such that individuals in the high ACEs group evidenced higher scores than those in the low ACEs group (p < .05). Additionally, there were significant differences on several Restructured Clinical (RC) scales. Specifically, there were group differences on the Low Positive Emotions (RC2) scale, F(2,113)=3.427, p < .05, such that those in the low ACEs group evidenced higher scores than those in the no ACEs group (p < .05). The Antisocial Behavior (RC4) scale also had significant differences, F(2,113)=13.703, p < .001, such that those in the high ACEs group had higher scores than those in the low and no ACEs groups (p < .001). Finally, the Ideas of Persecution (RC6) scale yielded significant group differences, F(2,113)=4.793, p < .05, such that those in the high ACEs group evidenced higher scores than those in the low and no ACEs groups (p < .05).Conclusions:In sum, this study demonstrated that ACEs, particularly high levels of ACEs, are related to higher difficulties with problems with under-controlled and rule-breaking behaviors, low positive emotional responses, and beliefs that others pose a threat. As such, assessment of ACEs may serve an important role in characterizing patients’ psychological status as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation.

Clinical Utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent Restructured Form in the Assessment of Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders in Adolescents: A Preliminary Approach.

This study investigated whether the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent Restructured Form (MMPI-ARF) can differentiate between two groups of adolescents, one diagnosed with internalizing disorders and another with externalizing disorders, and examined the clinical utility of the MMPI-A-RF by examining which subscales can significantly discriminate between these two groups. A total of 105 adolescents aged 13-18 years completed the MMPI-A-RF (53 internalizing disorder and 52 externalizing disorder groups). Independent t-test, chi-square test (χ2), and discriminant analysis were used to examine whether MMPI-A-RF can distinguish between the two groups. Sixteen MMPI-A-RF scales best predicted differences between the groups with internalizing and externalizing disorders. Fourteen scales (Higher-Order Scale [Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction], Restructured Clinical [RC] Scale [RC demoralization, Somatic Complaints (RC1), and Low Positive Emotions (RC2)], Personality Psychopathology Five Scale [Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality- Revised, Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism-Revised], Somatic/Cognitive Scale [Malaise, Head Pain Complaints, and Gastrointestinal Complaints], Internalizing Scale [Stress/Worry, Self-Doubt], Externalizing Scale [Negative School Attitudes], Interpersonal Scale [Social Avoidance, Shyness]) were associated with the internalizing disorder group, whereas two scales (Externalizing Scale [Conduct Problems, Negative Peer Influence]) were associated with the externalizing disorder group. The MMPI-A-RF can be an efficient assessment tool for a quick diagnosis as it can classify individuals with internalizing and externalizing disorders in clinical settings that lack a variety of assessment tools for children and adolescents.

MMPI-2-RF Profiles of Treatment-Seeking Veterans in a VA Pain Clinic and Associations with Markers of Physical Performance.

Chronic pain is a debilitating condition for many military Veterans and is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in 144 Veterans (88.2% male, mean age = 57.95years) recruited from a VA outpatient pain clinic and associations with self-reported pain severity, pain-related interference in daily activities, prescription opioid use, and objective metrics of physical performance on tasks impacted by pain (walking, stair climbing, grip strength, indexed by a single latent variable). Among the cohort with valid responses on the MMPI-2-RF (n = 117) and probable PTSD, mean Somatic Complaints (RC1) and Ideas of Persecution (RC6) scores were clinically elevated. All MMPI-2-RF scales were more strongly correlated with self-reported pain interference than severity. Regressions revealed associations between self-rated pain interference (but not pain or PTSD severity) and physical performance scores (β = .36, p = .001). MMPI-2-RF overreporting Validity and Higher-Order scales contributed incremental variance in predicting physical performance, including Infrequent Psychopathology Responses (β = .33, p = .002). PTSD severity was associated with prescription opioid use when accounting for the effects of over-reported somatic and cognitive symptoms (odds ratio 1.05, p ≤ .025). Results highlight the role of symptom overreporting and perceptions of functional impairment to observable behaviors among individuals with chronic pain.

Disrupting Density-Dependent Property Scaling in Hierarchically Architected Foams.

Creating lightweight architected foams as strong and stiff as their bulk constituent material has been a long-standing effort. Typically, the strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation capabilities of materials severely degrade with increasing porosity. We report nearly constant stiffness-to-density and energy dissipation-to-density ratios─a linear scaling with density─in hierarchical vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) foams with a mesoscale architecture of hexagonally close-packed thin concentric cylinders. We observe a transformation from an inefficient higher-order density-dependent scaling of the average modulus and energy dissipated to a desirable linear scaling as a function of the increasing internal gap between the concentric cylinders. From the scanning electron microscopy of the compressed samples, we observe an alteration in the deformation modality from local shell buckling at a smaller gap to column buckling at a larger gap, governed by an enhancement in the number density of CNTs with the increasing internal gap, leading to better structural stiffness at low densities. This transformation simultaneously improves the foams' damping capacity and energy absorption efficiency as well and allows us to access the ultra-lightweight regime in the property space. Such synergistic scaling of material properties is desirable for protective applications in extreme environments.

Against the use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 2-15 years.

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire is a widely used screening tool for emotional and behavioural problems in children. Recent quantitative analyses have raised concerns regarding its structural validity in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. This paper aims to extend upon existing findings by analysing the factor structure of both the parent- and teacher-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in this population across a broader age range than in previous studies. Participants were the caregivers and teachers of 1624 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children (820 male, 804 female) aged 2-15 years from Waves 2-11 of the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children. The majority of children were Aboriginal living in major cities and inner regional areas. Internal consistency was estimated with McDonald's Omega. Exploratory structural equation modelling was conducted to investigate the factor structure of the parent-reported and teacher-reported versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Responses from teachers demonstrated higher internal consistency than responses from parents, which was unacceptably low across most age groups. The purported five-factor structure of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire failed to be replicated across both parent- and teacher-reported questionnaires. The results of bifactor and hierarchical exploratory structural equation models also failed to approximate the higher-order summary scales. These results indicate that the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire subscales and summary scores do not provide a valid index of emotional and behavioural problems in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire should not be used with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.

Identifying the risk of opioid misuse in a chronic pain population: the utility of the MMPI-2-RF personality psychopathology five (PSY-5-RF) and higher-order scales.

Prescription-related opioid misuse, especially in chronic pain populations, is an ongoing problem and is related to increased mortality. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of two restructured scales of the MMPI-2-RF: the Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5-RF) and the Higher-Order Scales to determine which of their subscales may be beneficial for identifying the risk of opioid misuse in a chronic pain population. A sample of 136 patients with chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorders completed the MMPI-2-RF and the Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM) upon admission to a functional restoration program. The PSY-5-RF and H-O subscales were correlated with the baseline COMM scores. Correlation analyses, ROC curve analyses, and multiple binary logistic regression models were developed to determine which subscales were most associated with elevated COMM scores. The results of the regression analyses suggest that Scale elevations on two of the PSY-5-RF Scales and two Higher-Order Scales of the MMPI-2-RF demonstrated significant associations with elevated COMM scores, thus exhibiting the utility of these subscales in identifying the risk of opioid misuse among chronic pain patients. These findings are clinically meaningful in underscoring the importance of identifying specific personality traits as potential predictors of opioid misuse, and identifying those at risk through careful screening. Clinical implications based on each of the PSY-5-RF and H-O scales significantly associated with elevated COMM scores are discussed.

The Effects of Innovation Adoption and Social Factors between Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices and Sustainable Firm Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model

The aim of this study was to develop higher-order scales for assessing sustainable supply chain management practices, innovation adoption, and sustainable firm performance in the restaurant sector. Three different higher-order scales were developed for assessing the SSCM, SFP and innovation adoption. The first scale for SSCM higher-order construct consisted of service–product supply chain management practices (SPSSCM), service–setting supply chain management practices (SSSSCM), and service–delivery supply chain management practices (SDSSCM). The second higher-order scale for sustainable firm performance (SFP) consisted of economic, operational, environmental, and socio-cultural performance. The third higher-order scale for innovation adoption (INNO) consisted of “product- and process-based innovation”, “marketing-based innovation”, “technology-based innovation” and “organizational innovation”. The face, content, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity was tested using pilot study, expert opinion, EFA, and CFA. With 178 responses collected from restaurateurs, managers, and supervisors of casual restaurants in Prachuap Khiri Khan province in Thailand, this study evaluates the direct effects of SSCM on SFP. It further evaluates the mediating role of innovation adoption between sustainable supply chain management practices and firm performance and the moderated mediation effects of socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and experience. The results reveal that sustainable supply chain management practices can positively lead to sustainable firm performance. However, irrespective of the indirect effects of socio-demographic factors, adopting innovation completely mediates the relationship between sustainable supply chain management practices and firm performance.

Fitness switching costs scale (FSCS): development and assessment of higher-order reflective-formative scale

ABSTRACT Research question Scholars have recognized the critical role of switching costs in predicting consumption behavior. However, a scale measuring fitness consumers’ switching costs was unavailable. The purpose of the study is to develop and validate a fitness switching costs scale (FSCS). Research methods A three-step study was conducted. Step 1 generated a pool of items, which were then content validated by expert judges (N = 6). Step 2 (n = 455) examined the reliability and validity of the FSCS. Finally, Step 3 (n = 441) cross-validated the FSCS. Results and Findings The results provided support for the reliability and validity of the FSCS composed of the third-order formative construct (i.e. switching costs) with the four second-order formative constructs (i.e. procedural costs, relationship costs, financial costs, and convenience costs) and the 11 first-order reflective constructs (i.e. adjustment to a new fitness center, lack of other attractive fitness centers, information search costs, fitness center relationship loss, employee relationship loss, other consumer relationship loss, termination fee, loss of price benefit, loss of location benefit, loss of service-hour benefit, and loss of equipment availability benefit). Implications The FSCS allows researchers to obtain reliable results and advances theory development in fitness switching costs. Fitness practitioners can also use the FSCS and survey their current consumers to determine factors that prevent consumer defection.

High-energy emissions of light mesons plus heavy flavor at the LHC and the Forward Physics Facility

The study of the dynamics of strong interactions in the high-energy regime is a core line of frontier researches at the LHC as well as at new-generation colliding facilities. Here, the enhancement of energy logarithms due to diffractive semihard final states spoils the convergence of the perturbative series in the QCD running coupling, thus calling for an improvement of the pure collinear factorization that accounts for an all-order resummation of these large logarithmic contributions. Motivated by the recent discovery that inclusive emissions of heavy-flavored particles allow for clear signals of a stabilization of high-energy resummed differential distributions under higher-order corrections and scale variations, we provide novel predictions of rapidity and azimuthal-angle observables for the inclusive hadroproduction of a light meson ($\ensuremath{\eta}$ or ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$) in association with a heavy-flavored hadron (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}$ or $b$-flavored hadron). We calculate our observables in a hybrid high-energy and collinear factorization framework, where next-to-leading Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov-resummed partonic cross sections are convoluted with collinear parton distributions and fragmentation functions. We consider kinematic ranges typically covered by acceptances of LHC detectors, and new ones coming from the combined tag of an ultra-forward particle at the future Forward Physics Facility and of a central one at ATLAS via a tight timing-coincidence setup. By performing a detailed study on uncertainties associated to collinear inputs via a replica-driven analysis, as well as on ones intrinsically coming from the high-energy resummation, we highlight the challenges and the steps required to gauge the feasibility of precision studies of our processes.

On rank decomposition and semi-symmetric rank decomposition of semi-symmetric tensors

A tensor is called semi-symmetric if all modes but one, are symmetric. In this paper, we study the CP decomposition of semi-symmetric tensors or higher-order individual difference scaling (INDSCAL). Comon's conjecture states that for any symmetric tensor, the CP rank and symmetric CP rank are equal, while it is known that Comon's conjecture is not true in the general case but it is proved under several assumptions in the literature. In the paper, Comon's conjecture is extended for semi-symmetric CP decomposition and CP decomposition of semi-symmetric tensors under suitable assumptions. Specially, we show that if a semi-symmetric tensor has a CP rank smaller or equal to its order, or when the semi-symmetric CP rank is less than/or equal to the dimension, then the semi-symmetric CP rank is equal to the CP rank.

Predicting Upper Secondary School Students’ Programming Self-efficacy in Tobacco Growing Areas of Southwest China Using Decision Tree Analysis

Background: In the field of artificial intelligence, programming self-efficacy plays an indispensable role in the success of programming learning. However, how to predict the level of students’ programming self-efficacy has not been addressed. Objective: To predict the level of programming self-efficacy among upper secondary school students in tobacco growing areas of Southwest China, this study used survey data to develop a decision tree model. Methods: First, a total of 512 questionnaires were collected by using the Academic Achievement Test, Creative Style Scale, Programming Learning Attitude Questionnaire, Motivation Scale, Higher-order Thinking Preferences Scale, and Programming Self-efficacy Scale. Secondly, a decision tree model was constructed by SPSS modeler 18.0. Results: The results showed that academic achievement, creativity style, programming learning, motivation, and higher-order thinking propensity were highly predictive of programming self-efficacy. Conclusions: This is the first study in the direction of educational technology and it represents a novel approach to predicting programming self-efficacy among upper secondary school students. The experimental analysis demonstrate that the encouraging results prove the practical feasibility of the approach.

A-162 Neuropsychiatric Elevations in Epilepsy Patients with and without Severe Memory Impairment

Abstract Objective Severe memory impairment in epilepsy is associated with increased difficulties in daily living that extend beyond the limitations of having seizure disorder and create greater emotional burden. Accordingly, the current study explored psychopathological differences between epilepsy patients with and without severe memory impairment. Method This retrospective chart review study included 78 adults with epilepsy who underwentneuropsychological testing in a hospital setting. Most participants (78%) had temporallobe epilepsy. Study measures included Word Memory Test (WMT), cognitive measures, and self-report Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF). Genuine Memory Impairment Profile (GMIP) on the WMT was used as an indicator of severe memorydeficit. Results GMIP group had 30 participants and significantly higher number of males (Χ 2 (1) = 4.929, p = 0.03). Significantly lower performances in overall cognitive functioning and memory functioning were seenin the GMIP group. As expected, the GMIP group had increased mean scores across on all MMPI-2-RF higher order scales and majority of Specific Problem Scales, however only Substance Abuse Scale showed a statistically significant difference (t(76) = −1.96, p = 0.05). Conclusions Those with severe memory impairment showed a non-significant tendency to obtain higher scoreson most indices of psychopathology and a significantly higher elevation concerning substance abuseproblems. Those with severe memory decline may have increased risk for substance abuse problemsthat can be associated with reduced treatment effectiveness and provoke seizures due to either acuteneurotoxicity or withdrawal. Additional studies with larger samples are needed to characterizesubstance abuse problems in epilepsy patients with severe memory decline.

Exploring the SPECTRA: Indices of Psychopathology's (SPECTRA) hierarchical factor structure in a clinical sample

The SPECTRA: Indices of Psychopathology (SPECTRA) is a psychological inventory that measures psychopathology at three hierarchically related levels; symptom, spectra, and global. However, to date, the SPECTRA's hierarchical factor structure has not been evaluated in a clinical sample. The present study used second-order factor analysis to explore the SPECTRA's factor structure and the congruence between the SPECTRA's manifest (raw score) and factor derived higher-order scales in a clinical sample. The findings showed the SPECTRA's factor structure to be consistent with a tri-dimensional hierarchical model. The SPECTRA's manifest global psychopathology scale was highly correlated with the global second-order factor scale, with 92% shared variance. The manifest and factor derived first-order Internalizing, Externalizing, & Reality Impairing scales were also highly correlated, having 88% to 94% shared variance. The findings provide additional support for the SPECTRA's hierarchical structure and the correspondence its manifest higher-order scales.

External correlates of the SPECTRA: Indices of psychopathology (SPECTRA) in a clinical sample.

The SPECTRA: Indices of Psychopathology is a broadband assessment inventory compatible with contemporary hierarchical models of psychopathology (internalizing, externalizing, reality impairing dimensions and global psychopathology factor). This study explored the SPECTRA's construct validity using a wide range of life event (extra-test) variables in a clinical sample. The life event variables included the following: education level, school failure, childhood adversity, suicide attempts, psychiatric hospitalizations, depression, psychotic symptoms, self-injury, substance abuse, arrests, physical violence, marital status, employment status and current medications. Results showed that all SPECTRA clinical scales had significant life event correlations. For the higher-order Spectra scales, the global index of psychopathology had the greatest number and range of life event correlations. Correlations for the externalizing and reality impairing Spectra scales provided solid validity evidence, while correlations for the internalizing Spectra scale were more diffuse. These findings provide the first non-test-based evidence of construct validity for the SPECTRA.

Development of the Higher-Order Thinking Skill Scale for Korean University Students (HOTUS)

Development of the Higher-Order Thinking Skill Scale for Korean University Students (HOTUS)

Surface-enhanced ultrafast two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy with engineered plasmonic nano-antennas.

Development of noble metal nanostructure substrates that provide strong near-field enhancements enables applications of linear and nonlinear infrared (IR) spectroscopies to study minute sample quantities, such as nanometer thick films and molecular monolayers. Large near-field enhancements of the electric fields used for spectroscopic interrogation of molecules at the nanostructure surface result in enhancement of the spectroscopic signatures. This enhancement scales with the nonlinear order of the method, providing particularly large signal gains for third- and fifth-order IR methods, reaching 106 and 108 raw enhancement factors, not adjusted to the amount of interrogated sample. In this perspective, we overview the advances in the development of nano-arrays of antenna-like nanostructures for mid-IR measurements and illustrate their use in linear and especially nonlinear two-dimensional IR approaches. We discuss how studies of the interaction mechanisms between light, plasmonic antennas, and molecular excitations benefit from the nonlinear two-dimensional time-resolved methods, which involve high-order scaling of the signal with the excitation field, high sensitivity to signal localization, and coherence of the excitation over a broad bandwidth. On the other hand, we demonstrate how studies of molecular structure and ultrafast dynamics by these advanced spectroscopic methods benefit from surface enhancement of signals by plasmonic antennas.