High Molecular Components Research Articles

Characteristics of High Molecular Components Obtained by Thermal Destruction of Oil Residue Asphaltenes in Supercritical Water

Characteristics of High Molecular Components Obtained by Thermal Destruction of Oil Residue Asphaltenes in Supercritical Water

EFFECT OF DIDODECANOYL PEROXIDE ON TRANSFORMATIONS OF HIGH-SULFUR VACUUM RESIDUE COMPONENTS IN THE PROCESS OF INITIATED CRACKING

This paper presents the results of the study of the composition of cracking products of high-sulfur tar obtained from oil of Zyuzeyevskoye field in the presence of radical-forming additive – didodecanoyl peroxide. Thermal treatment of the mixture of vacuum residue with different amounts of didodecanoyl peroxide was carried out at a temperature of 500 °C. The duration of the process was 15 min. Characteristic features of changes in the material balance of the process, group composition of liquid cracking products, qualitative and quantitative composition of newly formed sulfur compounds were established. The use of additive in the amount of 0.5 – 0.75%wt. allows to reduce thermal stability of high-molecular components of tar (resins and asphaltenes), and also promotes change in direction of reactions. Processes of condensation of resins and asphaltenes into solid coke-like products are slowed down, and cracking reactions are initiated with formation of low-molecular components, which fall into the composition of oils, as a result of which it is possible to obtain additional amounts of distillate fractions. It is shown that thiophene, benzo- and dibenzothiophene derivatives, which are absent in the initial tar, are intensively formed and accumulated in the composition of liquid cracking products, which worsens the quality of the obtained distillate fractions. Among the identified sulfur compounds benzothiophene homologs prevail. It was found that cracking of tar in the presence of additive didodecanoyl peroxide promotes deep destruction of sulfur-containing fragments of vacuum residue and asphaltene molecules. Sulfur compounds formed under these conditions not only get into the composition of oils, but also participate in condensation reactions with the formation of solid products, which leads to an increase in the degree of sulfur removal from the composition of liquid cracking products. For citation: Goncharov A.V., Krivtsov E.B. Effect of didodecanoyl peroxide on transformations of high-sulfur vacuum residue components in the process of initiated cracking. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 8. P. 121-128. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246708.15t.

Interaction of melanoidins, proline, and valine with sorbents of various nature

The isolation of pure amino acids from industrial solutions is one of the important tasks of production. Solutions of amino acids obtained as a result of chemical or microbiological treatment contain a number of impurities, mostly organic ones. The microbiological synthesis of proline is accompanied by the presence of valine, leucine, alanine, and coloured high-molecular components in the culture liquid that belong to the melanoidin group. Melanoidins of proline acid production are high-molecular compounds containing amino acid fragments, heterocyclic structures, and amide bonds. Melanoidins in solutions can exist in cationic, bipolar, and anionic forms. They have different molecular weights, molecular sizes, and isoelectric states. Various ion exchange methods can be used to isolate the target amino acid. It should be noted that the interaction of amino acids with ion-exchange materials is a complex process depending on the electrolytic properties of the sorbate and sorbent and accompanied by multiple side effects. It is necessary to know the specific features of interaction in the “amino acid - sorbent” system and the factors that affect the transport of sorbate ions in the sorbent phase when choosing an isolation method for the target product. The goal of this work was to determine the impact of pH on the sorption process of proline and valine by high-basic ion exchangers, to identify the features of their interactions, and to use the obtained results to optimise the conditions for the separation of amino acids. We studied the process of interaction of bipolar ions and anions of proline (Pro±, Pro-) and valine (Val±, Val-) with anionites AV-17-8 and AV-17-2P. It was established that the mechanism of amino acid ion exchange in granular sorbents depended on the рН value in the “anionite - external solution” system. Based on the studied interactions, we suggested the methods of the anion-exchange separation of proline and valine. The selected conditions of separation of proline and valine were on anionite AV-17-2P in ОН-form (рН of the initial solution was 6.6-6.7; the solution flow rate was 2 cm3/min). The results of separation of proline and valine indicated that even in a one-step sorption process, five to seven fractions with proline contained no valine ions, while the concentration of proline was 2.0-2.7 times higher as compared to the original solution.

High performance mass spectrometry reveals possible kerogen substructures in persistent ancient human brain

The recovery of visually recognizable brain masses from skeletonized human burials is rare; the discovery of an exceptionally well-preserved 2500-year-old brain during excavations at Heslington, Yorkshire, UK, therefore attracted international publicity. Analysis of a lipidic extract of that brain material showed the presence of high molecular weight organic components. To determine whether the presence of such compounds is a common feature of unusually preserved brain specimens, we have carried out high resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric (MALDI FT-ICR-MS) analyses of lipidic extracts of preserved brain remains from 14 contexts, obtained from four archaeological sites ranging from 200 to 2500 years old. These data allowed elemental formulae for the predominant signals in the resulting spectra to be generated, and a detailed comparison of the resulting very rich dataset was carried out, allowing 38 molecular formulae to be assigned. The components identified across all the sample extracts analysed fell into the same class of large organic molecules as those from the Heslington brain and are generally functionalized with low numbers of heteroatoms (oxygen, nitrogen, or both). These components do not correspond to those identified in adipocere, but instead resemble kerogen substructures, surprisingly formed over historic rather than geological timescales. The presence of such insoluble, inert structures would help explain why brain material in which they are found is persistent. Our results pave the way for further analyses aimed at understanding the processes that take place when brain material is preserved in the archaeological record.

Visible light photocatalysis alleviates ceramic membrane fouling caused by intracellular organic matter of Microcystis aeruginosa

Ultrafiltration (UF) is an effective technology for treating algae-containing water. The algal intracellular organic matter (IOM) released by dead algae during an excessive algae growth phase causes more serious membrane fouling than viable algal cells and algal extracellular organic matter (EOM), which seriously restricts stable operation of UF. This paper studied the removal of IOM by a Bi2O3–TiO2/PAC (Bi-doped TiO2 nano-composites supported by powdered activated carbon) photocatalytic oxidation-ceramic ultrafiltration membrane, the inhibitory effect of membrane fouling at different photocatalytic oxidation times, and the fouling mechanism. The results show that both the adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation of Bi2O3–TiO2/PAC can significantly remove proteinoids and humic acid-like fluorescent components present in IOM, with removals of UV254 and DOC reaching up to 81.8% and 44.0%. The generated superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals positively affect the degradation of organic compounds of various molecular weights, and holes mainly degrade acidic low-molecular weight organic compounds. When the photocatalytic oxidation time was extended to 60 min, the membrane flux increased by 70.7% and the reversible resistance and irreversible resistance decreased by 83.4% and 90.1%, respectively. Under these conditions, the fouling mechanism changed from complete blockage to intermediate blockage. In the late stage of photocatalytic oxidation (90–120min), part of the high and medium molecular weight organic components were oxidized to produce low-molecular weight organic compounds (LMW acidic and neutral organic compounds), and blockage of filter cake became the main fouling mechanism. After photocatalysis, the zeta potential decreases significantly and the interaction forces between pollutants and pollutants are transformed into repulsive forces. Application of an appropriate photocatalytic oxidation time can alleviate the ultrafiltration membrane fouling caused by algal-derived organics.

Innovations in Oil Processing: Chemical Transformation of Oil Components through Ultrasound Assistance

The present review paper discusses the different aspects related to the chemical transformation of oil components through ultrasound assistance. Ultrasound intensifies heat and mass transfer processes in oil production and treatment, which is used to separate water–oil emulsions, optimize pumping, clean the bottomhole zone, and more. The main reason for the positive effect of ultrasound is the cavitation phenomenon, which forms vapor–gas bubbles that cause changes in the structure and properties of dispersed phases, intensifying processes such as dissolution, extraction, and emulsification. The inhomogeneities in the medium being processed also reduce resistance to bubble formation and increase the intensity of technological processes. It is believed that ultrasonic treatment of heavy oil influences the colloid structure of oil. Such effects were observed in several studies. Despite the widespread use of ultrasound in oil processing, the chemical transformation of hydrocarbons during ultrasonic treatment remains an understudied area, particularly for heavy oil. Furthermore, the transformation mechanism of high-molecular-weight fragments of oil under ultrasonic energy is still poorly understood. Heavy oil can benefit greatly from ultrasonic treatment, both after production for pipeline transportation or plant processing and in the reservoir. This is due to the improved mobility of oil in rock and the chemical transformation of high-molecular components, such as resins, asphaltenes, and paraffins. These transformations contribute to the overall improvement of heavy oil processing, making it a crucial area for further research and development. In this review paper, we will explore the latest innovations in oil processing, specifically focusing on the chemical transformation of oil components through ultrasound assistance. This will include a comprehensive analysis of the underlying mechanisms of ultrasonic treatment and their impact on the chemical composition of oil. The review will also include a discussion of the current state of the art and future directions for research in this field, highlighting the potential for further advancements in the use of ultrasound in oil processing.

A HyChem combustion model of methyl decanoate

Liquid biofuels are promising carbon-neutral fuels, which contribute to the realization of low-carbon utilization of organic fuels. Due to the difficulty in developing kinetic models for liquid biofuels with complex high molecular components, short-chain fuels are often used as surrogate fuels to study the chemical kinetics of biofuels such as biodiesels. But this approach is complex to model and need to consider the kinetic coupling of the fragments of fuel components. The HyChem approach, which considers the combustion characteristics of the fuel directly, has been proposed to model the combustion of real multi-component and single-component hydrocarbon fuels. It describes the fuel decomposition with a lumped model and the oxidation of pyrolysis fragments with a detailed kinetic model. To preliminarily test the feasibility of the HyChem approach to oxygenated fuels, it was applied to the combustion modeling of methyl decanoate, a typical methyl ester and an important biodiesel surrogate, and the model parameters were constrained by speciation data from literature. Special attention was paid to the evolution of the oxygen element. The results show that the pyrolysis and oxidation of methyl decanoate are two separable processes in time and space, and the methyl decanoate HyChem model predictions had a reasonably good agreement with experimental measurements of speciation, ignition delay time, and flame speeds. To further test the application of HyChem method for biodiesel, we also make a preliminary attempt for methyl palmitate, which is a real biodiesel component. These tests suggest that the HyChem method can be applied to more oxygenated fuels, which provides an efficient modeling approach for complex biofuel combustion.

Catalytic Low-Temperature Thermolysis of Heavy Oil in the Presence of Fullerene C60 Nanoparticles in Aquatic and N2 Medium

Catalytic thermolysis is considered to be an effective process for viscosity reduction, the conversion of high-molecular components of oil (resins and asphaltenes) into light hydrocarbons, and the desulfurization of hydrocarbons. In this paper, we conducted non-catalytic and catalytic thermolysis of a heavy oil sample isolated from the Ashalcha oil field (Tatarstan, Russia) at a temperature of 250 °C. Fullerene C60 nanoparticles were applied to promote selective low-temperature thermolytic reactions in the heavy oil, which increase the depth of heavy oil upgrading and enhance the flow behavior of viscous crude oil. In addition, the influence of water content on the performance of heavy oil thermolysis was evaluated. It was found that water contributes to the cracking of high-molecular components such as resins and asphaltenes. The destruction products lead to the improvement of group and fractional components of crude oil. The results of the experiments showed that the content of asphaltenes after the aquatic thermolysis of the heavy oil sample in the presence of fullerene C60 was reduced by 35% in contrast to the initial crude oil sample. The destructive hydrogenation processes resulted in the irreversible viscosity reduction of the heavy oil sample from 3110 mPa.s to 2081 mPa.s measured at a temperature of 20 °C. Thus, the feasibility of using fullerene C60 as an additive in order to increase the yield of light fractions and reduce viscosity is confirmed.

Structure and Content of BEng Chemical Engineering Programmes in the UK, Relative to the Frontiers in Chemical Engineering Education Model

AbstractThe Frontiers in Chemical Engineering Education initiative in the USA in the early 2000s proposed a reformed chemical engineering curriculum organised around the three themes of Molecular transformations, Multiscale analysis and a Systems view. It was subsequently observed that few departments in the USA had adopted this structure for their programmes, although several UK programmes appeared already to feature this structure. Therefore, the objective of the current work was to analyse BEng chemical engineering programmes in the UK relative to this tripartite structure, in order to evaluate to what extent the Frontiers model was already represented within UK chemical engineering education. From the 28 UK universities offering IChemE-accredited programmes, the structure and content of 24 BEng programmes were analysed against the tripartite Frontiers structure. All 24 programmes broadly followed the Frontiers structure. The greatest variation between programmes was in the amount of content contributing to the Molecular transformations theme, which varied from 1.4 to 26%. This was also the smallest of the three themes, contributing on average around 10%, compared with 37% for Multiscale analysis and 38% for Systems, with 10% coming from Supporting Competences (such as laboratory and professional skills) and 5% from Other subjects (such as mechanical or electrical engineering or electives). Molecular transformations was generally most prominent in the first year, the second year tended to contribute the most Multiscale analysis content and the final year was dominated by Systems. The Institution of Chemical Engineers’ Accreditation guidance tends to encourage the high Systems emphasis and low Molecular transformations component, in contradiction to the recommendations of the Frontiers initiative. Optional electives and MEng specialisms feature Molecular transformations emphases, the latter less so than in the 2000s, since when the drivers for curriculum development have moved from biosciences and nanotechnology towards energy and sustainability.

Применение компаундных нефтесодержащих собирателей в процессе пенной сепарации алмазов

The object of this study is the process of diamond-containing kimberlites’ enrichment by foam separation. The subject of research is compound collectors for diamond flotation. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the possibility and choice of conditions for the use of Machchobin oil as a component of the base collector in the foam separation of diamonds. The objectives of the research are to establish the physico-chemical characteristics of Machchobin oil, fuel oil and their mixtures; assess their collecting ability; select the optimal composition of the collector; determine the effectiveness of a compound collector use in the technological process. The methods of rectification analysis of fractional composition, visiometric analysis of structure and phase composition, vibrational viscometry have been used to establish the physical and chemical characteristics of Machchobin oil, fuel oils and their mixtures. To estimate the collecting ability of the compound collector the methods of flotation and foam separation of diamonds and minerals of kimberlite on the laboratory installations of foamless flotation and foam separation have been applied. To determine the efficiency of the compound collector an automated foam separation unit has been used. Conducted physico-chemical studies have shown that when mixing fuel oil F-5 and degassed Machchobin oil, the dissolution of asphaltenes of fuel oil in low–molecular fractions of oil, and paraffins of oil – in medium-molecular fractions of fuel oil is observed. The formation of finely dispersed and colloidal solutions of high-molecular components of oil increases the adhesive activity and leads to an increase in the collecting capacity of the compound collector. The flotation studies have shown that the greatest extraction of diamonds into concentrate is achieved when using a mixture of fuel oil F-5 and Machchobin oil as a base collector at a ratio from 3:1 to 1:1. The tests carried out during the enrichment of the ore of the Aihal tube by foam separation have established an increase in diamond extraction using a compound collector by 1.1–2.1 %. By replacing the fuel oil fraction with oil, a reduction in reagent costs has also been achieved.

Hydrothermal In-Reservoir Upgrading of Heavy Oil in the Presence of Non-Ionic Surfactants

The most widely applied methods to unlock heavy oil and natural bitumen resources in the world are still based on steam injection techniques. Improving the efficiency of hydrothermal processes poses a great challenge. The co-injection of various additives is practiced to lower the steam-to-oil ratio (SOR), viscosity alteration and to improve heavy oil properties. Organic solvents, non-condensable gases, air and surfactants are the preferred chemicals to be combined with steam. This study provides an investigation of the surfactant-assisted hydrothermal upgrading of heavy oil at 200 °C. The thermal stability and salt resistivity of two non-ionic surfactants (SA–3 and Biolub Green) were investigated. Moreover, the improved performance of the surfactants was established by performing an SARA analysis, elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and EPR analysis, and by studying the viscosity reduction degree. The experimental results showed that surfactants lead to the in-depth destructive hydrogenation of the high-molecular components of heavy oil such as resins and asphaltenes. However, the content of light fractions increased. According to the results of the elemental analysis, the surfactants assist in the hydrodesulphurization of heavy oil. Overall, the physical and chemical consequences of hydrothermal upgrading in the presence of surfactants led to the irreversible viscosity reduction of heavy oil.

Catalytic upgrading of heavy oil from the Ashalchinskoye oilfield

The work deals with study the effect of the NiCrWC catalyst on the composition of the products of catalytic cracking of heavy oil at a temperature of 450 °C for 100 minutes is established. The relevance of research aimed at studying the catalytic activity in the processing of heavy oil. It has been installed that the addition of NiCr-WC promotes the retardation of coke and asphaltenes formation and an increase in the destruction of high-molecular components of heavy oil. The use of a catalyst makes it possible to increase the yield of gasoline and diesel fractions by 35.8 wt % compared to the initial oil. Due to the formation of gaseous products, the removal of 2 wt % of sulfur from oil is observed. The data of X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy show that metal oxides are sulfidized on the surface of nichrome particles to form sulfides of these metals. It was found that NixSy and CrxSy formed on the catalyst surface contribute to an increase in the degradation of oil resins and asphaltenes.

Ramie degum liquor: Wastage bio-macromolecule for making thermally stable functionalize polyester fabric

Decorticated ramie fibre has been degummed with alkali based formulation and the wastage degummed liquor has been applied on the polyester fabric at different concentrations by following padding technique. Degummed liquor has been characterized by using Liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LCMS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo-gravimetry (TG) analysis to understand the major chemical groups present in it and its thermal behavior. Chromatography results revealed the presence of different polyphenols, pectin, tannin based compound in the degum liquor. TG curve of degum liquor reveals almost 50% mass retention at 500°C. Treated polyester fabric showed almost 40% more limiting oxygen index (LOI) as compared to the control fabric. In addition of it, melt dripping property of the treated polyester fabric also has been stopped with lower shrinkage during combustion. TG analysis of the said fabric showed 20–25% more char mass retention and lower rate of weight loss as compared to the control one. Char morphology of the control and the treated fabric was also examined and analyzed in detail. Besides, a mechanism lies behind the flame retardancy of the polyester fabric also has been postulated with the composition of the chemical compound present in the wastage liquor. It was found that high molecular weight phenolic components, pectin, natural coloring matter, tannin based polyphenols etc. present in the degum liquor playing a major role behind thermal stability. Lastly, tensile and physical properties of the treated fabric also have been measured and analytically compared with the untreated polyester.

Potential of Tomato Pomace Extract as a Multifunction Inhibitor Corrosion of Mild Steel

The aim of this paper is to investigate tomato pomace extract (TPE) as a multifunctional “green” vapor phase corrosion inhibitor for prevention from the atmospheric corrosion of mild steel and as a corrosion inhibitor in neutral media of 0.5 M NaCl solution. TPE would be an effective inhibitor with the efficiency of around 98% in both corrosive conditions. The chemical profile of the TPE was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC-DAD-MS). The major volatile constituents identified in tomato pomace extract were alcohols (12.5%), fatty acids (23.78%), aldehydes (41.6%), ketones (8.65%), and terpenoids (9.11%). The predominant semi-volatile and high molecular weight chemical components in tomato pomace extract were phenolic acids and flavanols [caffeic acid (2.03 ± 0.3 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (37.23 ± 0.80 μg/g), gallic acid (10.2 ± 0.80 μg/g)]. The corrosion protection properties of the TPE as multifunctional corrosion inhibitor were studied using accelerated corrosion tests (weight loss method) and electrochemical methods [polarization curves and linear polarization technique (LPR)]. The mechanism of steel inhibition by TPE formulations was studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations. TPE acts as a "pro-inhibitor" of the steel corrosion in neutral solution. The analysis confirmed that the growth of inhibitory properties is prolonged and corrosion rate is reduced after 40–48 h of exposure. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing exposure time and reaches 98% after 48 h. Quantum-chemical calculations were used to predict the adsorption/inhibition properties of some of the main compounds of the extract and compounds formed as a result of chemical conversion. This work to contributes interpretation/explanation and understanding of the mechanism of action of green corrosion inhibitors in neutral solution.

Исследования диэлектрических свойств нефтяных дисперсных систем в зависимости от соотношения асфальтосмолистых веществ

The degree of influence of the electromagnetic field on oil dispersed systems depends on the dielectric properties of these systems, in particular oil. Dielectric properties of oil depend on the content of high molecular weight polar components: asphaltenes and resins. In this regard, a study was carried out of the dielectric properties of oil in the radio-frequency range, depending on the content of asphalt-resinous substances in it. The obtained results of experimental studies show the correlation of dielectric parameters with the ratio of the content of resins and asphaltenes in oil.

Research of dielectric properties of oil dispersed systems depending on the ratio of asphalt-resinous substances

The degree of influence of the electromagnetic field on oil dispersed systems depends on the dielectric properties of these systems, in particular oil. Dielectric properties of oil depend on the content of high molecular weight polar components: asphaltenes and resins. In this regard, a study was carried out of the dielectric properties of oil in the radio-frequency range, depending on the content of asphalt-resinous substances in it. The obtained results of experimental studies show the correlation of dielectric parameters with the ratio of the content of resins and asphaltenes in oil. Keywords: petroleum dispersed systems, asphalt-resinous substances, dielectric properties, dielectric loss tangent, resonance frequency

Influence of enzymative catalysis on technological parameters of apple juice production

The article provides data on the investigation of the effect of enzymatic catalysis on the technological parameters of apple juice production. Apples are distinguished by the presence of a heterogeneous high-molecular complex of biopolymers, which complicates their processing: it prevents juice output, hinders its clarification, filterability of wine materials and negatively affects the colloidal stability of wines. Enzymatic catalysis based on the action of microbial preparations, contributes in many respects to the successful solution of the problems of intensifying technological processes of fruit and berry raw materials processing and improving the quality of obtained products. Enzyme preparations of complex action, causing deep hydrolysis of high-molecular components of the peel and pulp of fruits, provide a more complete extraction of the liquid fraction, better clarification and filterability of juices. The foothill zone of Adygea has special soil and climatic conditions that affect the formation of physical and chemical characteristics of raw materials. Considering that apple tree occupies the first place in terms of planting area among fruit crops in the Republic of Adygea, an urgent task is to study the effect of enzymatic catalysis on technological properties of juices obtained during the processing of apples grown in these soil and climatic conditions. Enzyme preparations of complex action, recommended for the processing of fruit juices and wine materials, made in France and Germany, have been selected as objects of the research. The results of the studies on the use of enzyme preparations in the processing of apple juices, taking into account their influence on the juice yield and such technological parameters as the speed and quality of clarification, filterability and dynamics of alcoholic fermentation, have been presented. The effect of enzymatic catalysis on the mass concentrations of polysaccharides, starch, total nitrogen and phenolic substances has been studied. A higher hydrolytic activity of the Extrazyme enzyme preparation has been established, when added to the pulp; it contributes to the deep transformation of high-molecular substances and, as a result, to optimize the technological parameters of juice production

Biodiversity and oil degradation capacity of oil-degrading bacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal sediments of the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Studies have reported that various hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria are found in global deep-sea hydrothermal regions. However, little is known about degradation characteristics of culturable hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from these regions. We speculate that these bacteria can be used as resources for the bioremediation of oil pollution. In this study, six oil-degrading consortia were obtained from the hydrothermal region of the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge through room-temperature enrichment experiments. The dominant oil-degrading bacteria belonged to Nitratireductor, Pseudonocardia, Brevundimonas and Acinetobacter. More varieties of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were obtained from sediments (preserved at 4 °C) near hydrothermal vents. Most strains had the ability to degrade high molecular weight petroleum components. In addition, Pseudonocardia was shown to exhibit a high degradation ability for phytane and pristine for the first time. This study may provide new insights into the community structure and biodiversity of culturable oil-degrading bacteria in deep-sea hydrothermal regions.

Analysis of the pectin extraction process at recycling of secondary material resources

The object of research is the secondary material resources of processing plant and animal raw materials, namely fruit pomace and milk whey. One of the most problematic areas is that the waste of these industries has high rates of biological and chemical oxygen consumption of wastewater, which significantly impairs the operation of local and city treatment facilities. In addition, the parameters of extraction and determination of the quality indicators of the obtained product are not well defined. The processing of whey and pomace of fruit crops can reduce the environmental burden on the environment and increase the efficiency of technological processes through resource conservation and obtaining a surplus product. The problem is solved, in particular, by using the process of extracting plant waste using milk whey and the process of energy-saving membrane concentration. In the course of the study, let’s use pectin-containing plant waste from juice production, namely watermelon, pumpkin, quince, beetroot, apple and a mixture of orange and tangerine pomace. The results obtained indicate that the process of extracting apple pomace with milk whey is promising, since the highest pectin content in the extract is established for apple pomace. The main amount of pectin substances passes into the extract starting from 75 minutes to 90 minutes. Extraction-hydrolysis for 2 hours at a temperature of 85 °C, pH=2–2.5 units determines the best results. Ultrafiltration of the obtained extract makes it possible to increase the pectin content up to 3.0 % with a protein content of more than 6.0 %. The membranes used in the experiment are characterized by high selectivity for protein and pectin. The fact is established that diafiltration makes it possible to effectively purify whey-pectin concentrates from ballast impurities with simultaneous enrichment of the concentrate with high-molecular components of whey. A technological scheme for the production of pectin-whey concentrate with high organoleptic and detoxification characteristics is proposed. The proposed technological process has a number of positive features, in particular, a high content of pectin substances, high value indicators, a significant reduction in the burden on the environment, economic benefits through energy conservation and obtaining a surplus product.

The Role of Nanodispersed Catalysts in Microwave Application during the Development of Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reserves: A Review of Potential Applications

Electromagnetic impact on oil reservoir manifests itself in various physical and chemical phenomena and attracts a significant scientific and technological interest. Microwave (MW) radiation heating can be more efficient for the oil recovery than heat transfer by convection or by thermal conduction. MW influence can also lead to significant changes in the physicochemical and rheological properties of oil caused by chemical processes of transformation of the oil high-molecular components such as resins and asphaltenes. The efficiency of transition-metal catalysts applied for the in-situ conversion of hydrocarbons directly in the reservoir might be significantly increased by exposing the oil formation to MW radiation. Actually, transition metals nanoparticles and their oxides are considered as active absorbers of MW radiation and; therefore, they can be used to intensify MW impact on the reservoir. Catalyst particles dispersed in the formation provide enhanced MW sweep. Taken together, the functioning of the catalysts and the effect of microwave radiation provide deep conversion of resins and asphaltenes, a decrease in the viscosity of the produced oil and an increase in oil recovery factor, along with a decrease in water cut of the well production. The present review analyzes the latest works on the combined application of microwave exposure and dispersed catalysts. In addition, this review discusses the prospects and perspectives of practical application of electromagnetic heating to enhance heavy oil recovery in the presence of nanoparticles.