High Loss Tangent Research Articles

Reduction mechanism of loss tangent of scandium-doped aluminum nitride thin film by post-deposition annealing

Scandium-doped aluminum nitride thin films are key materials for MEMS applications including bulk acoustic wave devices for communication. Although one drawback is the increase in the loss tangent with increasing Sc concentration, the loss tangent is reported to decrease after post-deposition annealing. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we propose the hypothesis that a low-resistivity thin layer near the surface of a substrate is one of the main reasons for the high loss tangent, and that annealing enhances the resistivity, eventually decreasing the loss tangent. The reasonability of the hypothesis was successfully confirmed by analyzing the frequency response of the loss tangent using an equivalent circuit with current–voltage characteristics, cathodoluminescence, etc. This achievement represents a significant step toward advanced methods for reducing the loss tangent and its application to other thin-film materials.

Efficient degradation of methylene blue and ciprofloxacin compounds using heteroanionic titanium oxycarbide photocatalyst and its correlation with their dielectric properties

In recent times, semiconductor-based photocatalysts have emerged as a promising solution for remediating water pollutants. This study contributes to this field by successfully preparing a heteroanionic titanium oxycarbide photocatalyst, denoted as TiO0.5C0.5 (TiOC), through a solid-state reaction. The structural, morphological, optical, vibrational, and chemical bonding properties of TiOC were thoroughly characterized using XRD, TEM, SEM-EDS, UV–Vis DRS, FT-IR, and XPS. The photocatalytic activity of TiOC was evaluated by degrading methylene blue (MB) and ciprofloxacin (CP) under visible light (VL) irradiation in different water sources (deionized, domestic tap, and seawater). Notably, TiOC achieved significant degradation efficiencies of 79 % for MB and 82 % for CP within 180 minutes under VL in deionized water. However, its efficiencies were lower in tap water (65 % for MB, 72 % for CP) and seawater (57 % for MB, 56 % for CP) due to the presence of interfering substances (inorganic ions, radical scavengers), varying initial pH, and salinity. Additionally, dielectric permittivity measurements of TiOC at room temperature revealed a high dielectric constant (ε' ≈ 179), facilitating efficient exciton separation. Its high loss tangent (ε'' ≈ 10) is attributed to improved conductivity, enabling faster charge-carrier transfer kinetics, which contributes to the enhanced removal of MB and CP. Overall, the enhanced removal efficacy of MB and CP using TiOC is attributed to the synergistic effects of enhanced VL absorption, faster charge transfer kinetics, improved exciton separation, and a favorable pH environment.

Designing Heterogeneous Catalysts for Microwave Assisted Selective Oxygenation

AbstractMicrowave dielectric heating is an emerging technology in heterogeneous catalysis. However, catalyst design in this field is not as well developed as when conventional heating is used. In this study the selective oxidation of propene to acrolein has been used as a model reaction to understand the how the properties of bismuth mixed metal oxide catalysts can be tuned for use in microwave assisted catalysis. The role of the dielectric properties, that are crucial to enable the catalyst to be heated in the microwave electric field, were determined using cavity perturbation methods. Catalysts with a very high loss tangent reached high temperatures leading to combustion products, whereas materials with a low loss tangent could not be heated and were inactive. Bi2MoO6 and BiVO4 both showed promising performance during an initial screening and were investigated further. For Bi2MoO6, a partial substitution of molybdenum with vanadium resulted in the formation of Bi1−X/3V1−xMoxO4, with a decrease in particle size and dielectric loss tangent, and the highest rate of acrolein production was found when x=0.6 at 15 W microwave power. Higher microwave power resulted in thermal runaway which decreased the activity of the catalyst.

Significantly enhanced dielectric properties of Ti3C2Tx MXene/MoS2/methylvinyl silicone rubber ternary composites by tuning the particle size of MoS2

AbstractTo realize the great potential of silicone rubber in advanced electronics, high dielectric constant and low loss tangent are currently pursued. Adding a third phase to conductive filler/silicone rubber composites may enhance the properties of the composites, but the appropriate particle size of the third phase is an open question. Here, MoS2 was used as the third phase to prepare the Ti3C2Tx MXene/MoS2/methylvinyl silicone rubber (VMQ) ternary composites, and the influence of different sizes of MoS2 (200 nm and 2 μm) on the dielectric performance of the composites was investigated. The dielectric constant of the Ti3C2Tx MXene/VMQ composites with 5 wt% MoS2 nanoparticles shows a 279% enhancement from 2.78 to 7.75 at 103 Hz, better than that of the Ti3C2Tx MXene‐MoS2 hybrid fillers/VMQ composites. Compared with micron MoS2, nano MoS2 can significantly enhance the dielectric performance of conductive filler/polymer composites because of shorter interparticle distances and enhanced interfacial polarization. Meanwhile, the composites exhibit low loss tangent (lower than 0.0015) and good thermal stability (up to 400°C) because of the low filling amounts of Ti3C2Tx MXene and MoS2 nanoparticles. Excellent flexibility with Young's modulus of 285 kPa and elongations break of 446% was also obtained. The design of these ternary composites greatly improves the dielectric and mechanical properties, which means that the dielectric material has a broad application prospect in modern electronics industry.Highlights High dielectric constant was gained in Ti3C2Tx MXene/5n‐MoS2/VMQ composites. The MXene/5n‐MoS2/VMQ composites exhibited excellent mechanical properties. Appropriate filler size can benefit the performance of polymer composites.

Effect of (Al3+/Ta5+) co-doped on dielectric properties of CdCu3Ti4O12 ceramics

In this work, dense CdCu3(Al[Formula: see text]Ta[Formula: see text]Ti[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] ceramics were prepared by a conventional solid phase method. The effect of Al[Formula: see text]/Ta[Formula: see text] dopants on the dielectric properties of CdCu3Ti4O[Formula: see text] ceramics was systematically investigated. Upon Al[Formula: see text]/Ta[Formula: see text] co-doping, the dielectric properties of CdCu3(Al[Formula: see text]Ta[Formula: see text]Ti[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] were significantly enhanced. Particularly, the CdCu3(Al[Formula: see text]Ta[Formula: see text]Ti[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] material displays a decent dielectric property, where dielectric constants ([Formula: see text]), loss tangent (tan [Formula: see text]) at a test frequency of 1[Formula: see text]kHz are able to satisfy the application temperature requirement of the Y6R capacitor. Surprisingly, the refined grains resulting from Al[Formula: see text]/Ta[Formula: see text] co-doping lead to heightened resistance at grain boundaries, which is closely associated with enhanced dielectric properties. Meanwhile, the giant dielectric property of the materials can be attributed to the effect of the internal barrier layer capacitance. The obtained results are expected to provide a new idea for obtaining high dielectric constant and low loss tangent in CdCTO-based materials and promote the practical application of such materials.

Influence of particle size on the magnetic and microwave absorption properties of magnetite via mechano-mechanical methods for micro-nano-spheres

The demand for innovative electromagnetic wave absorbers stems from the pressing need to mitigate electromagnetic interference and pollution emanating from electronic devices and communication technologies, which pose risks to human health and disrupt the functionality of electronic equipment. This study investigates how particle size influences the magnetic and microwave absorption properties of magnetite micron-nano-spheres. Utilizing ball milling (BM) and mechanochemical alloying (MA), particle sizes were controlled by varying the milling times, resulting in a reduction of magnetite's average particle size from 3 µm to 43 nm. The research uncovers the unique effects of blending micron and nano-sized particles, a phenomenon previously undocumented. It was observed that saturation magnetization and coercivity increase with larger particle sizes due to the small size effect. The complex permittivity, dielectric loss and attenuation constant of the magnetite nanocomposites were influenced by the larger interface area and increased defects in smaller-sized nano-filler composites. Decreasing the magnetite particle size leads to a lower frequency shift and a broader bandwidth of the reflection loss (RL) peak in the fixed absorber, with maximum RL achieved for thinner absorber layers. Notably, the mixed micron-nano magnetite composite exhibits promising microwave absorption capabilities, achieving a maximum RL of −35.36 dB at 16.8 GHz with a 1 mm thickness, making it suitable for lightweight microwave absorption. Resonance frequencies corresponding to RL below −20 dB extend to 3.63 GHz, meeting the 99 % wave absorption requirement due to the high loss tangent of antiferromagnetic resonance and significant magnetic relaxation peak over the 8–18 GHz frequency range. This study underscores the significant impact of adjusting the particle size on microwave absorption properties, where decreasing the size broadens the absorption bandwidth, shifts the RL peak to lower frequencies and maximizes RL with thinner thicknesses. Increasing the nano-filler content enhances the absorption bandwidth and microwave absorber performance by augmenting the dielectric loss, attenuation constant and impedance matching. Overall, controlling the particle size proves effective in tailoring microwave absorption, highlighting the potential of magnetite composites as ultra-thin, lightweight materials capable of absorbing a wide range of microwave frequencies. These composites find applications in microwave absorption, stealth technology and managing electromagnetic interference, leveraging the magnetic properties of ferrites and exploiting super-exchange interactions in microparticles-sized materials. Moreover, they benefit from the amplified dielectric or/magnetic losses resulting from the characteristics of nanoparticle-sized materials, including high surface area, greater surface atoms and multiple reflections, resulting in exceptional microwave absorption performance exceeding 99 % across an exceptionally broad bandwidth.

Novel TE01δ Dielectric Resonator Design: Fabrication Simplicity and Frequency Tunability

In this article we report a novel TE01δ Dielectric Resonator which is excited by a modified spilt ring resonator. Unlike traditional dielectric resonators which require specialist fabrication techniques to achieve precise High-Q dielectric properties the proposed method simply relies on the design of TE01δ Dielectric Resonator on FR4 material and microstrip copper elements used in the modern patch type antenna. The TE01δ mode is observed at a frequency of 3.11GHz and HEM01δ mode is observed at 4.056 GHz. Applications of this work can be- high dielectric and loss tangent measurement, MIMO circuits, RF optimization of components and circuits.

Frequency selective surface filters with high-quality factors based on a Fano resonance.

In this work, we propose a design method of the narrow passband filter with a high Q-factor based on a Fano resonance. A single-layer metallic frequency selective surface (FSS) with a simple structure is first designed according to this idea, but the result is not satisfying since the filter transmittance will significantly decrease with the increase of the Q-factor due to the presence of an inherent ohmic damping. Further, to improve the design, a ceramic-based FSS filter based on the similar mechanism is proposed, and the requirements of the ultrahigh Q-factors can be met owing to the high permittivity and low loss tangent of microwave ceramics. The design strategy proposed in this paper may have a promising potential in modern wireless communication and related fields.

(Zn2+ + Cd2+) co-doped CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics with enhanced dielectric permittivity and reduced dielectric loss tangent

The present study systematically investigated the structure, dielectric properties, and electrical response of Ca1-xCdxCu3-yZnyTi4O12 (x = y = 0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.10). The XRD analysis indicates the presence of a CaCu3Ti4O12 phase in all the sintered ceramics, with no indications of impurity phases found. Achieving high dielectric permittivity and low loss tangent can be accomplished through codoping with Zn2+/Cd2+. At room temperature and 1 kHz, the Ca0.95Cd0.05Cu2.95Zn0.05Ti4O12 ceramic has a high dielectric constant of ∼1.61 × 105 and a low loss tangent of ∼0.03. In addition, codoping ions can enhance the stability of dielectric permittivity with respect to temperature variations. The utilization of impedance spectroscopy as a technique confirms the heterogeneous microstructure observed in sintered materials. The results of this investigation suggest a potential association between the internal barrier layer capacitor model and the underlying cause of the colossal dielectric characteristics observed in Ca1-xCdxCu3-yZnyTi4O12 materials. The analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates the presence of Cu+ and Ti3+ species, which could potentially exert a significant impact on the development of n-type semiconducting grains in Ca1-xCdxCu3-yZnyTi4O12 ceramics. This influence is attributed to the existence of oxygen vacancies. Theoretical simulations revealed that a Zn atom is situated in proximity to a Cd atom within the CCTO structure. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the oxygen vacancy does not interact with the dopants. Our electron density analysis suggests that the presence of Cu+ and Ti3+ ions, as observed by XPS measurements, is a consequence of the existing oxygen vacancy.

Characterization of LaFeO3 Dielectric Ceramics Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering.

Commercially available LaFeO3 powder was processed using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The results of the dielectric measurement showed high permittivity, but this was strongly frequency-dependent and was also accompanied by a high loss tangent. The chemical purity of the powder and changes induced by the SPS process influenced the stability of the dielectric parameters of the bulk compacts. A microstructure with a homogeneous grain size and a certain porosity was produced. The microhardness of the sintered LaFeO3 was rather high, about 8.3 GPa. All the results are in reasonable agreement with the literature related to the production of LaFeO3 using different techniques. At frequencies as low as 100 Hz, the material behaved like a colossal permittivity ceramic, but this character was lost with the increasing frequency. On the other hand, it exhibited persistent DC photoconductivity after illumination with a standard bulb.

Smallest form-factor multi-stacked ceramic patch antenna on package for 5G millimeter-wave mobile applications

A new design for a 5G millimeter-wave array antenna that is only 2.8 mm wide, using multi-stacked high-temperature ceramic substrates, is proposed in this paper. The antenna is designed to meet the requirements for esthetically pleasing and ergonomic smartphone designs and efficient component installations. To overcome challenges posed by the high relative permittivity and dielectric loss tangent of the ceramic substrates, the authors use a polymer adhesion layer with an air cavity and U-shaped probe feeding structures. The resulting 1 × 5 ceramic array antenna has a −10 dB impedance bandwidth in the low-band range of 24.25–28.35 GHz and the high-band range of 37–40 GHz, which covers the 5G New Radio frequency ranges n258, n260, and n261.

Enhanced Dielectric and Mechanical Performances of the (La + Nb) Codoped TiO2/Silicone Rubber Composites

Silicone rubber (SR) has gained great interest because of its fast deformation response, low modulus, high rebound rate, and wide temperature application range. However, their development is hampered by the low dielectric constant. Adding dielectric ceramics may be a solution. Herein, (La + Nb) codoped TiO2/SR composites are fabricated and their properties are systematically tested. By adding codoped TiO2, the performances of the composites are enhanced. High permittivity (3.63) and low loss tangent (7.07 × 10−4) are gained in the SR composites with 30 wt% codoped TiO2. The evenly dispersed codoped TiO2 and the enhanced interfacial polarization effect can be responsible for this. The composites also exhibit enhanced tensile strength (565 kPa) and elongation (259%). In addition, the SR composites are thermally stable up to 415 °C. These superior properties can improve the electrodeformation performance of SR composites, which has great potential in the fields of flexible actuators, bionic flexible robots, next‐generation intelligent medical devices, and green energy harvesting.

Improvement of dielectric properties and thermal stability of CaCu3Ti4.2O12 ceramics for X8R type capacitors via Co2+ doping

Work on giant dielectric CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) ceramics has been continuously ongoing to obtain materials with a high dielectric constant (ε') and low dielectric loss tangent (tanδ) with both values stable over a wide temperature range. Various methods have been used to modify the materials, such as doping and co-doping with different transition metals at Ca or Cu sites, molar variation of metals (Cu, Ca and Ti), including altering in the methods and conditions of ceramic preparation. In general, the most common problem found in this type of research is that increasing ε' also increases tanδ. Thus, in this work, a one-step polymer pyrolysis (PP) procedure was used to obtain Co2+-doped CaCu3-xCoxTi4.2O12 (x = 0.00, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) powders. Then, all powders were sintered to obtain ceramics using two different sintering conditions, 1050 °C for 10 h and 1080 °C for 5 h. The influence of Co2+ ions and sintering conditions on the microstructure, dielectric properties and thermal stability of CaCu3Ti4.2O12 ceramics was investigated. Substitution of Co2+ ions at Cu sites can reduce tanδ values and increase ε' in samples with x = 0.03 and 0.05. However, the tanδ and ε' values were concurrently reduced for x = 0.07. Remarkably, a ceramic with x = 0.07 sintered at 1080 °C for 5 h exhibited very low tanδ(∼0.009) and colossal ε' (∼11551) at 1 kHz and 30 °C, over a broad temperature range (−60 to 150 °C), with stability of Δε' ≤ ±15 %. This ceramic is a suggested candidate material for X8R capacitors. Moreover, increasing the Co2+ doping level could significantly raise the nonlinear coefficient (α) of the ceramics from ∼ 3.48 to 34.30. Additionally, the very high Eb values of ceramics with x = 0.07 sintered at 1050 °C for 10 h and 1080 °C for 5 h were significantly increased by ∼26.34 and 17.45 times, respectively, compared to an undoped ceramic. A widened temperature range where Δε' ≤ ±15 % and tanδ < 0.05 in all ceramics with increasing Co2+ concentration is likely a result of increased grain boundary resistance.

Characterization of dielectric properties of residual ashes obtained from rice husk and annoni grass

This paper presents a study about the characterization of dielectric properties (dielectric constant {varepsilon }_{r} and dielectric-loss constant mathrm{tan}delta) of samples derived from two different biomass types: rice husk ash (RHA) and annoni grass ash (AGA).The procedure is carried out using the resonant cavity method along with a vector network analyzer. For this purpose, four different ashes were produced, by burning rice husk and annoni grass at two different temperatures and burning times: 400 °C/30 min (RHA40030 and AGA40030) and 800 °C/5 h (RHA8005h and AGA8005h). These ashes were combined with Bakelite to produce cylindrical samples with diameter of 30 mm and thickness of 4.5 mm, which were characterized considering the frequency in the test band for 5G technologies ({f}_{o}=3.5 GHz). Experimental results showed that the samples burnt at high temperature showed very high mathrm{tan delta } when compared to the samples burnt at low temperature, mainly for AGA8005h. These values are mathrm{tan delta }= 0.1690 and 1.4900 for RHA8005h and AGA8005h, respectively. The resulting dielectric constants are {varepsilon }_{r} = 3.87 for RHA8005h and {varepsilon }_{r} = 15.14 for AGA8005h). These very high dielectric loss tangent, indicate that these materials exhibit formidable properties for electromagnetic energy absorption, hence allowing the application as radiation-absorbent material (RAM).

Renewable Lignin-Derived Graphene-like/PVDF Nanocomposites with High Dielectric Constant and Low Loss Tangent

Renewable Lignin-Derived Graphene-like/PVDF Nanocomposites with High Dielectric Constant and Low Loss Tangent

Ice Content of Mantling Materials in Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars

AbstractLayers of ice and dust (i.e., “mantle”) are found throughout the mid‐latitudes of Mars, where they drape and mute topography and record the recent climate history. Many of the youngest Late Amazonian “latitude‐dependent mantles” have been characterized, but the full range of mantle characteristics, including variations in ice content and age, has not been well documented. To advance our understanding of these ice‐dust units, we use SHAllow RADar (SHARAD) radar sounding data to constrain the subsurface physical properties of a widespread Middle Amazonian mantle unit within Deuteronilus Mensae. This region hosts a high density of glacial landforms, which allows assessment of the stratigraphic relationship between mantle deposits and glacial ice. SHARAD reflectors at the base of the mantle units are used to determine moderate dielectric constants (∼5.75) and high loss tangents (∼0.038). These radar properties imply relatively limited ice content and high‐loss mantling materials with possible enhanced roughness or subsurface scattering. Further, we interpret deeper reflectors that are continuous with glacier basal reflectors and that suggest materials with lower dielectric constants (∼3.2–4.5) and loss tangents (0.0071–0.0120) to be due to extensions of stagnant, possibly lithic‐rich, glacier ice that are buried by a mantle layer. This study demonstrates the high variability in the origins and evolution of mid‐latitude mantling units on Mars. While the most recent latitude‐dependent mantling deposits may still be ice‐rich, older deposits, such as those preserved in Deuteronilus Mensae and elsewhere in the mid‐latitudes of Mars, may be largely desiccated or contain a more heterogeneous and limited distribution of ice.

Tunable luminescence and electrical properties of cerium doped strontium aluminate (SrAl2O4:Ce3+) phosphors for white LED applications

In new research growth long after glow material is a potential candidate due to its physical properties, chemical stability and wide application in modern solid-state lightning (LED), display devices, dosimetry and sensors. A cerium doped strontium aluminate phosphor (SrAl2O4:Ce3+) was synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure and morphology of phosphors, while doping rare earth metal and lithium metal ion was investigated by using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transformed infrared spectrum results of the synthesized phosphor composition conforms the characteristic vibration bands of synthesized phosphor. Surface composition analysis of the prepared samples was examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photoluminescence emission band observed at ∼420 nm, ∼490 nm and ∼610 nm region under the excitation wavelength of 256 nm. Wight light emission was confirmed using the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) chromatic coordinate graph. The correlated colour temperature (CCT) value of 0.5% Ce3+ doped SAO of phosphors was calculated is in the range of 1543 K, which is indicated the synthesized phosphors performance as warm white light source. The obtained phosphor has a high dielectric constant and low loss tangent which is useful to optoelectronic devices.

Opposite thermal process effects on the magnetic and electrical behaviors in 0.8BiFeO3–0.2BaTiO3

Thermal process effects on the magnetic and electrical behaviors of 0.8BiFeO3–0.2BaTiO3 were studied. The furnace cooled specimen has large remnant magnetization Mr of 0.76 emu/g, along with the low insulation, high loss tangent and added un-intrinsic dielectric anomalies. The quenched specimen exhibits small Mr (0.20 emu/g), accompanied by the high insulation, reduced loss tangent and intrinsic polarization responses. The corresponding remnant polarization Pr, coercive field Ec and maximum strain are 12.8 μC/cm2, 42.0 kV/cm and 0.033%, respectively. The extrinsic factors that induce low insulation and non-intrinsic electrical properties have an opposite effect on the magnetic properties.

Conductive polymer blend based on polyaniline and galactomannan: Optical and electrical properties

Polyaniline (PAni) is a semiconductor polymer characterized by a wide conductivity range and can be used as a biosensor for glucose measurement via glucose oxidase (GOx) catalysis because PAni can immobilize GOx on its surface and allows charge transfer between GOx and its surface. However, PAni presents issues with enzyme leaching and high dielectric constant (104-105), which hinders its electrical response as a sensor. To solve both issues simultaneously, a blend of polyaniline and galactomannan (Gal) is presented. Gal is able to preserve the enzymatic activity and has insulating properties, making it suitable to enhance the immobilization of GOx on PAni and to improve the electrical response of the latter for biosensing. PAni was synthesized from the polymerization of aniline in HCl and ammonium persulfate and blended with a solution of Gal 2%, resulting in the polyaniline and galactomannan blend (PAni/Gal). Samples of Gal 2%, PAni and PAni/Gal were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and impedance spectroscopy (IS). The FTIR of the PAni/ AP blends detected the presence of the band associated to the deformation outside the binding plane (C-N) and the oxidizing agent responsible for the semiconducting property of PAni. The XRD patterns showed the crystalline structure of PAni and the amorphous structure of PAni/Gal. The IS showed that PAni/Gal exhibited a smaller dielectric constant and a higher loss tangent than PAni, indicating that PAni/Gal has better electrical behavior as a sensor compared to PAni and thus has solid potential for use in biosensors.

Enabling high dielectric constant and low loss tangent in BaTiO3–epoxy composites through a 3D interconnected network structure of ceramic phase

Constructing ceramic–polymer composites with a 3–3 connectivity is an effective strategy to achieve a notable increase in the dielectric constant at low ceramic contents. However, the dielectric data of the 3–3 composites with a low ceramic content (<10 vol. %) are still limited, and further investigation is thus required. Herein, composites with a 3–3 connectivity, in which BaTiO3 (BTO) and epoxy are self-connected in three dimensions, were developed and constructed at low BTO contents (2.0–8.3 vol. %). A three-dimensional network structure of the BTO ceramic (3D-BTO) was constructed via the sacrificial template method using polyurethane foam as the template. The dielectric constant and loss tangent of the composites increased with increasing BTO content. At a BTO content of 8.3 vol. %, the dielectric constant of the composite considerably increased to 33.4 at 1 kHz, which was ∼10-fold higher than that of neat epoxy (3.5). The loss tangent had a low value of< 0.030. By comparing with several theoretical models, the dielectric constants of the composites were well fitted with the effective medium theory model at low fitting factors (n = 0.008–0.013). The considerable increase in the dielectric constant of the composites with a low loss tangent at a low BTO content was attributed to the strong interfacial polarization and continuous polarization pathways through the interconnected 3D-BTO network structure in the composites. This study fills the gap in the literature by providing missing data on the dielectric properties of 3–3 composites at low ceramic contents (<10 vol. %), as well as a theoretical prediction.