Higher Milk Intake Research Articles

Dietary Habits and Risk of Urothelial Cancer Deathin a Large-Scale Cohort Study (JACC Study) in Japan

: In the present study, the associations of dietary habits with the risk of urothelial cancer death were evaluated taking into consideration sex, age, and smoking habits. The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study was established in 1988-1990 and consisted of 47,997 men and 66,520 women observed until the end of 1999. A self-administered food-frequency questionnaire was used as a baseline survey. Hazard ratios for dietary factors were calculated by Cox's proportional hazards model. During the observation period, 63 men and 25 women died of urothelial cancer. Increasing age, male gender, and history of smoking were all significantly associated with increased risk of urothelial cancer death. A high intake of milk and fruits other than oranges reduced the risk significantly and dose dependently, in particular among subjects with smoking history. However, consumption of butter and yogurt had no associations with the risk. Intakes of cabbage, lettuce, green leafy vegetables, carrots, squash, tomatoes, and oranges were not significantly associated with the risk. It was suggested that urothelial cancer death could be potentially preventable by smoking cessation and regular intake of milk and fruit.

High intakes of skimmed milk, but not meat, increase serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in eight-year-old boys.

To examine whether a high protein intake (PI) from either milk or meat, at a level often seen in late infancy, could increase s-IGF-I and s-IGF-I/s-IGFBP-3 in healthy, prepubertal children. IGF-I levels are positively associated with growth velocity in children and some studies suggest that a high animal PI can stimulate growth. During protein deprivation IGF-I decrease, but it is unknown whether a high PI can increase s-IGF-I in well-nourished children. In all, 24 8-y-old boys were asked to take either 1.5 l of skimmed milk (n = 12) or the same amount of protein as 250 g low fat meat (n = 12) daily for 7 days. The remaining diet they could choose freely. At baseline and after 7 days, anthropometrical variables were measured, diet was registered (3-day weighed records), and s-IGF-I and s-IGFBP-3 (RIA) were determined after fast. PI increased by 61% in the milk group to 4.0 g/kg/day (P < 0.0001) and by 54% in the meat group to 3.8 g/kg/day (P = 0.001). The high milk intake increased s-IGF-I by 19% (P = 0.001) and s-IGF-I/s-IGFBP-3 by 13% (P < 0.0001). There were no increases in the meat group. High intake of milk and not meat, increased concentrations of s-IGF-I and s-IGF-I/s-IGFBP-3 significantly. Compounds in milk and not a high PI as such seem to stimulate IGF-I. This might explain the positive effect of milk intake on growth seen in some studies.

Selected lower-fat foods positively impact nutrient quality in diets of free-living Americans

Objective To compare nutrient profiles of Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) respondents who reported use of regular and lower-fat versions of selected foods with those not reporting intake of these foods. Subjects American children (ages 2 to 19) and adults completing two days of recalls for the 1994 to 1996 CSFII. Design Dietary intakes were reviewed for selected foods for which regular (high) and modified-fat versions were available. Foods included added table fats (eg, salad dressings, margarine, creams), desserts, snacks, cheeses, and yogurts. Respondents were divided into non-users (none of these foods reported), mixed users (lower-fat and high-fat foods), and high-fat (only) users. Statistical analyses performed Weighted data were used for descriptive analyses. Unweighted data were used for reported nutrient intake, nutrient density, fat intakes, and Food Guide Pyramid comparisons. A P value of ≤.01 was selected to determine whether group differences were statistically significant. Post hoc analyses were conducted to identify where differences were found. Results Respondents reporting inclusion of any selected lower-fat food had significantly lower fat intake (P<.01) than exclusive high-fat users (male respondents: 31.5% vs 35.1%; female respondents: 30.3% vs 34.4%; children: 30.6% vs 33.4%). In general, mixed users had higher micronutrient intakes than high-fat users. Specifically, mixed users reported higher intakes of most B vitamins; vitamins A, C, and folate; the minerals calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, and zinc; and fiber. These differences were associated with higher intakes of milk, fruits, and grains. Applications/conclusions This research supports the ″all foods can fit” paradigm and validates recommending lower-fat foods (including snacks, desserts, cheeses, yogurt, and added table fats) to American consumers to reduce total fat to moderate levels while ensuring adequacy for most micronutrients. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:570-576.

Soy Consumption and Phytoestrogens: Effect on Serum Prostate Specific Antigen When Blood Lipids and Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein are Reduced in Hyperlipidemic Men

Soy Consumption and Phytoestrogens: Effect on Serum Prostate Specific Antigen When Blood Lipids and Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein are Reduced in Hyperlipidemic Men

Effect of weaning at 6 or 8 weeks old on the performance of dairy-bred beef calves

Artificial rearing is a common practice for rearing calves from the dairy herd destined for beef production. In commercial practice calves are typically weaned from 5 to 9 weeks old. There are four criteria that can be used to determine weaning time: - age, compound feed intake, liveweight, and, milk price and quota policy. Late weaning systems are based on the theory of giving the calf the best possible start in life, but are costly with high milk intakes (Davis and Drackley, 1998). Hence emphasis is usually placed on early weaning of the calf and encouraging concentrate intake. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of weaning at either 6 or 8 weeks old on the performance dairy-bred beef calves.

Effects of Ad Libitum Milk Intake on Dairy Calves

Conventional milk feeding for calves (by bucket twice daily at a total of 10% of body weight) was compared with feeding milk for ad libitum consumption from a nipple. Calves were weaned gradually between d 37 and 42 by diluting the milk with water, and body weight and feed consumption were followed until d 63. Calves fed ad libitum drank 89% more milk than calves fed conventionally during the preweaning period, but the ad libitum-fed calves ate only 16% as much calf starter and 17% as much hay. Consumption of starter and hay increased rapidly after weaning, and treatment differences disappeared. Probably as a result of the much higher intake of milk, the ad libitum-fed calves gained 63% more weight than the conventionally fed calves before weaning, resulting in a 10.5-kg weight advantage on d 35. During and immediately after weaning, the rate of weight gain slowed for both treatment groups, but recovered by approximaely d 49. There were no treatment differences in weight gains over the weaning or postweaning periods, and at the end of the experiment on d 63, the calves fed ad libitum maintained an advantage in mean (± SEM) body weight (89.07±2.47kg vs 81.07±2.47kg for the conventionally fed calves). Incidence of diarrhea was low and did not differ between treatment groups. We conclude that ad libitum nipple feeding of milk to dairy calves can allow for increased milk intake and weight gain with no detrimental effects on intake of solid food after weaning.

Plausibility of Dietary Lactose as a Coronary Risk Factor

Purpose: To review published evidence that the lactose in a high intake of milk is a possible risk factor for ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Design: Literature review of studies published since 1959. Materials and Methods: The evidence is reviewed under the headings Pathological Studies, Clinical Studies, Prospective Epidemiological Studies, Population (Ecological) Studies and Epidemiological Paradoxes, reflecting its multidisciplinary sources. Within each section and subsection the reports are considered chronologically as far as the subject matter allows. The focus of the necessarily brief summaries of the reports is on the findings. Any individual methodological weakness is held to be counterbalanced by the number and variety of studies with consistent findings. The review includes associations of persistent high lactase activity in adulthood with intake of milk and lactose, and with IHD. A considerable number of the sources are not directly cited but are to be found in various referenced reviews. Conclusions: The evidence and biological plausibility are considered to be sufficiently convincing to warrant epidemiological and scientific investigations aimed at proving or refuting a lactose hypothesis of a causal association with IHD. Appropriate agencies should ensure that the hypothesis is tested. Some possible investigations are proposed.

Effect of pre-weaning solid feed and milk intake on caecal content characteristics and performance of rabbits around weaning

The aim of this study is to know the effect of different solid feed and milk intake during suckling on performance around weaning and on caecal content characteristics at weaning. In order to obtain different intakes of milk and solid feed, 13 litters of pregnant females (PF) inseminated the day after delivery and 14 litters of non-pregnant females (NPF) were compared. At birth the litters were equalized at eight pups and during lactation dead pups were replaced by pups of the same age from nursing does. Compared to the PF group, rabbits in the NPF group had a higher milk intake (26.0 versus 21.4 g/day; P < 0.01) and lower solid feed intake (9.1 versus 11.5 g/day; P < 0.01) between 20 and 28 days of age. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in weight gain before and post-weaning (28-49 days). At weaning, the rabbits in group PF showed higher values in caecal content (g 26.3 versus 22.6; P < 0.05) and volatile fatty acids (mmol/l 52.2 versus 43.6; P < 0.01) and lower values in empty caecal weight (g 7.18 versus 7.78; P < 0.05), C3 (6.4 versus 9.3%; P < 0.01) and C3/C4 ratio (0.39 versus 0.63; P < 0.01) than the group NPF. On the basis of the above results, it may be concluded that the quantity of solid feed and milk intake before weaning influenced the characteristics of the caecal content, but not the performance of rabbits around weaning.

Cows' Milk in Complementary Feeding

If breastfeeding is continued at a high rate into the second year of life, and if the complementary diet contains reasonable amounts of animal protein from meat, fish, or eggs, most infants will thrive without cows' milk. This is the situation in some traditional societies, where milk is not available or where there is no tradition for feeding cows' milk. However, in most populations in the world there is a strong tradition of using cows' milk as an important part of the complementary diet. This article will discuss different aspects of the use of cows' milk in complementary feeding (Table 1) and will highlight areas where there is a need for further research. The use of infant formula and follow-up formula will not be covered, despite the fact that they are usually based on cows' milk. View this table: Table 1. Positive and Negative Aspects of the Use of Cows' Milk During the Period of Complementary Feeding ### Homemade Infant Formula There is universal agreement that homemade formula based on unmodified cows' milk should not be used as a breast milk substitute, especially during early infancy because the composition differs considerably from breast milk. Homemade formula is used in some populations because of economic constraints or tradition, and is less harmful than unmodified cows' milk. For this reason, the recipe for making a homemade formula is given in the recent Canadian …

中国内モンゴールの都市部，農村部および草原部における閉経前女性の骨粗しょう症関連要因の比較研究 生活習慣，第２中手骨骨量および骨代謝マーカーの関連を中心に

One hundred and sixteen community-dwelling premenoposal women aged 35-49 in Inner Mongolia (36 from a city, 39 from a farming village and 41 from a grassland community) were recruited for participation in a study to investigate osteoporosis-related factors. The bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by computed X-ray densitometry (CXD). Hand bone X-rays were taken with an aluminum step-wedge ruler. Anthropometric and several lifestyle data, including workload, exercise, milk drinking, smoking and nutrient intake, were also measured. Markers of bone metabolism, 1, 25 (OH)2D3 and fluoride in drinking water and urine samples were measured. Body height and grip strength were the highest in the city subjects. There were no significant differences in body weight and body mass index (BMI) among the three groups. The percentage of the subjects who were engaged in heavy or moderate workloads was the highest in the village subjects. The village subjects had the lowest percentages of habits of both regular exercise and milk drinking . The percentage of subjects with smoking habit was the highest in the village group. Intakes of calcium and animal protein were the lowest in the village group probably because their diets were mainly composed of grains and vegetables . For both non-dominant and dominant hands, however, the BMD of the second metacarpus were the highest in this group. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the subjects who experienced moderate-heavy workload in their 20s and in the present time and those whose grip strength exceeded the average level had significantly higher BMD of non-dominant hand than the remainders, respectively. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis also showed siginificant effects of workload and grip strength on BMD. The levels of bone-alkaline phosphatase (B-Alp) as a marker of bone formation and crosslaps (CL/Cr) as a marker of bone resorption were the highest in the grassland group. The level of 1, 25 (OH)2D3 was about 1.5 times higher in the grassland group compared with the city and village groups. Furthermore, the concentration of fluoride in drinking water and urine samples were about 5 times higher in the grassland group than other two groups . In the grassland group, concentration of fluoride in urine was positively correlated with B-Alp (r=0.34, p<0.05) and CL/Cr (r=0.39, p<0.05), respectively. These findings suggest that high workload and grip strength play important roles on BMD among women living in farming village of Inner Mongolia. Despite higher milk intake, the biological markers of bone metabolism among the grassland subjects showed postmenopausal pattern, suggesting the effects of high fluoride level in drinking water.

Food intake and eating patterns of Indonesian elderly before the 1998 economic crisis

The Nutrient and Metabolic Study of Indonesian Elderly (NUMSIE) was conducted in part to identify differences in eating patterns and in food and energy intakes between elderly people residing in urban metropolitan Jakarta (JAK) and in urban non-metropolitan Semarang (SEM) in order to investigate the prevalence of food and energy deficiencies. Data on food intake were collected from 212 JAK elderly and 238 SEM elderly aged 60 years and over using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Although most of the elderly lived with their families or extended families, a large proportion of the subjects were eating alone, especially in the SEM sample. Jakartan elderly had significantly higher intakes of most food groups, except for added sugar and cow's milk. Total food intake of JAK subjects was also significantly higher (p<0.0001) than that of SEM subjects. The ratio of plant to animal food was lower among SEM elderly due principally to their higher intake of milk. Thirty percent of both JAK and SEM elderly consumed less than the recommended amounts of cereals, followed by vegetables and fruits (10%, 47% JAK; 22%, 75% SEM, respectively). Finally, it was found that the range of daily energy intakes was higher in JAK (1251-2079 kcal) than in SEM (939-1579 kcal). This suggests that SEM elderly were more likely to be energy deficient than were JAK elderly. While the results of this study indicate that food and energy intakes may be inadequate in Indonesian elderly, especially in non-metropolitan areas, more analyses are required to ascertain the true prevalence of malnutrition in this age group using anthropometric and blood measurements.

Prealbumin and Outcomes in A Long Term Care Facility

Identifying and improving nutritional deficits of long term care residents is challenging due to increasing patient complexity and instability. Admits to a 190-bed long term care facility that agreed to participate in a five-week study consisted of 28 subjects, 12 males and 16 females, with a mean age of 79±10.4 and a %IBW range of 83–158%. A low prealbumin was found in 16 of 28 subjects, 57%, at the end of wkl and 5 of 16 subjects, 38%, at the end of wk5. As prealbumin reflects recent protein intake, intakes of protein, kcal, meals, snacks, and interventions were evaluated for wkl and wk4. Low and normal prealbumin was significantly related (p<0.05) to a protein intake of 48±18 gm and 67±14 gm and a kcal intake of 1263±445 and 1689±317, respectively. Higher prealbumin wkl was significantly correlated (p< 0.05) with higher milk intake (r=0.439) and higher milk intake was significantly correlated (p<0.05) with lower levels of unmet protein needs (r=−.385) and a dx of diabetes (r=.405). Higher prealbumin wk5 was significantly correlated (p<0.05) with a higher % meal intake wkl (r=.712) and wk5 (r=. 567). Higher prealbumin was significantly (p<0.05) related to male sex, diabetes and use of hypoglycemic agents, and strokes. Nutrition interventions averaged 2.5±1.5 for subjects with low prealbumin and 1.6±1.5 for those with normal prealbumin but were not significant. Weight loss as an outcome was highly correlated (p<0.05) with total protein needs (r=−. 597) wk 1 and (r=−. 618) wk4, higher unmet protein needs (I=−. 627) wkl and (r=−. 645) wk4, kcal intake (r=−. 402) wkl, and protein intake wkl (r=−.431). There was significantly less improvement in prealbumin for subjects with feeding difficulties (r=. 565) Subjects with diabetes had higher prealbumin and higher milk and protein intakes possibly related to nutrition education. A subgroup of patients with poor intakes, weight loss, feeding difficulties, and low prealbumin were resistant to improvement even with numerous interventions and might benefit from more aggressive approaches for meeting nutrition needs.

Previous milk consumption is associated with greater bone density in young women

Dietary calcium and milk intakes at specific ages may influence bone mineral measures at specific sites during development of peak bone mass. Relations of previous milk intake and current calcium intake to current bone mineral measures were investigated in young women. A food-frequency interview and recall of previous milk intake from early childhood to 12 y of age and during adolescence (13-19 y) were completed in a cross-sectional analysis in young women (age 18-31 y; n = 224). Three levels of previous milk intake were defined: 1) infrequently or never, 2) sometimes, and 3) at every or almost every meal. Total body (TB), femoral neck, radius (R), and spine (S) bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were determined by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Childhood and adolescent milk intakes were positively correlated (r = 0.66). Childhood and adolescent milk intakes correlated with current calcium intakes (r = 0.26 and 0.33, respectively). Adolescent milk intake correlated with RBMD (r = 0.16). When weight was controlled for, adolescent milk intake correlated with TBBMD (r = 0.16), TBBMC (r = 0.21), SBMC (r = 0.16), RBMD (r = 0.18), and RBMC (r = 0.15). Current calcium intakes correlated with SBMC (r = 0.17). Regression analyses supported these results. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that higher milk intake during adolescence is associated with greater total body, spine, and radial bone mineral measures during development of peak bone mass, whereas current calcium intakes may influence SBMC. In addition, milk intake at a younger age may contribute to similar habits of milk intake later in life.

Fermented milk products are associated to ulcer disease. Results from a cross-sectional population study.

Prevalence of peptic ulcer disease has been associated to diet. Some dietary factors seem to have bactericidal effect which may modify the risk of peptic ulcer disease. The objective was to analyze associations between dietary habits and peptic ulcers. A cross sectional population study. One thousand, one hundred and thirty-five subjects out of 11700 randomly invited men and women, aged 46-67 y, participating in a diet and disease study during 1991-1993. The study population comprised of 764 cases with reported peptic ulcer, 142 with dyspeptic symptoms and 229 randomly selected controls. X-ray examinations and endoscopies were reviewed and 332 out of 764 peptic ulcer cases were verified. Mean daily intake of foods and nutrients were assessed with a combined 7d menu book and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire, including dietary supplements. Subjects with verified ulcer had lower intake of fermented milk products and vegetables and higher intake of milk, meat and bread than controls. Intake of total fat, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and linolenic acid were higher in the ulcer group. Higher intake of fermented milk products, by quintiles showed a decreased ulcer risk; odds ratio 0.82 (0.71-40.95), adjusted for covariates below. Higher intake of milk, by quintiles, was associated with an increased risk of ulcer; odds ratio 1.17 (1.03-1.32). Smoking, foreign ethnicity and being unmarried or divorced were covariates associated to ulcer. This study indicates the multifactorial etiology of peptic ulcer including dietary factors. High intake of fermented milk products was associated with decreased risk for ulcer, whereas increased risk was noted for high milk intake.

飲料水の成分並びに日常生活習慣等と骨密度の関連

In order to elucidate the influence of drinking water components and lifestyle on bone density, we carried out chemical analysis of the water drunk by 463 adult females (mean age: 49.9 ± 11.0 years) living in Saitama Prefecture, together with questionnaire survey and ultrasonic bone densitometry measurement. It was found that, in both pre- and post-menopausal women, the larger the body weight the higher the bone density. In the pre-menopausal group, furthermore, bone density tended to increase as the subjects did more frequently out-door activities and as Ca concentration in their drinking water was higher. In the post-menopausal women, higher bone density was associated with higher intake of milk and dairy products at present. According to statistical analysis, the factors whose correlations with bone density were greater in the order: frequency of out-door activities, Ca concentration in drinking water, and body weight for pre-menopausal women; body weight, and the consumption of milk and dairy products for post-menopausal women. Our present results indicated that, in addition to physical factors and lifestyle, Ca concentration in water was related to bone density, though only among women before menopause. In this particular area, therefore, the quality of drinking water might be an important factor which is related to bone density.

Does high soy milk intake reduce prostate cancer incidence? The Adventist Health Study (United States)

Recent experimental studies have suggested that isoflavones (such as genistein and daidzein) found in some soy products may reduce the risk of cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between soy milk, a beverage containing isoflavones, and prostate cancer incidence. A prospective study with 225 incident cases of prostate cancer in 12,395 California Seventh-Day Adventist men who in 1976 stated how often they drank soy milk. Frequent consumption (more than once a day) of soy milk was associated with 70 per cent reduction of the risk of prostate cancer (relative risk = 0.3, 95 percent confidence interval 0.1-1.0, p-value for linear trend = 0.03). The association was upheld when extensive adjustments were performed. Our study suggests that men with high consumption of soy milk are at reduced risk of prostate cancer. Possible associations between soy bean products, isoflavones and prostate cancer risk should be further investigated.

Higher Milk Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Maternal and Umbilical Cord Lead Levels in Postpartum Women

Lead exposure and its deleterious effects continue to be a problem in many countries. The lack of effective and safe treatments for low-level intoxication has promoted environmental interventions to control different sources of lead. In this study we evaluated the effect of milk consumption in 1849 mother-and-child pairs participating in the lead surveillance program in Mexico City. The mean lead levels were 11.2 μg/dL for maternal blood lead (MBL) and 10.8 μg/dL in umbilical cord. The correlation between blood lead and umbilical cord lead wasr= 0.74. Forty-eight percent of the MBL exceeded 10 μg/dL and 9.5% exceeded 20 μg/dL. Maternal blood lead was positively related to the use of lead-glazed ceramic ware and to traffic exposure and was inversely related to the consumption of milk and orange juice. Women who reported the consumption of more than 7 glasses of milk per week had a blood lead level of 8.7 μg/dL; in comparison, those women who reported a consumption of less than 7 glasses per week had a blood lead level of 11.1 μg/dL. Similar findings were observed for lead measured in umbilical cord. The association between lead levels and milk intake remained unchanged after taking in consideration other predictors of blood lead. This study suggests that a simple intervention could reduce lead burden among women and their newborns.

Milk, dietary calcium, and bone fractures in women: a 12-year prospective study.

This study examined whether higher intakes of milk and other calcium-rich foods during adult years can reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures. This was a 12-year prospective study among 77761 women, aged 34 through 59 years in 1980, who had never used calcium supplements. Dietary intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire in 1980, 1984, and 1986. Fractures of the proximal femur (n = 133) and distal radius (n = 1046) from low or moderate trauma were self-reported on biennial questionnaires. We found no evidence that higher intakes of milk or calcium from food sources reduce fracture incidence. Women who drank two or more glasses of milk per day had relative risks of 1.45 for hip fracture (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87, 2.43) and 1.05 for forearm fracture (95% CI = 0.88, 1.25) when compared with women consuming one glass or less per week. Likewise, higher intakes of total dietary calcium or calcium from dairy foods were not associated with decreased risk of hip or forearm fracture. These data do not support the hypothesis that higher consumption of milk or other food sources of calcium by adult women protects against hip or forearm fractures.

Using Cluster Analysis to Examine Dietary Patterns: Nutrient Intakes, Gender, and Weight Status Differ Across Food Pattern Clusters

Objective This study explored the usefulness of cluster analysis in identifying food choice patterns of three groups of adults in relation to their energy intake. Design Food frequency data were converted to percentage of total energy from 38 food groups and entered into a cluster analysis procedure. Subjects in the emerging food group patterns were compared in terms of weight status, demographics, and the nutrition composition of their usual diet. Setting Data were collected as part of three studies in two US metropolitan areas using identical protocols. Participants were university employees (103 women and 99 men) who volunteered for a reliability study of health behavior questionnaires and moderately obese volunteers (223 women and 101 men) to two weight-loss studies who were recruited by newspaper advertisements. Statistical analysis performed Subjects were clustered according to food energy sources using the FASTCLUS procedure in the Statistical Analysis System. One-way analysis of variance and χ 2 analysis were then performed to compare the weight status, nutrient intakes, and demographics of the food patterns. Results Six food pattern clusters were identified. Subjects in the two clusters associated with high consumption of pastry and meat had significantly higher fat intakes ( P=.0001). Subjects in two other clusters, those associated with high intake of skim milk and a broad distribution of energy sources had significantly higher micronutrient levels ( P=.0001). Body mass index and the distribution of gender were also significantly different across clusters. Conclusions The success of cluster analysis in identifying dietary exposure categories with unique demographic and nutritional correlates suggests that the approach may be useful in epidemiologic studies that examine conditions such as obesity, and in the design of nutrition interventions. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997:97:272–279.

Diet and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Older Women

To test whether high dietary intakes of fat, protein, and milk are associated with the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in older women. Prospective cohort study with a 7-year follow-up period. General community. Sample of 35 156 Iowa women aged 55 to 69 years with no prior history of cancer who returned the 1986 baseline questionnaire. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (104 incident cases). After controlling for age, marital status, residence, total energy intake, and transfusion history, the relative risks (RRs) for the highest tertile of intake compared with the lowest were 2.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-3.30; P for trend = .01) for animal fat, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.07-2.67; P for trend = .02) for saturated fat, and 1.90 (95% CI, 1.18-3.04; P for trend = .01) for monounsaturated fat, and there was no association with vegetable fat or polyunsaturated fat. Greater intake of animal protein (RR = 1.52; 95% CI, 0.94-2.44; P for trend = .08), but not vegetable protein, was associated with elevated risk, and this was mainly explained by greater consumption of red meat (RR = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.13-3.47; P for trend = .02) and hamburger in particular (RR = 2.35; 95% CI, 1.23-4.48; P for trend = .02). Milk and dairy product consumption were not associated with elevated risk. There was also a decreased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with greater consumption of fruits (RR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.40-1.05; P for trend = .07). A high-meat diet and a high intake of fat from animal sources is associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in older women.