High Magnetic Strength Research Articles

Impact of the Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion during the radiative MHD hybrid nanofluid flow past a stretching sheet

The article aims to analyze the effects of thermophoretic and Brownian motion on steady three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics with fully developed natural convective hybrid nanofluid flow past a bidirectionally extending sheet. We assumed the water-based copper and aluminum nanoparticles suspension under the influence of the rotational effect, nonlinear chemical reaction, thermal radiations, viscous dissipation, and heat source. The flow field is modeled with the help of the basic equations. Furthermore, the problem is reduced to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the similarity variables. The reduced system of ODEs is solved with the semianalytical method (homotopy analysis method). The results for the state variables are displayed through graphs tables for various pertinent parameters. The thermal profile falls with the higher values of the Brownian and thermophoresis parameters, while the concentration profile shows an opposite trend with the increasing values of the Brownian parameter. Also, the slip parameter decreases both the thermal and concentration profiles as well as the surface drag. The velocity profiles along both directions fall with the higher magnetic strength and porosity parameters. The heat source and radiations parameter enhances the thermal profile with increasing values. The study also recommends the opposite trends for the axial and transverse velocities with increasing value of the stretching ratio factor. The proposed method convergence is present through [Formula: see text] curves for the regions [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] The skin friction and Nusselt number are displayed through tables numerically for various values of volume fraction and other important parameters.

Synthesis and characterization of CuCoFe2O4@GA/AC as a bio-based matrix magnetic nano-heterogeneous photocatalyst for ceftriaxone degradation from aqueous media

Emerging contaminants such as ceftriaxone are a significant issue in the environment. They have led to a series of ecological, environmental, and health issues, and it is urgent to find a green and secure method to remove antibiotics from water effectively. In this research, the CuCoFe2O4@Gum Arabic (GA)/Activated Carbon (AC) as an innovative bio-based matrix magnetic nanocatalyst was synthesized for the efficient degradation of ceftriaxone from aqueous media. The structure of CuCoFe2O4@GA/AC was characterized via FESEM, EDS, Mapping, XRD, FTIR, VSM, and DRS analyses. The structural analysis of the catalyst revealed its synthesis at the nanometer scale (40–50 nm), exhibiting high magnetic strength (Ms: 5.38 emu/g) and favorable optical properties with a bandgap of 3.6 eV. Under optimized conditions, including a pH of 5, 60 min of irradiation time, 0.24 g/L photocatalyst dose, and ceftriaxone concentration of 5 mg/L, the removal efficiency from synthetic and real samples was 94.43% and 62.5%, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation process of ceftriaxone followed pseudo-first-order and Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic models. Furthermore, analysis of the process mechanism indicated a prominent role of the superoxide radical. The catalyst had a high recovery capability and chemical stability. The photocatalytic degradation of ceftriaxone by CuCoFe2O4@GA/AC showcased remarkable efficiency, indicating its potential utility in the treatment of wastewater contaminated with antibiotics.

Experimental investigation on magnetorheological shear thickening polishing characteristics for SiC substrate

Silicon carbide (SiC) substrates are widely used in semiconductor and photoelectric applications due to excellent electrical and chemical properties. However, due to its inherent hard-brittle properties and chemical inertness, traditional polishing processes are facing great challenges to obtain excellent surface and subsurface quality for the SiC substrates. In this work, a novel polishing process i.e. magnetorheological shear thickening polishing (MRSTP) was proposed to explore the feasibility for the polishing of the SiC substrates. The MRSTP experiments were conducted using multiple magnetic-pole-coupled tools. The magnetic field characteristics of the polishing area were investigated via finite element simulation and actual measurements. The magnetic-pole-coupled tool was capable of generating high magnetic induction strength in the polishing area. The MRSTP medium was designed and prepared. The media were formed magnetic brushes by the excited magnetic field. The MRSTP experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of processing parameters on the polished surface roughness. The optimum process parameters were determined as the spindle rotational speed of 700 rpm, the feed rate of 600 mm/min, the work gap of 0.5 mm and MRSTP media CIPs particle size of 100 μm. The surface roughness of the workpieces was improved from initial 1.414 μm to 27.6 nm. It is verified that the MRSTP is the feasible ultraprecision polishing process for the SiC substrates.

IoT-Based Heartbeat Rate-Monitoring Device Powered by Harvested Kinetic Energy.

Remote patient-monitoring systems are helpful since they can provide timely and effective healthcare facilities. Such online telemedicine is usually achieved with the help of sophisticated and advanced wearable sensor technologies. The modern type of wearable connected devices enable the monitoring of vital sign parameters such as: heart rate variability (HRV) also known as electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure (BLP), Respiratory rate and body temperature, blood pressure (BLP), respiratory rate, and body temperature. The ubiquitous problem of wearable devices is their power demand for signal transmission; such devices require frequent battery charging, which causes serious limitations to the continuous monitoring of vital data. To overcome this, the current study provides a primary report on collecting kinetic energy from daily human activities for monitoring vital human signs. The harvested energy is used to sustain the battery autonomy of wearable devices, which allows for a longer monitoring time of vital data. This study proposes a novel type of stress- or exercise-monitoring ECG device based on a microcontroller (PIC18F4550) and a Wi-Fi device (ESP8266), which is cost-effective and enables real-time monitoring of heart rate in the cloud during normal daily activities. In order to achieve both portability and maximum power, the harvester has a small structure and low friction. Neodymium magnets were chosen for their high magnetic strength, versatility, and compact size. Due to the non-linear magnetic force interaction of the magnets, the non-linear part of the dynamic equation has an inverse quadratic form. Electromechanical damping is considered in this study, and the quadratic non-linearity is approximated using MacLaurin expansion, which enables us to find the law of motion for general case studies using classical methods for dynamic equations and the suitable parameters for the harvester. The oscillations are enabled by applying an initial force, and there is a loss of energy due to the electromechanical damping. A typical numerical application is computed with Matlab 2015 software, and an ODE45 solver is used to verify the accuracy of the method.

A comprehensive study on texture evolution and recrystallisation behaviour of Fe‐50Co alloy

AbstractThe Fe‐Co alloy, a soft magnetic alloy with high saturation magnetic induction strength and Curie temperature, is widely used in high‐performance power generation applications such as airborne radars and electromagnets. In order to improve the magnetic properties, different annealing treatment was employed to tailor the texture of Fe‐50Co alloy. The present work investigated the evolution mechanism of microstructure, texture and magnetic properties of the Fe‐50Co alloy during cold rolling and annealing treatment. The results showed that with increasing reduction ratio, the cold rolling texture primarily consisted of γ and α textures. After annealing, the dominant texture of the alloy transformed into {411}<148> and {111}<112> textures. The increase of annealing temperature weakened the {111}<110> texture while facilitating the development of new, diffuse, and randomly oriented grains. The grain size increased to 40 μm after annealing at 900°C. The alloy exhibited excellent magnetic properties after annealing at 900°C followed by furnace cooling to 750°C with a cooling rate of 50°C/h and then to 300°C with a cooling rate of 180°C/h; the B5000 was ∼2.3 T and P1.5/400 was ∼59 W/kg. A novel route to develop Fe‐50Co alloys with excellent magnetic properties was provided.

The magnetic anisotropy of field-assisted 3D printed nylon strontium ferrite composites

Magnetic Field Assisted Additive Manufacturing (MFAAM), 3D printing in a magnetic field, has the potential to fabricate high magnetic strength anisotropic bonded magnets. Here, 10, 35, and 54 wt% strontium ferrite bonded magnets using polyamide 12 binder were developed by twin screw compounding process and then printed via MFAAM samples in zero, and in 0.5 Tesla (H parallel to the print direction and print bed). The hysteresis curves were measured using a MicroSense EZ9 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) for 3 different mount orientations of the sample on the sample holder to explore the magnetic anisotropy. The samples printed in zero field exhibited a weak anisotropy with an easy axis perpendicular to the print direction. This anisotropy is caused by the effect of shear flow on the orientation of the magnetic platelets in the 3D printer head. For the MFAAM samples, the S values are largest along the print bed normal. This anisotropy is caused by the field. The alignment of the magnetic particles happens when the molten suspension is in the extruder. When the material is printed, it is folded over on the print bed and its easy axis rotates 90° parallel to the print bed normally. Little realignment of the particles happens after it is printed, suggesting a sharp drop in temperature once the composite touches the print bed, indicating that field-induced effects in the nozzle dominate the anisotropy of MFAAM deposited samples.

Green synthesis of AgCoFe2O4@Ch/AC as a recyclable, magnetic nanohybrid heterogeneous catalyst in photodegradation of ceftriaxone from aqueous solutions with effluent bioassay

Ceftriaxone (CFTR) is among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of different types of bacterial infections and widespread pneumonias. It was also known as one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotics during the Corona pandemic. This drug has a longer half-life than other antibiotics. In this research, the heterogeneous magnetic nanophotocatalyst AgCoFe2O4@Chitosan(Ch)/activated carbon (AC) was synthesized by co-precipitation method under microwave waves. The catalyst structure was characterized by XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDS, mapping, line scan, BET, VSM and DRS analyzers. Then, the effect of pH, CFTR concentration, nanophotocatalyst dose and irradiation time on the photocatalytic process efficiency was investigated. The analyses showed that the catalyst was synthesized on a nanometer scale, high surface area (60.044 m2/g), high magnetic strength (Ms = 10.39 emu/g) and appropriate optical activity with band gap (3.1 eV). The highest removal efficiency at pH = 3, CFTR concentration of 5 mg/L, dose of 0.24 g/L, and irradiation time of 60 min was obtained at 98.8% and 79.01% for synthetic and real wastewater samples, respectively. The reaction kinetics followed the pseudo-first-order and Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic models with KC = 0.23 mg/L min and KL−H = 0.168 L/mg. The recovered catalyst was able to remove CFTR with an efficiency of 80.16% after 4 reuse cycles. The results of scavenger radical tests showed that the main active radical species was ^{ cdot } {text{OH}}. The obtained results from the effluent toxicity on the germination index of lettuce, watercress, radish and tomato seeds showed a significant reduction in the environmental hazards of the effluent. Due to the high efficiency, this nanophotocatalyst can be used for the treatment of pharmaceutical and hospital wastewaters, and the effluent has the least toxicity for the environment.

Improved strength and control over surface-magnetized titania porous structures freeze cast under oscillating magnetic fields

Fabrication processes that produce porous structures with a high strength-to-weight ratio are sought after in many industries. The process of freeze casting is a way to achieve these porous structures with high strength-to-weight ratios, but only in a single direction (the direction of the templating-ice growth). Application of a magnetic field to these structures allows for an increase of mechanical strength in an additional orthogonal direction, therefore allowing them to be applied in more complex loading scenarios. Using a Helmholtz coils setup, it is possible to apply weak, uniform fields (<10 mT) in a variety of directions, magnitudes, or frequencies. Previous research has shown that the application of these weak uniform fields, in particular, oscillating fields from a Helmholtz coils setup, has led to increased mechanical strength through microstructural alignment, but only when using iron oxide structures. To mitigate this, a surface magnetization process was used to increase the magnetic response from non-ferrimagnetic materials, specifically titania, along with a higher magnetic strength (20 mT) Helmholtz coils setup. These surface-magnetized materials and oscillating fields led to an increase of strength of 10x when compared to non-surface-magnetized materials and 2x when compared to surface-magnetized materials under no field due to decreased porosity and increased alignment of mineral bridges. This demonstrates that increased material response for non-ferrimagnetic titania can be induced through the application of an oscillating field in conjunction with the surface-magnetization process.

CuCoFe2O4@AC magnetic nanocomposite as a novel heterogeneous Fenton-like nanocatalyst for Ciprofloxacin degradation from aqueous solutions

CuCoFe2O4@Activated Carbon (AC) was synthesized by a fast, simple, and green microwave-assisted coprecipitation method, and then used as a new heterogeneous magnetic nanocatalyst in Fenton-like reaction for ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation from aqueous media. CuCoFe2O4@AC was characterized by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Mapping, Line scan, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. The characterization results showed that the CuCoFe2O4@AC nanocomposite was in the ferrite phase with a mesoporous, uniform, quasi-spherical surface and a particle size of about 25 nm. The total volume of single-point adsorption pores was equal to 0.22 cm3 g−1 and the specific surface area was determined to be 199.54 m2 g−1. This nanocomposite had good thermal stability with high magnetic strength. In the presence of H2O2, the synthesized nanocomposite provided a Fenton-like reaction for CIP removal from aqueous solutions. The investigation of this process showed that neutral pH, 1 g L−1 of the nanocomposite, and 73.5 mM of H2O2 were the optimal conditions for CIP removal with an initial CIP concentration of 20 mg L−1. The maximum removal efficiency of 95.77% was attained after 120 min of contact time under the optimum conditions. The CIP degradation during this Fenton-like process followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model with rate constants (Kapp) of 0.01 min−1. Finally, the CIP removal efficiency after 5 cycles of recovery and regeneration of CuFe2O4@AC was 87.65%. The excellent performance and high catalytic activity of CuCoFe2O4@AC in Fenton-like reaction for CIP removal make it have potential application foreground in the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater.

TrGANet: Transforming 3T to 7T dMRI using Trapezoidal Rule and Graph based Attention Modules.

Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is a non-invasive tool for assessing the white matter region of the brain by approximating the fiber streamlines, structural connectivity, and estimation of microstructure. This modality can yield useful information for diagnosing several mental diseases as well as for surgical planning. The higher angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) technique is helpful in obtaining more robust fiber tracts by getting a good approximation of regions where fibers cross. Moreover, HARDI is more sensitive to tissue changes and can accurately represent anatomical details in the human brain at higher magnetic strengths. In other words, magnetic strengths affect the quality of the image, and hence high magnetic strength has good tissue contrast with better spatial resolution. However, a higher magnetic strength scanner (like 7T) is costly and unaffordable to most hospitals. Hence, in this work, we have proposed a novel CNN architecture for the transformation of 3T to 7T dMRI. Additionally, we have also reconstructed the multi-shell multi-tissue fiber orientation distribution function (MSMT fODF) at 7T from single-shell 3T. The proposed architecture consists of a CNN-based ODE solver utilizing the Trapezoidal rule and graph-based attention layer alongwith L1 and total variation loss. Finally, the model has been validated on the HCP data set quantitatively and qualitatively.

Programing Cell Assembly via Ink-Free, Label-Free Magneto-Archimedes Based Strategy.

Tissue engineering raised a high requirement to control cell distribution in defined materials and structures. In "ink"-based bioprintings, such as 3D printing and photolithography, cells were associated with inks for spatial orientation; the conditions suitable for one ink are hard to apply on other inks, which increases the obstacle in their universalization. The Magneto-Archimedes effect based (Mag-Arch) strategy can modulate cell locomotion directly without impelling inks. In a paramagnetic medium, cells were repelled from high magnetic strength zones due to their innate diamagnetism, which is independent of substrate properties. However, Mag-Arch has not been developed into a powerful bioprinting strategy as its precision, complexity, and throughput are limited by magnetic field distribution. By controlling the paramagnetic reagent concentration in the medium and the gaps between magnets, which decide the cell repelling scope of magnets, we created simultaneously more than a hundred micrometer scale identical assemblies into designed patterns (such as alphabets) with single/multiple cell types. Cell patterning models for cell migration and immune cell adhesion studies were conveniently created by Mag-Arch. As a proof of concept, we patterned a tumor/endothelial coculture model within a covered microfluidic channel to mimic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) under shear stress in a cancer pathological environment, which gave a potential solution to pattern multiple cell types in a confined space without any premodification. Overall, our Mag-Arch patterning presents an alternative strategy for the biofabrication and biohybrid assembly of cells with biomaterials featured in controlled distribution and organization, which can be broadly employed in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cell biology research.

ROLE OF MRI IN PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT OF AVASCULAR NECROSIS OF HIP JOINT

Avascular necrosis most frequently occurs in the femoral head. Avascular necrosis of the hip is an important cause of morbidity and can harm people of any age. A total hip replacement is frequently required as a result of secondary osteoarthritis and articular surface collapse that develop with disease progression. Early identication of hip avascular necrosis is essential since all treatments aimed at preserving the femoral head are more effective in the early stages of the illness.MRI is the most accurate imaging technique for detecting avascular necrosis of all imaging tests. For identifying avascular necrosis at high magnetic eld strengths, MRI is far more sensitive than CT scanning, nuclear scintigraphy, or simple lm radiography. Several studies have shown that the detection of avascular necrosis by MRI is very sensitive, specic, and accurate. This study is done to evaluate the role of MRI in preoperative assessment of avascular necrosis of hip joint based on Ficat and Arlet staging (four stages) and area of infarct involving the femoral head (Four groups). Aims and objectives: Ÿ To evaluate the role of MRI in preoperative assessment of avascular necrosis of hip joint.Based on Ficat and Arlet staging (four stages) Area of infarct involving the femoral head (Four groups). Materials and methods: Ÿ A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care centre using 1.5T MRI, a sample size of 28 cases referred for magnetic resonance imaging hip joint, and diagnosed as avascular necrosis of hip joint during the period of January 2022 to July 2022 was considered for this study. Conclusion: Ÿ During our study we observed that majority of patients were having Grade III disease in the conducted study. Patient under group A and B were treated with core decompression and Group C and D underwent total hip replacement. Ÿ So preoperative MR imaging with proper categorisation helps for better surgical management and outcome

Synthesis of Fe3O4@activated carbon to treat metronidazole effluents by adsorption and heterogeneous Fenton with effluent bioassay

Metronidazole (MNZ), widely used to treat human bacterial infections, enters surface water and groundwater through sewage effluent that endangers the aqueous environment. In this study, MNZ is removed from real and synthetic wastewater through adsorption and heterogeneous Fenton processes. The Fe3O4 magnetic-activated carbon (AC) nanocomposite (Fe3O4@AC) was synthesized by coprecipitation and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscope, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, X-ray powder diffraction and Vibrating sample magnetometer analyzes. MNZ removal efficiency was studied under the influence of several parameters such as pH (3–11), Fe3O4@AC dose (0.1–1 g/L), H2O2 concentration (5–30 mmol/L), initial MNZ concentration (5–30 mg/L), contact time (5–60 min) and temperature (20–60 °C). Bioassay of treated effluents was evaluated by the germination index. Fe3O4@AC was synthesized with high magnetic strength (43.48 emu/g) and large surface area (210.95 m2/g) at nanoscale with a pseudo spherical structure. The maximum MNZ removal efficiency from real and synthetic wastewater by adsorption was 73.77% and 97.6% at pH 7, respectively; whereas, 74.75% and 98.03% at pH 5, respectively, was obtained by the heterogeneous Fenton process. MNZ adsorption is an exothermic process, it follows pseudo-second order kinetics, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Whilst, MNZ oxidation follows pseudo-first order kinetics. Finally, the MNZ removal efficiency during the recovery and regeneration of Fe3O4@AC nanocomposite in the adsorption and heterogeneous Fenton processes was 86.88% and 78.34%, respectively. Bioassay results showed significant reductions in effluent toxicity after treatment with both processes. Clearly, the Fe3O4@AC nanocomposite produced a high efficiency in the treatment of wastewater containing antibiotics.

Enteroenteric fistulae after ingestion of multiple magnets in children

Infants and young children explore objects by putting them in the mouth. Although most swallowed foreign bodies pass spontaneously through the gastrointestinal tract without causing harm, some of them are potentially dangerous and may be lethal. Five children (3boys and 2girls) have swallowed multiple high strength and powerful rare earth element Neodymium magnets. Their ages ranged between (nine months to six-year-old). Three cases were subjected to open and two for laparoscopic exploration (one of them converted to open). multiple complicated enteroenteric fistulae in three cases and multiple perforation of small intestine in two cases. Resection anastomosis was done for one case and simple closure of small bowel perforations for other four cases. Post operative course was uneventful for all patients and discharged in a good general condition. General practitioners should be aware of the danger and complications of Neodymium magnetic beads ingestion by children. Early endoscopic removal is recommended if the patient presents immediately after ingestion. Parents awareness through media is required to abandon magnet balls in houses and where children can ingest those dangerous balls.

Compact magnetic field sensor based on plasmonic fiber-tip.

A plasmonic fiber-tip based on the metallic metasurface and the multimode fiber (MMF) alleviates the limitation of the inevitable large sensing size caused by fiber side wall functionalization. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) based on metasurface on the fiber-tip provides a promising way to manipulate and interrogate the transmitted and reflection light in sub-wavelength range. Combining the advantages of plasmonic fiber-tip and magnetic fluid, a compact magnetic field fiber-optic sensor is proposed and verified by experiments. The developed fiber-optic magnetic field sensor has linear response and high magnetic strength sensitivity of 0.532 nm/mT over a range of 0-20 mT. In addition, the results also prove the feasibility of pseudo-vector magnetic field sensing.

Effects of Embedded Depth of Internal Printed Ferromagnetic Cell on Data Clarity of Rewritable 3D Objects

We proposed the method for non-destructively embedding information inside a 3D fabricated object very clearly by the process of re-magnetization. Our strong points are that the 3D object is finished (ready to use) after only a printing process, and is able to be reused by re-writing information many times. In this paper, we investigated the effects of the depth (positions inside the object) of the storage cell, which is printed as a ferromagnetic filament, on the clarity of the embedded information. Our purpose: we need to find the conditions that gave the most benefit in both obtaining high magnetic strength and protecting the embedded information. With this advantage, the method leads to the production of creating the high-quality household 4D object, the personal interactive 3D object, in the near future.

Non-coaxial rotation flow of MHD Casson nanofluid carbon nanotubes past a moving disk with porosity effect

In this article, the fluid flow and heat transfer on MHD Casson nanofluid influenced by the non-coaxial rotation of moving disk passing through a porous medium is analyzed. A mixture of single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes in the human Casson blood is used as the nanoparticles. Make use of the Laplace transform technique, the analytical solutions of the temperature and velocity profiles are obtained. The results show that the temperature and velocity profiles increase with the incorporation of CNTs. The nanofluid velocity reduces with a higher magnetic strength, but it is improved with the porosity. The imposition of CNTs has descended both primary and secondary skin friction and amplified the Nusselt number. SWCNTs have provided a greater heat transfer rate and skin friction as compared to MWCNTs. The obtained solution is verified when the present results show an excellent agreement with the published results and numerical values by Gaver-Stehfest algorithm.

Lignin-Based Magnetic Nanoparticle Adsorbent for Diclofenac Sodium Removal: Adsorption Behavior and Mechanisms

Diclofenac sodium, as a typical deputation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, is widely used in clinical treatment. Due to the heavy use, diclofenac sodium is commonly detected in water environment, and the removal of diclofenac sodium from wastewater is important for environmental protection. Notably, magnetic separation technology has become a novel performance in the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater in recent years. Herein, we engineered a lignin-based magnetic nanoparticle adsorbent (LMNA) by loading a magnetic core (Fe3O4) onto alkali lignin. This novel adsorbent has the advantage of green synthesis and low cost, making it an ideal material for wastewater treatment. Remarkably, the BET surface area of LMNA (739.2 m2 g−1) was higher than that of alkali lignin (2.2 m2 g−1). Adsorption batch experiments confirmed that the LMNA exhibited good adsorption performance to diclofenac sodium with a higher adsorption capacity of 106.4 mg g−1. The adsorption kinetic data and isothermal were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order rate equation (R2 = 0.980) and the Langmuir equation (R2 = 0.991), respectively. Moreover, the reaction mechanisms between the diclofenac sodium and LMNA mainly related to the synergism of electrostatic attractions, π–π stacking interactions and hydrogen bonding interactions. Especially, the LMNA exhibited high magnetic saturation strength (10.5 emu g−1) which made it easy to recycle, showing excellent reusability (4 cycles). Our work might introduce significant theoretical and experimental basis for realizing excellent adsorption of emerging organic pollutants from wastewater by the magnetic nanoparticle adsorbent.

Variations and similarities in structural, chemical, and elemental properties on the ashes derived from the coal due to their combustion in open and controlled manner.

Coal fly ash (CFA) and coal-based incense sticks ash (ISA) have several similarities and differences due to the presence of coal as a common component in both of them. CFA are produced from the combustion of pulverized coal during electricity production in the thermal power plants while ISA are produced from the burning of incense sticks at religious places and at houses. A typical black colored Indian, incense sticks are mainly are comprised of coal powder or potassium nitrate, wood chip, fragrance, binder or binding agent, and bamboo sticks. The black colored incense sticks have coal powder or charcoal as a facilitator for smoother burning of incense sticks. The detailed investigation of CFA and ISA by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer (PSA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the morphological, chemical, and elemental properties. Both the coal based ashes comprises minerals like calcites, silicates, ferrous, alumina, and traces of Mg, Na, K, P, Ti, and numerous toxic heavy metals as confirmed by the XRF, ICP-AES, and EDS. While, microscopy revealed the presence of well-organized spherical shaped particles, namely cenospheres, plerospheres, and ferrospheres of size varying from 0.02 μm to 7 microns in CFA. Whereas, ISA particles are irregular, aggregated, calcium to carbon rich whose size varies from 60 nm to 9 microns and absence of well-organized spherical structures. The well developed and crystalline structure in CFA is due to the controlled combustion parameter in thermal power plants during the burning of coal while incense sticks (IS) burning is under uncontrolled manner. So, FTIR and XRD confirmed that the major portion of fly ash constitutes crystalline minerals whereas ISA have mainly amorphous phase minerals. CFA have ferrospheres of both rough and smooth surfaced, which was absent from the ISA and hence ferrous particles of CFA are of high magnetic strength. The detailed investigation of ashes will lead to the applications of ashes in new fields, which will minimize the solid waste pollution in the environment.

Editorial for Special Issue “Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Various Sources”

Rare earth elements (REEs) have become an important group of metals used in many high-tech industries, including high-strength magnets, plasma TVs, various military applications, and clean and efficient green energy industries [...]