High Low Temperature Research Articles

Resistant Rhodococcus for Biodegradation of Diesel Fuel at High Concentration and Low Temperature

The resistance of 16 Rhodococcus strains to diesel fuel was studied. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of diesel fuel against Rhodococcus were 4.0–64.0 vol. % and 0.5–16.0 vol. % after 7 days of incubation in Luria–Bertani broth and a mineral “Rhodococcus-surfactant” medium, respectively. The three most resistant strains (R. ruber IEGM 231, IEGM 442 and Rhodococcus sp. IEGM 1276) capable of overcoming the toxicity of diesel fuel at a high (8.0 vol. %) concentration and at a low (4 °C) temperature were selected. Respiration activities, growth kinetics, and changes in the diesel fuel composition during the biodegradation process were elucidated using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, respirometry, and Bradford analysis. Growth conditions were optimised for the improved biodegradation of diesel fuel by Rhodococcus cells using multifactor analysis. They included the simultaneous addition of 1.3 g·L−1 of granular sugar and 0.25 g·L−1 of yeast extract. The twofold stimulation of the biodegradation of individual hydrocarbons in diesel fuel (n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane and n-heptadecane) was demonstrated when glycolipid Rhodococcus-biosurfactants were added at a concentration of 1.4 g·L−1. A total removal of 71–91% of diesel fuel was achieved in this work.

Insights into predicting equilibrium conditions of clathrate hydrates of methane + water-soluble hydrate former

This study aims to improve the prediction of equilibrium conditions in methane hydrate systems by incorporating diverse water-soluble hydrate formers and applying advanced machine learning techniques. Methane hydrates, which naturally form under high pressure and low temperature, can be more efficiently formed or dissociated by altering thermodynamic conditions using these hydrate formers. Accurate prediction of these conditions is crucial for optimizing gas storage and energy applications. In this research, molecular descriptors and operational parameters, such as mole fraction and pressure, are used as input variables to predict equilibrium temperature. Machine learning methods, including Decision Trees (DT), Random Forests (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), were employed with a novel data-splitting approach based on hydrate formers rather than traditional sample-based methods. Among these models, the RF achieved the highest performance, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.930, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.71, and an average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 0.48%. Feature selection, preprocessing, and Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) provided valuable insights into the influence of specific variables on model predictions. Additionally, a supplementary examination, termed the reduced model, highlights the critical role of proper feature selection, with certain features regarded as less important yet essential for the functionality of distance-based models, particularly for models like SVM and MLP. This work advances methane hydrate research by offering a more accurate and interpretable framework for predicting hydrate equilibrium, addressing key gaps in previous studies, and extending its applicability to a broader range of systems. Moreover, the introduction of a former-based data-splitting method improves generalization across different hydrate formers, while the use of SHAP values for model interpretability offers deeper insights into the relationships between molecular descriptors and hydrate equilibrium conditions. This study paves the way for improved selection of hydrate formers in hydrate systems.

Performance Testing and Analysis of Automotive-Grade CMOS Sensors in Different Environments

Automotive-grade Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors play a crucial role in automotive electronic systems, especially in the context of the rapid development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving technologies. Their performance is directly related to the safety and reliability of vehicles. However, automobiles will face a variety of complex environmental conditions during the actual operation, such as high temperature, low temperature, vibration, humidity changes, and light changes, which may have an impact on the performance of CMOS sensors. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the performance of automotive-grade CMOS sensors in different environments.

Stable Stratification of the Helium Rain Layer Yields Vastly Different Interiors and Magnetic Fields for Jupiter and Saturn

At sufficiently high pressures (∼Mbar) and low temperatures (∼103–104 K), hydrogen and helium become partly immiscible. Interpretations of Jupiter’s and Saturn’s magnetic fields favor the existence of a statically stable layer near the Mbar pressure level. From experimental and computational data for the hydrogen–helium phase diagram, we find that moist convection and diffusive convection are inhibited, implying a stable helium rain layer in both Jupiter and Saturn. However, we find a significant difference in terms of structure and evolution: in Jupiter, helium settling leads to a stable yet superadiabatic temperature gradient that is limited by conductive heat transport. The phase separation region should extend only a few tens of kilometers, instead of thousands in current-day models, and be characterized by a sharp increase of the temperature of about 500 K for standard phase separation diagrams. In Saturn, helium rains occur much deeper, implying a larger helium flux relative to planetary mass. We find that the significant latent heat associated with helium condensation implies that a large fraction, perhaps close to 100%, of the planet’s intrinsic heat flux may be locally transported by the sinking helium droplets. This implies that Saturn may possess a much more extended helium rain region. This also accounts, at least qualitatively, for the differences in strength and characteristics of the magnetic fields of the two planets. Dedicated models of magnetic field generation in both planets may offer observational constraints to further refine these findings.

Effects of temperature and humidity on the survival and hatching response of diapausing and non-diapausing Aedes aegypti eggs

In seasonally varying environments, diapause, which is induced by a short photoperiod, favors overwintering of many insects. In Aedine mosquitoes, embryonic diapause is associated with higher survival and resistance to low temperature and humidity. Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and other arboviruses, has recently expanded its distribution towards temperate regions. One of the mechanisms that might have favored this expansion in South America is the ability to induce embryonic diapause. This type of diapause has been recently discovered in populations from Argentina, associated with hatching inhibition and increased amounts of lipids in the eggs. The aim of this study was to assess the four-month survival of diapausing (D) and non-diapausing (ND) eggs stored at different humidity and temperature conditions. Two populations from the temperate region of Argentina were analyzed: one from Buenos Aires (BA), a city with a relatively mild and short winter, and another from San Bernardo (SB), a locality with a harsher and longer winter. For both populations, D and ND eggs were obtained from colonies maintained under 10:14 L:D and 14:10 L:D hours respectively. Eggs were exposed to six different conditions of humidity and temperature for 85 days. After exposure, egg survival and hatching response were analyzed. D eggs showed significantly higher survival at low humidity (both populations), and at medium and high humidity and at low temperatures (SB population). In addition, D eggs showed a significantly lower hatching response at high humidity and low temperatures, and higher proportion of not hatched eggs remaining viable after two immersions under all conditions. D eggs from SB were significantly more tolerant to low temperatures than those from BA. ND eggs from SB were significantly more tolerant to low temperatures, while those from BA were more tolerant to low humidity. Overall, the effect of diapause was a significant increase in the number of not hatched, viable embryos after immersion. Results suggest that the ability of Ae. aegypti to induce egg diapause increases the probability of successful overwintering and further expansion of its distribution range, and as a consequence the risk of arbovirus transmission might increase in temperate areas

Study on the Tribological Performance of Regenerated Gear Oil with Composite Additives

In this study, a comprehensive regeneration process was employed to enhance the recycling efficiency and performance of waste gear oil. The process began with the waste gear oil subjected to extraction flocculation, which was then followed by vacuum distillation for solvent removal. Then, catalytic hydrogenation was performed, and HiTEC 3339 additive was incorporated at concentrations that ranged from 0.25% to 1.5%, thus resulting in the regenerated gear oil. The tribological properties of the regenerated gear oil were investigated under various load conditions using a friction and wear testing apparatus. When a load of 10 N was applied, the filtered oil (Oil 2) exhibited an average friction coefficient of 0.092 and a volumetric wear rate of 8.25 × 10−8 mm3/Nm, which represented reductions of 8.23% and 42.7%, respectively, when compared to the unfiltered oil (Oil 1). As the load was increased to 50 N, Oil 2 demonstrated a wear rate of 23.4 × 10−8 mm3/Nm, indicating a 20.9% improvement in wear resistance. As the concentration of the additive increased, the following trends were observed: (i) Under a load of 10 N, the friction coefficients demonstrated a gradual decreasing trend, while at 50 N, the friction coefficients were remarkably similar and significantly lower than those at 10 N. (ii) The wear rates initially decreased and then increased. Among the tested lubricants, Oil 4 (containing 0.5% HiTEC 3339) exhibited the shallowest wear scar depth under various loads, which indicated superior anti-wear performance. When Oil 4 was thoroughly evaluated through bench tests, it indicated excellent extreme pressure and anti-wear properties, as well as superior rust and corrosion prevention capabilities and high–low temperature performance. The overall performance indicators of Oil 4 were discovered to be similar to those of fresh oil.

High- and low-temperature stress responses of Porites lutea from the relatively high-latitude region of the South China Sea

Global climate change has led to more frequent extreme temperature (extreme heat and cold) events, posing a serious threat to coral reef ecosystems. Higher latitudes are considered potential refuges for reef-building corals, but their response to extreme temperature stress in these regions remain unclear. This study, indoor simulated stress experiments ranging on Porites lutea from Weizhou Island in the northern part of the South China Sea, simulating suitable (26 °C) to extreme high (34 °C) and extreme low (12 °C) temperatures. Physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional responses, were analysed. Results showed P. lutea's tentacles contracted, and symbiotic relationships broke down at both high and low temperatures; leading to oxidative stress, and a higher risk of disease. The coral host's response to temperature stress was positively regulated, mainly through apoptosis and metabolic inhibition pathways, whereas Symbiodiniaceae C15 showed no significant response to either high- or low-temperature stress. The coral host played a dominant role in the holobiont's stress response, using similar mechanisms for both high- and low-temperatures with some differences in the details. This study enhances understanding the temperature response mechanisms of the dominant coral species, P. lutea in the relatively high-latitude regions of the South China Sea.

Installation and commissioning of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter in the HADES experiment

The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) was fully installed and commissioned in 2023 as a part of the HADES experiment at FAIR-GSI, Germany. HADES is a versatile magnetic spectrometer designed to study medium modifications of light vector mesons through their dilepton decay in heavy-ion collisions and to explore the QCD phase diagram at high baryonic densities and low temperatures. The ECAL setup comprises six sectors with 163 modules each, using Cherenkov light detection with lead-glass prisms and photomultiplier tubes. Preliminary results from the π0 invariant mass reconstruction during the C+C 800 A MeV HADES experiment in February 2024 are presented.

Thermodynamic characteristics of nitrifiers reveal the potential NOB inhibition strategies at low temperatures

Nitrification is a highly temperature-sensitive biological process, yet relatively little research has explored thermodynamic characteristics of enzyme-catalyzed nitrification processes in wastewater treatment systems. In this study, a variety of thermodynamic models were employed to evaluate thermodynamic characteristics of four activated sludge samples cultivated under various temperatures (10, 15, and 20 °C) and ammonia nitrogen concentration (40 mg/L and 300 mg/L). Results revealed a higher maximum temperature (Tmax) for ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) compared to nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), suggesting the robust resistance to high temperatures of AOB. Conversely, the lower minimum temperature (Tmin) of NOB indicated its stronger tolerance to low temperatures. Notably, both low temperatures and high-ammonia nitrogen concentrations are conducive to the competition of Nitrotoga over Nitrospira, resulting in Nitrotoga emerging as the dominant NOB within 10∼15 °C. Moreover, heat capacity (ΔCpǂ) of enzymes exhibited a similar trend across all samples, i.e. HAO > AMO > NOR, indicating that HAO exhibited the strongest thermodynamic stability, followed by AMO, and NOR has the worst thermodynamic stability. Additionally, the difference in optimal temperature (Topt) between dominant AOB-Nitrosomonas and dominant NOB-Nitrotoga cultivated at high nitrogen concentration and low temperature could reach up to +8.13 °C, enabling selective inactivation of NOR through thermal treatment at Topt,AOB ∼ Topt,NOB. However, despite insignificant differences in Topt,AOB and Topt,NOB under low-temperature and low-ammonia nitrogen concentration, the smaller the difference between Tmax and Top (Tmax-Topt) of NOB and smaller D-value of NOR made NOB more susceptible to inhibition than AOB. However, the presence of low-abundance Nitrospira renders thermal treatment alone inadequate for complete NOB inhibition, combing it with other strategies is necessary for effective inhibition. Therefore, the fundamental differences in thermodynamic characteristics of AOB and NOB determine the potential of NOB inhibition strategies at low temperatures.

Enhanced Photobolometric Effect in an All-Semimetal van der Waals Heterostructure.

The utilization of the photobolometric effect in emerging van der Waals (vdWs) semimetallic materials shows promise for ultrabroadband photodetection, ranging from visible to terahertz frequencies. However, individual two-dimensional (2D) semimetals face a significant challenge due to their inherently high dark current and low temperature coefficient of conductance (TCC), which limits device performance. To address this issue, this study introduces an approach by creating a heterostructure using 2D semimetallic transition metal dichacolgenides (TMDs), specifically TiS2 and WTe2. Through standard transport and photocurrent measurements, the TiS2-WTe2 heterostructure demonstrates an improved photobolometric effect in the junction area at low temperatures, which can be adjusted by modifying the length of the photosensitive channel. The generated photocurrent in different areas of the device exhibits varying temperature dependencies, and the photoresponse remains detectable up to room temperature with a commendable signal-to-noise ratio. These findings offer valuable insights into the design and advancement of thin-film optoelectronic devices, with the aim of achieving exceptional performance and unique functionality.

The Effect of Climate Change on Spatio-Temporal Activity in Burrowing Frogs of the Smilisca Group

Measuring the potential effects of future climate changes on the spatio-temporal variance of optimal conditions for seasonal species is a key conservation issue. This study assesses the impact of climate change on the spatial and temporal patterns of optimal conditions for activity in two burrowing frogs, Smilisca fodiens and S. dentata. Ecological Niche Modeling was used to implement niche seasonality models, with calibration performed during the peak activity (July). These models were then transferred to current and future conditions for the remainder of the year, predicting future scenarios up to 2070 with an intermediate trajectory greenhouse gas concentration of 4.5 W/m2. Climate change transferability was assessed for four potential scenarios: 1) high precipitation and low temperature, 2) high precipitation and high temperature, 3) low precipitation and low temperature, and 4) low precipitation and high temperature. We examined the impact across future projected areas and analyzed geographic change trends based on latitude, longitude, and elevation. For both species, the best scenario would involve increased precipitation in the future. However, the worst-case would be a combination of reduced precipitation and higher temperatures. Due to large area loss, northern populations of S. fodiens may be highly vulnerable. Concerning S. dentata, the outlook is worrisome, with all known populations experiencing losses in most months. Area gains may not help either species since they tend to occur at elevations above their known ranges. Using a seasonal approach in spatio-temporal analysis enhances comprehension of the behavioral adaptations of seasonal species and their vulnerability to current and future climatic variations

Unusual Hydrophobic Property of Blue Fluorescent Amino Acid 4-Cyanotryptophan.

It is a common belief that the negative heat capacity change (ΔCp) associated with protein folding, which is a manifestation of the hydrophobic effect, results from a decrease in the solvent accessible hydrophobic surface area. Herein, we investigate the conformational energy landscape and dynamics of a tetrapeptide composed of two glycine and two 4-cyanotryptophan residues using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory calculations and find that, contrary to this expectation, the hydrophobic association of two 4-cyanotryptophan side chains leads to a positive ΔCp (approximately 543 J K-1 mol-1). Furthermore, we find that promoting one of the 4-cyanotryptophans to its excited electronic state strengthens this self-association. Taken together, our results provide not only insight into how modification of an aromatic amino acid can affect its hydrophobicity but also a potential strategy for designing protein sequences that can fold (unfold) at high (low) temperatures.

An Analysis of the Conceptual and Functional Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Proton-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

Hydrogen has the potential to decarbonize the energy and industrial sectors in the future, mainly if it is generated by water electrolysis. The proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) system is regarded as a propitious technology to produce green hydrogen from water using power supplied by renewable energy sources. It offers many benefits, such as high performance, high proton conductibility, quick response, compact size, and low working temperature. Many conceptual and functional parameters influence the effectiveness of PEM, including temperature, pressure of anode and cathode regions, water content and wideness of the layer, and cathode and anode exchange current density. In addition, the anodic half-reaction (known as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER)) and cathodic half-reaction (known as the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)) perform an important function in the development of PEMWE. The current study aims to present these parameters and discuss their impacts on the performance of PEM. Also, the PEM efficiency is presented. The different methods used to enhance the scattering of OER electrocatalysts and minimize catalyst loading to minimize the price of PEMWE are also highlighted. Moreover, the alternative noble metals that could be used as electrocatalysts in HER and OER to minimize the cost of PEM are reviewed and presented.

Eco-friendly high microporosity low temperature plasma exposed activated carbon from coconut shell for nano hybrid supercapacitors

Abstract This study looked at the structural, chemical, and electrochemical properties of coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC) before and after plasma treatment. Structural analysis using x-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that plasma treatment improves graphitic structure by plans at (002) and (101) for higher angles. Chemical investigation utilizing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed an increase in hydroxyl groups and carboxylic content following plasma treatment, which enhances electrochemical performance. Raman spectroscopy revealed a drop in the ID/IG ratio from 1.00 to 0.90, indicating enhanced graphitic order. Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that plasma treatment improves surface shape, while elemental analysis assessed the high carbon content (76.56% by weight). Contact angle measurements showed a decrease from 114° to 65°, showing improved hydrophilicity after treatment. Electrochemical investigation shows that the plasma-treated CSAC had a maximum specific capacitance of 1612 F g−1, compared to 729 F g−1 for the untreated CSAC, and a total capacitance of plasma treated1685 F/g are untreated 1400 F g−1. A Type II+III pattern on the isotherms implied capillary condensation in mesopores. The plasma treatment indicated improved porosity and potential adsorption capacity by increasing the specific surface area and decreasing the average pore width. The cyclic stability tests indicated that the plasma-treated CSAC retained 94% capacitance and 98% coulombic efficiency after 3000 cycles, which is superior to the untreated CSAC’s 92% capacitance retention and 95% coulombic efficiency. This reveals that plasma-treated CSAC has significantly improved performance and stability, making it an excellent alternative for high-performance and cost-effective energy storage applications.

Experimental Study on Cryogenic Compressed Hydrogen Jet Flames

Cryogenic compressed hydrogen (CcH2) technology combines the advantages of high pressure and low temperature to achieve high hydrogen storage density without liquefying the hydrogen, which has broad application prospects. However, the safety concerns related to cryogenic hydrogen need to be carefully addressed beforehand. In the present work, cryogenic hydrogen jet flames are experimentally investigated for various release pressures and initial temperatures. The flame length and thermal radiation flux were measured for horizontally releasing with nozzle diameters of 0.5–2 mm, temperatures ranging from 93 to 298 K, and initial pressures of 2–10 MPa. The results show that the flame length is dependent on the nozzle diameter, stagnation pressure and temperature. At a given pressure, the flame length, size and total radiant power increase with decreasing temperature, which is attributed to the lower jet flow velocity and higher density of low-temperature hydrogen. The normalized flame length Lf/D is correlated with the pressure ratio and temperature ratio. The correlation can be used to predict the flame length at various hydrogen pressures and temperatures. The normalized flame length of the cryogenic hydrogen jet flame is greater than that of the room-temperature hydrogen jet flame. The radiative heat flux of the flame can be predicted by the mass flow rate of the jet flow.

Energy-Saving Potential of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Technology Applied to a Library in Changsha, China

With the increasing number of public buildings worldwide, their energy consumption has garnered significant attention. This study aims to promote building energy efficiency and emission reduction by exploring the application of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic technology in library retrofitting. Using a library in Changsha City as a case study, we conducted an energy consumption analysis of the building’s envelope and identified the window section as the highest energy consumer. We proposed a novel improvement scheme—the sun-shading photovoltaic panel (which shades the sun while generating electricity). Additionally, we utilized the roof space for the installation of conventional photovoltaic panels. Simultaneously, the primary objective of this paper was to derive a renovation strategy for public buildings in regions characterized by high summer temperatures and low winter temperatures based on the renovation case of this library. This paper comprehensively investigates the length and angle of sun-shading photovoltaic panels facing different directions, as well as the azimuth angle, tilt angle, and installation spacing of the conventional photovoltaic panels on the roof. Two retrofitting schemes were proposed. Through simulation and comparison, the second scheme was found to reduce the annual electricity consumption by 1,233,354 kWh, achieving a 35.4% decrease compared to the original building. Using the Changsha library as a template for public buildings, this study provided a retrofitting approach with Building-Integrated Photovoltaic technology via DesignBuilder, which could be extended to other geographic locations. The results demonstrated the significant energy-saving effects of the proposed retrofitting scheme.

Simulative evaluation of high temperature versus low temperature heating networks to utilise waste heat from large fuel cells for powering districts

Simulative evaluation of high temperature versus low temperature heating networks to utilise waste heat from large fuel cells for powering districts

Geo-climatic factors co-drive the phenotypic diversity of wild hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in the Potohar Plateau and Lesser Himalayas

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an annual, and dioecious herb belonging to the Cannabaceae family. This plant is native to Central and Southeast Asia. The wild races of this species are commonly growing in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces, as well as in Islamabad, Pakistan. This study provides crucial insights into how environmental variables influence the wild hemp populations, which can be utilized in for conservation and breeding. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effects of key environmental factors such as altitude, geographical location, precipitation, relative humidity, maximum, minimum, and average temperature on 16 morpho-agronomic traits of a wild population of hemp growing in the Potohar Plateau and Lesser Himalayas. Our findings indicated that high relative humidity (> 64%), low average temperature (< 15 °C), intermediate average temperature (19–22 °C), and high average temperature (> 22 °C) played significant roles in determining the distribution pattern of the wild hemp. Correlation analysis demonstrated that average annual temperature contributed a higher percentage of variation in phenotypic diversity than geographic variables. Additionally, cluster analysis indicated three groups for the selected 35 populations. Clustering and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the morpho-agronomic traits indicated that group 1 from the Lesser Himalayas showed high relative humidity (> 64%) and low average temperature (< 15 °C). Conversely, Group 2 populations from the Potohar Plateau demonstrated intermediate average temperature (19–22 °C). There is an existence of Group 3 in the Potohar Plateau with a high average temperature (> 22 °C) compared to Group 1 and Group 2. Our examination highlights the complex interplay between ecological factors, and morphological attributes in native landraces of Cannabis sativa, giving significant insight into knowledge for preservation and breeding initiatives. A study of genetic diversity could complement morpho-agronomic traits in future research to learn more about how genetic variation affects environmental adaptation.

Comparative study of lysine acetylation in Vesicomyidae clam Archivesica marissinica and the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum: adaptation mechanisms in cold seep environments

BackgroundThe deep-sea cold seep zone is characterized by high pressure, low temperature, darkness, and oligotrophy. Vesicomyidae clams are the dominant species within this environment, often forming symbiotic relationships with chemosynthetic microbes. Understanding the mechanisms by which Vesicomyidae clams adapt to the cold seep environment is significant. Acetylation modification of lysine is known to play a crucial role in various metabolic processes. Consequently, investigating the role of lysine acetylation in the adaptation of Vesicomyidae clams to deep-sea environments is worthwhile. So, a comparative study of lysine acetylation in cold seep clam Archivesica marissinica and shallow water shellfish Ruditapes philippinarum was conducted.ResultsA total of 539 acetylated proteins were identified with 1634 acetylation sites. Conservative motif enrichment analysis revealed that the motifs -KacR-, -KacT-, and -KacF- were the most conserved. Subsequent gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted on significantly differentially expressed acetylated proteins. The GO enrichment analysis indicated that acetylated proteins are crucial in various biological processes, including cellular response to stimulation, and other cellular processes ( p < 0.05 and false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.25). The results of KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that acetylated proteins are involved in various cellular processes, including tight junction, motor proteins, gap junction, phagosome, cGMP-PKG signaling pathways, endocytosis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, among others (p < 0.05 and FDR < 0.25). Notably, a high abundance of lysine acetylation was observed in the glycolysis/glycogenesis pathways, and the acetylation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase might facilitate ATP production. Subsequent investigation into acetylation modifications associated with deep-sea adaptation revealed the specific identification of key acetylated proteins. Among these, the adaptation of cold seep clam hemoglobin and heat shock protein to high hydrostatic pressure and low temperature might involve an increase in acetylation levels. Acetylation of arginine kinase might be related to ATP production and interaction with symbiotic bacteria. Myosin heavy chain (Ama01085) has the most acetylation sites and might improve the actomyosin system stability through acetylation. Further validation is required for the acetylation modification from Vesicomyidae clams.ConclusionA novel comparative analysis was undertaken to investigate the acetylation of lysine in Vesicomyidae clams, yielding novel insights into the regulatory role of lysine acetylation in deep-sea organisms. The findings present many potential proteins for further exploration of acetylation functions in cold seep clams and other deep-sea mollusks.

Synergistic implementation of efficient adsorption-diffusion-conversion in lithium-sulfur batteries via built-in electric field constructed by transition metal selenides

The adsorption of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), the transport of lithium ions, and the redox kinetics collectively play pivotal roles in determining the application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Herein, a defect-rich p-Co3Se4/n-ZnSe p-n junction (ZCSNC) is engineered by chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-selenation. The n-type semiconductor ZnSe and the p-type semiconductor Co3Se4 contained in ZCSNC effectively anchor LiPSs and promote the catalytic reaction kinetics through synergistic effects, respectively. Meanwhile, the presence of heterogeneous interfaces in the p-n junction and the difference in work functions spontaneously form a built-in electric field, which promotes the transport and transfer of lithium ions and LiPSs. Therefore, the ZCSNC functional material contributes to improving the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries through the process of adsorption-diffusion-conversion. The Li-S cells with ZCSNC-modified separators show excellent rate performance (741.1 mAh/g at 5C) and long-lasting cycling performance (only 0.04 % capacity decay per cycle over 1000 cycles). Notably, the ZCSNC still has excellent rate discharge capacities (683.9 and 649.7 mAh/g at 2C, respectively) at high sulfur loading and low temperature of 0 °C. This study illustrates that a p-n junction containing a built-in electric field can effectively modulate the kinetics of redox reactions of LiPSs through synergistic interactions.