High Low Values Research Articles

Predicting changes in monthly streamflow to Karaj dam reservoir, Iran, in climate change condition and assessing its uncertainty

Climate change may cause great uncertainties in streamflow prediction. For better understanding of and planning for future conditions these uncertainties should be considered. This research investigated some of them by using two Global climate model (GCMs), four downscaling methods (DSMs), and four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) (a total of thirty two different runs). The inflow was predicted for a future period (2013–2045) and compared with both observed and modelled data in the base period (1985–2012). Average annual hydrograph and cumulative distribution functions of annual streamflow was compared. The study shows that all three factors namely GCM, DSM and RCP have great influence on the future streamflow prediction and should be considered in water resources planning. Although there are changes in flow pattern and in most scenarios two peaks in April and May are recorded. More uncertainty in streamflow amounts especially in high low values has been investigated.

Production of Stimulus-Independent and Stimulus-Dependent Thoughts as a Function of Word Imagery and Meaningfulness

The “flights” and “perchings” of consciousness were studied by examining the rate of production of stimulus-independent and stimulus-dependent thoughts. Number of thoughts produced increased across post-stimulus word-intervals of 5, 10, and 15 sec. Stimulus-dependent thoughts increased at the rate of about 1.0 per 10 sec., while stimulus-independent thoughts increased at the rate of about 0.6 per 10 sec. over the three intervals studied. Word meaningfulness m and imagery-provoking value I were also varied over high-low values. The hypothesis that m-varied words would result in more reported thoughts than comparable levels of I-varied words requires qualification.