Highest Number Of Refugees Research Articles

Prevalence and risk factors of food insecurity among Syrian refugees in Türkiye

BackgroundAlthough Türkiye (Turkey) hosts the largest number of Syrian refugees, studies on food insecurity are limited. This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of food insecurity among Syrian refugees living in Istanbul, which has the highest number of refugees in Türkiye.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among Syrian refugees in Istanbul between September 2021 and March 2022. The main income earners of 103 households were interviewed by a research dietitian, with the assistance of an Arabic speaking interpreter through hour-long face-to-face. Data on sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, nationality, marital status, educational status, the family income, the major source of family income, and the number of family members living in the household etc.) and household food insecurity status were collected. Household food insecurity status was assessed with the eighteen-item Household Food Security Survey Module.ResultsThe household food insecurity rate was 90.3%, and those of adults and children were 88.4% and 84.8%, respectively. It was observed that family income level was significantly associated with food insecurity. A one-unit increase in monthly income increased food security by 0.02 times (p < 0.001). The number of employed refugees in the food security group was higher than that in the food insecurity group (p = 0.018). A significant difference was found in the rate of occupation type of the major income earner between the groups (p = 0.046).ConclusionsHigh rates of food insecurity, particularly severe food insecurity, were found among Syrian refugees living in Istanbul. While more research is warranted to explore the root causes and efficacy of the current support system, it requires the immediate attention of policymakers at the national and international levels to implement effective policies and interventions.

The Community Health Response Team: a culturally and linguistically tailored community response to COVID-19 addressing barriers to testing and vaccinations for refugee, immigrant and migrant communities in Atlanta, Georgia.

The International Rescue Committee (IRC) in Atlanta and Community Organized Relief Effort (CORE) established a Community Health Response Team in May 2020. The team members represented refugee, immigrant and migrant populations and had expertise in health care and public health. These 18 individuals were recruited from IRC Atlanta's Career Development program, had a variety of backgrounds and spoke 20 languages. They implemented a community-centered COVID-response intervention model of pairing education and outreach efforts with testing and vaccination clinics. Due to their team makeup, the Community Health Response Team conducted tailored outreach and education that was culturally and linguistically congruent with their target communities. They administered over 16,000 COVID-19 tests at mobile community sites within the first 6 months. Once COVID-19 vaccinations were available, the Community Health Response Team coordinated a total of 834 vaccination events in communities with a high number of refugees and in partnership with refugee- and immigrant-trusted community-based organizations, resulting in 31,888 vaccinations. Hiring staff from refugee, immigrant and migrant populations created a sustainable staffing model. Also, embedding culturally specific strategies in their model of pairing education and outreach led to long-term relationships and greater trust with community members. This approach of engaging and empowering community members to create tailored public health responses should serve as guidance for future public health campaigns.

The Adaptation of Global Norms The 1951 Refugee Convention in Indonesia

This article aims to explain and answer the research question: Why did the localization of the global norms of the 1951 Refugee Convention in Indonesia lead to the issuance of Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016? Indonesia has been a transit area for refugees since 1979 and is the third country in ASEAN with the highest number of refugees. However, Indonesia has never formally and officially adopted the 1951 Refugee Convention. To answer the research question, this study applies the concept of norm localization proposed by Acharya (2004) as the framework for the analysis. This concept explains that the localization process of global norms might lead to three possible outcomes: acceptance of the norms, adaptation and modification of the norms, or complete rejection of the norms. The adaptation of the global norms is the result of adjusting some elements of the norm that are considered more appropriate to the local situations. In this article, we argue that the consideration of humanitarian values, national interests, and domestic challenges are the three most significant domestic factors that influence the process of norm localization in Indonesia. This article discusses how the three factors influenced the process of policy/decision-making on how Indonesia should deal with its refugee issues. In conclusion, we mainly argue that Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 is the result of a complex adaptation process of the UN 1951 Refugee Convention, which involved multidimensional issues, as well as a multi-actor that represents various interests.

The outbreak of the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian war: mental health of poles and their attitude to refugees.

The outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian war on 24 February 2022 has sparked a migration crisis in Europe. As a result, Poland has emerged as the country with the highest number of refugees. Due to differing social and political sentiments, this has been a significant challenge for the hitherto mono-ethnic Polish society. Computer-assisted web interviews (CAWIs) were conducted with 505 Poles, mainly women with higher education from large urban centers, involved in helping refugees. Their attitudes toward refugees were assessed using an original questionnaire, while their mental health was also evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28). The vast majority of respondents reported favorable attitudes toward refugees from Ukraine. In addition, 79.2% believed refugees should be given free access to medical care, and 85% supported free access to education for migrants. Nearly 60% of respondents were not worried about their financial status due to the crisis; moreover, 40% believed that immigrants could boost the Polish economy. And 64% believed it would enrich Poland culturally. However, the majority of respondents feared infectious diseases and believed migrants should be vaccinated according to the vaccination schedule applicable in the country. Fear of war correlated positively with fear of refugees. On the GHQ-28, almost half of the respondents scored above clinical significance. Higher scores were typical for women and those fearing war and refugees. Polish society has shown a tolerant attitude in the face of the migration crisis. The vast majority of respondents showed positive attitudes toward refugees from Ukraine. The ongoing war in Ukraine has a negative impact on the mental health of Poles, which correlates with their attitude toward refugees.

LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES OF NATIONAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE: OBJECTIVE VALUES AND NATIONAL INTERESTS IN THE CONTEXT OF WAR

The war in Ukraine has created an unprecedented global humanitarian crisis, with the highest number of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the world, civil infrastructure in ruins, uncontrolled food and water supplies in deserted regions, etc. The war has also led to a radical change in national security governance in Ukraine. The main purpose of the article is to analyse current legal and economic issues of national security governance in Ukraine at war. The subject of the study is the importance of national security governance in defining national values and interests and in assessing damage in Ukraine. The methodology of the research includes the method of descriptive and explanatory study of legal issues of national security governance in Ukraine. The study is based on an analysis of legal documents and academic articles. For the purposes of the paper, the analysis of the literature on the subject and the method of document research were used. Originally, the regulations regulating the legal issues of national security governance in Ukraine were included in the Law of Ukraine "On National Security". The paper modifies the current situation regarding the normative provisions that should be updated. The hypothesis of the paper is that the concept of objective values is constantly evolving and that there is no unified approach to its definition. The practical implications are as follows: the number of refugees from Ukraine is still growing, so Ukraine should pursue its national interests in the receiving countries in order to protect universal values. As a result, during martial law Ukraine civil society set up objective values within its national interests, locking up counter-terrorism and human trafficking. The value/originality of the paper is that it expands the knowledge about the interconnection of objective values and national interests of the state with a special focus on Ukraine at war.

Do refugee inflows contribute to the host countries’ entrepreneurial rates? A dynamic panel data analysis, 2000–2019

PurposeThis study aims to estimate the impact of refugee inflows on host countries’ entrepreneurial rates. The refugee crisis led to an increased scientific and public policy interest in the impact of refugee inflows on host countries. One important perspective of such an impact, which is still underexplored, is the impact of refugee inflows on host countries entrepreneurial rates. Given the high number of refugees that flow to some countries, it would be valuable to assess the extent to which such countries are likely to reap the benefits from increasing refugee inflows in terms of (native and non-native) entrepreneurial talent enhancement.Design/methodology/approachResorting to dynamic (two-step system generalized method of moments) panel data estimations, based on 186 countries over the period between 2000 and 2019, this study estimates the impact of refugee inflows on host countries’ entrepreneurial rates, measured by the total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) rate and the self-employment rate.FindingsIn general, higher refugee inflows are associated with lower host countries’ TEA rates. However, refugee inflows significantly foster self-employment rates of “medium-high” and “high” income host countries and host countries located in Africa. These results suggest that refugee inflows tend to enhance “necessity” related new ventures and/ or new ventures (from native and non-native population) operating in low value-added, low profit sectors.Originality/valueThis study constitutes a novel empirical contribution by providing a macroeconomic, quantitative assessment of the impact of refugee from distinct nationalities on a diverse set of host countries' entrepreneurship rates in the past two decades resorting to dynamic panel data models, which enable to address the heterogeneity of the countries and deal with the endogeneity of the variables of the model.

Refugee Population and Environmental Quality in Sweden and Lebanon: Is Fertility Rate Changing the Dynamics?

Arising from the arrays of man-made factors (including political- and socioeconomic-related factors) and natural disasters across the globe, population displacement, as one of the consequences of the above-mentioned factors, has continued to trigger refugee populations. This is the reason Lebanon (with the highest number of refugees per total population in the world) and Sweden (with the highest number of refugees per total population in Europe) are considered in a comparative investigation. Importantly, this study examines the environmental effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions via the refugee population and fertility rate, alongside the roles of income and natural resource abundance, from 1990 to 2021. The results reveal that fertility rates spur GHG emissions, thereby hampering environmental sustainability in both countries. While the refugee population mitigates GHG emissions in Sweden, the effect is contrary and environmentally damaging in Lebanon. The disparity in the countries’ environmental proactiveness, which has supposedly permeated societal values, especially in Sweden, could have influenced the above result. Meanwhile, in both countries, the refugee populations moderate the effect of the fertility rate, increasing the environmental demerit of the increase in the fertility rate. However, the Swedish income level improvement helps mitigate GHG emissions, thus validating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in the long run. In Sweden, the natural resource abundance also promotes environmental benefit. Contrarily, in Lebanon, increases in both the natural resource abundance and income per person increase GHG emissions, thus worsening the environmental quality. Finally, this study offers policy recommendations for improving refugee programs.

High number of refugees in Italy - which strategy works in Italy?

AbstractA negative impact on mental health of Ukrainian people who will survive the war is very likely.Those who leave are exposed to the trauma of leaving behind home, relatives, friends, job, habits, i.e., most of what they had built in their life, and to the unpleasant feeling of knowing nothing of what they will go through.Mutual support and nurture problem-solving strategies, including favoring family reunion, restoring people dignity and control over the environment, help children recover a more positive social reality, are major protective factors in buffering the impact of war, displacement and related trauma.By November 2022, Italy had hosted more than 170.000 Ukrainian refugees. The National Service intervention, coordinated by the Civil Protection Department, has developed a Plan for the reception and assistance of the population from Ukraine to uniform the response to the emergency on the national territory. The plan has focused on two aspects: humanitarian assistance and reception. The network for reception is composed of the CAS - Extraordinary Reception Centers and the SAI - Integration Reception System. The Plan also provides measures related to health care and education to ensure mandatory vaccination requirements and the access to the school system for unaccompanied foreign minors. As to plans aimed to address mental health issues, the right to care is guaranteed, but several issues can be identified that limit the impact of the national policies on the needs of this population.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

High number of refugees in Germany - how is the mental health care dealing with this major challenge?

AbstractEurope is again confronted with a new dramatic emergency, a war which has already caused civil victims, mass displacement and even fear about a nuclear war and energy crisis. Again, Europe is facing new waves of war refugees, forcibly displaced people. There is increasing evidence that a large proportion of refugees or forcibly displaced persons suffer from the consequences of traumatic events and exhibit psychological problems or develop mental disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive and anxiety disorders, and relapses in psychotic episodes. European countries are trying to face with an extraordinary surge of solidarity and generosity, but at the same time with the awareness that the needs are much beyond reaction capacity of individual people and states. The direct and indirect consequences of this humanitarian catastrophe cannot be estimated at present. Mental healthcare services are suddenly faced with major challenges and need to develop or expand strategies to address them. In this presentation, strategies from Germany will be presented and discussed.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Refugee Shelter on Selayar Island, South Sulawesi

Refugee shelters are a crucial asylum in restoring the physical and psychological situation. Although Indonesia is a strategic stopover country for refugees, refugee shelter facilities in the country are still far from international eligibility standards. South Sulawesi, the province with the second highest number of refugees in Indonesia, currently does not have a shelter to accommodate the diverse needs of refugees. Therefore, the purpose of this design is to design a refugee shelter in South Sulawesi that complies with international eligibility standards and can meet the needs of refugees and make it easier for the government to control. To meet this goal, data collection was conducted through a literature review of existing international refugee shelter standards and precedent building. After that, a site analysis is carried out to produce a building shape that is in accordance with the condition of the site. The result of the design is a refugee shelter that can complete architectural and non-architectural aspects including characteristics, basic needs, and evacuation activities.

Refugee Shelter on Selayar Island, South Sulawesi

Refugee shelters are a crucial asylum in restoring the physical and psychological situation. Although Indonesia is a strategic stopover country for refugees, refugee shelter facilities in the country are still far from international eligibility standards. South Sulawesi, the province with the second highest number of refugees in Indonesia, currently does not have a shelter to accommodate the diverse needs of refugees. Therefore, the purpose of this design is to design a refugee shelter in South Sulawesi that complies with international eligibility standards and can meet the needs of refugees and make it easier for the government to control. To meet this goal, data collection was conducted through a literature review of existing international refugee shelter standards and precedent building. After that, a site analysis is carried out to produce a building shape that is in accordance with the condition of the site. The result of the design is a refugee shelter that can complete architectural and non-architectural aspects including characteristics, basic needs, and evacuation activities.

Syrian Refugees In Lebanon: “New Community” In Lebanon’s Confessional Political System

The paper analyzes the Syrian refugee crisis in neighboring countries, mostly in Lebanon. Syria’s neighborhood hosts currently about 5.5 million forcibly displaced Syrians who have fled the crisis since its onset in 2011. More than 3.4 million Syrians are registered in Turkey and around 2 million in Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt (World Bank 2016). According to the UNHCR (2017), the small Lebanese state hosts today around 1.5 million registered Syrians, making it the country with the highest number of refugees per capita (Yasmin 2022). How has Lebanon’s political system dealt with the Syrian refugee issue and how have Syrian refugees – a new “non-core group”(Harris 2012) in Lebanon’s society – interacted with the state’s confessional configuration of power? How has Lebanon’s political system framed and accommodated an external “minority” in the context of a refugee-producing conflict and how has the political discourse constructed the issue of large-scale displacement? The conflict in Syria between the government of Bashar al-Assad and various other forces, which started in the spring of 2011, continues to cause displacement within the country and across the region. At the end of 2018, Syrians continued to be the largest forcibly displaced population, with 13.0 million people living in displacement, including 6,654,000 refugees, 6,184,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) and 140,000 asylum seekers (Ferris, Kiris ci, Shaikh 2013; UN OCHA 2016).

Syrian Refugees In Lebanon: “New Community” In Lebanon’s Confessional Political System

The paper analyzes the Syrian refugee crisis in neighboring countries, mostly in Lebanon. Syria’s neighborhood hosts currently about 5.5 million forcibly displaced Syrians who have fled the crisis since its onset in 2011. More than 3.4 million Syrians are registered in Turkey and around 2 million in Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt (World Bank 2016). According to the UNHCR (2017), the small Lebanese state hosts today around 1.5 million registered Syrians, making it the country with the highest number of refugees per capita (Yasmin 2022). How has Lebanon’s political system dealt with the Syrian refugee issue and how have Syrian refugees – a new “non-core group”(Harris 2012) in Lebanon’s society – interacted with the state’s confessional configuration of power? How has Lebanon’s political system framed and accommodated an external “minority” in the context of a refugee-producing conflict and how has the political discourse constructed the issue of large-scale displacement? The conflict in Syria between the government of Bashar al-Assad and various other forces, which started in the spring of 2011, continues to cause displacement within the country and across the region. At the end of 2018, Syrians continued to be the largest forcibly displaced population, with 13.0 million people living in displacement, including 6,654,000 refugees, 6,184,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) and 140,000 asylum seekers (Ferris, Kiris ci, Shaikh 2013; UN OCHA 2016).

Inclusion of Refugee Peers - Differences Between Own Preferences and Expectations of the Peer Group.

Given the high numbers of refugees from Syria entering Germany in the recent years, the social integration of refugee youth has become an increasingly important issue in Germany. Thus, the current study examines adolescents’ decisions and reasoning around the inclusion of Syrian peers in Germany. Using a hypothetical scenario, we assessed adolescents’ (N = 100, M = 13.65 years, SD = 1.93, 51 females, 49 males) peer inclusion decisions and reasoning with attention to comparing inclusion of a Syrian refugee peer and a German peer. Given the importance of group norms for adolescents, we assessed not only adolescents’ own inclusion decisions, but also what they would expect their peer group to decide and what they think their peer group should do. Moreover, adolescents’ underlying reasoning was assessed. The analyses revealed that adolescents thought they would be more inclusive of a Syrian peer than a German peer and that their peer group should be more inclusive of a Syrian peer than a German peer. These tendencies toward including refugees were justified with references to morality as well as social-conventions. In contrast to their own decisions and to what they think their peer group should, participants expected their group would be more inclusive toward a German peer than a Syrian peer. This was mainly justified by referencing aspects of group functioning and psychological information about the peers, whereas moral and prosocial reasoning was very rarely used for the expected group decision. In sum, these findings document that adolescents in Germany wish to be inclusive regarding refugee peers and that they balance attention to morality and other domains of social reasoning when thinking about inclusion decisions while they expect that their peers will not consider morally relevant information when making these decisions. These findings have important practical implications as they indicate the importance of interventions that focus on promoting inclusive peer group norms.

Temporary Adjustment or Normative Change? Fertility and Marriage Preferences of Syrian Refugees in Turkey in the Context of Forced Migration

Turkey has the highest number of refugees in the world and is currently home to 3.7 million Syrians who had to flee from their country due to the conflict that started in 2011. This paper aims to focus on the fertility and marriage preferences of Syrian refugees by using a widely used qualitative research method Focus Group Discussions. The main findings revealed that socio-demographic indicators, the departure and arrival conditions in home and host country and the current place of residence had affected how families and individuals adjusted themselves and how they changed their fertility and marriage plans since their arrival in Turkey. Yet, the main findings also showed that while forced migration caused normative changes on some, some others reacted and saw these changes just as a temporary adjustment.

African migration to Chad: diversity of ethnic groups as one of the motives for the choice of migrants

The mobility of the population of the African continent is not a new phenomenon. Intra-African migration has a close relationship with mobility, as every migrant dreams of better social, economic, and political conditions. In this article, the author touches on the topic of the diversity of ethnic groups and languages as one of the motives for migrants to choose the Republic of Chad. Chad is a link between the Maghreb and Black Africa, and a crossroads of trans-Saharan caravans and a cradle of nomadic civilizations. Today, emigration and immigration movements between Chad, Libya, Sudan, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria constitute a basis of migratory dynamics. Chad is the first country to admit asylum seekers in Africa with a high number of refugees and asylum seekers which represents more than 3% of the Chadian population. The Republic of Chad was also an important stop on the pilgrimage route. There were many Muslims of African descent who made their way to the pilgrimage through Chad. Historical movements between the Republic of Chad and its neighboring countries provide an understanding of today&amp;apos;s movements. These movements constitute the basis of the migratory dynamic of the Republic of Chad. The fact that we find shared communities on both sides of the border allows us to say that these particularly important cross-border exchanges are worth studying. Also, Chad alone has around 474,000 refugees and asylum seekers. Even if over the past two years the measures taken to fight the spread of the coronavirus infection (COVID-19) have slowed down the migration movement, the Republic of Chad now ranks among the top 10 countries of asylum in the world.

Prevalence of non-communicable diseases and associated medication use among Syrian refugees in Lebanon: an analysis of country-wide data from the Sijilli electronic health records database

BackgroundGlobally, the number of forcibly displaced individuals has reached 70.8 million. Lebanon, a middle income country, hosts the highest number of refugees per capita worldwide. The majority of refugees are Syrians who have fled the Syrian war that started in 2011. The migration journey exposes refugees to increased susceptibility to a wide range of medical issues including non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aims to determine the prevalence of NCDs among adult Syrian refugees in Lebanon, with a focus on hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer. The study also aims to explore factors potentially related to the prevalence figures and understand the medication use associated with these morbidities.MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis of de-identified data from the “Sijilli Electronic Health Records for Refugees” Database comprising data on 10,082 Syrian refugees from across informal tented settlements located all over Lebanon. A total of 3255 records of Syrian refugees aged above 18 years old and reporting having at least one condition of the following were included in the analysis: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases or cancer. Pearson’s Chi-square, independent t-test, and multivariate logistic regressions were used for data analysis.ResultsHypertension was the most prevalent (10.0%) NCD among refugees, and a higher age was associated with higher NCDs prevalence. A strong linkage has been reported between smoking status and alcohol intake, and increased risk for NCDs. Study findings also revealed that the hypertension, diabetes and CVDs were mainly observed among refugees originating from Idlib, Aleppo and Homs. An association between medication use and location of diagnosis was noted, with females who were diagnosed before moving to Lebanon being more likely to take corresponding medications compared to those diagnosed in Lebanon, with no difference reported among males.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that efforts should be directed towards the employment of innovative low-cost approaches for NCD detection and control among refugees, with a focus on the importance of use of adequate medication. Such efforts remain imperative to control the increasing burden of NCDs amongst refugee populations and improve equitable access to NCD services.

Complementarities of Language and Society: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Anti-refugee Discourse

Unprecedented in its history, Korea has had the highest number of refugees and asylum seekers in the last few years from war-torn Middle Eastern countries such as Yemen. The high influx of the Yemeni refugees into Korea has triggered a number of sociopolitical debates about their status as refugees and asylum seekers. Within the broader critical discourse analytic framework of research on the production of racist and xenophobic discourse in the form of public communication, the present article examines discursive features of Korean newspaper articles in expressing public opinions on immigrants to Korea, and argues that a large number of news reports function to create, maintain, and transmit the dominant ideological voice of those who have power and access to public forms of communication.

Stuck in Reception: How Refugees in Austria and Germany Experience Long-Term Reception Constellations

The year 2015 was exceptional in terms of arrival of refugees both in Austria and Germany. About 600,000 persons crossed Austria on their way to Germany and other EU-destinations, about 90,000 filed an application for international protection in Austria and more than 476,000 asylum applications were made in Germany. In both countries, the regular accommodation system could not handle the high numbers of refugees and emergency camps were hastily put up, often aligned with an outstanding engagement of the civil society. Since then, most emergency shelters have been closed down and the public mentality has turned from enthusiasm to skepticism. Many refugees have also made sobering experiences as they found themselves ‘stuck in reception’: While both Austria and Germany aim at quick decisions and seek to keep the liminal period of reception as short as possible, in practice administrative and legal procedures often take more time. Against this backdrop, the article analyses the experiences of refugees whose asylum application has been pending for more than six months or who found themselves in a prolonged state of reception as they cannot return to their countries of origin. Departing from a comparative overview of the politics of dispersal as well as the multilevel systems of reception in Austria and Germany, the article sets out to examine how refugees deal with their long-term reception constellation and the lack of capabilities that it entails.

Design a solar power air conditioning system for the engineering building at Mutah University

Jordan like the other non-oil countries, spend significant amount of its budget on importing foreign energy. Also, the power demand increases due to, the population growth, in addition to hosting high number of refugees, from neighboring countries, and the enhancement of the citizen life style. The objective of this study, is to define the cooling load requirement, for the engineering building, at Mutah University, in order to analyze suitable cooling system, to cater the required cooling load. Energy analysis carried out, using the climate variables tabulated data, and Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD), and Cooling Load Factor (CLF). The required power, to drive the cooling system was defined. Climate data shows that the average temperature was 33.2 °C, 32 °C and 33.3 °C in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The maximum temperatures was 38 °C registered in 2015. In this study the implementation of renewable energy, was considered by analyzing the viability of using, photovoltaic system, to provide power for the cooling system. Two options, to provide power for the system analyzed, the first option is supply the power from the grid, and the second option is, to supply the required power using photovoltaic power plant. The results show that, the cooling load of the building is 560 kW, and the required electrical power, to operate the cooling system is 224 kW electrical power. In addition, the results show that, the cost of power from PV system is, 40 % less than the cost of power from grid for the first 10 years. In addition, the payback period for the designed system is 5 years.