Higher Levels Of Self-efficacy Research Articles

Interpersonal self-efficacy, morale, and personality traits of public elementary school teachers vis-à-vis teaching performance

In the landscape of education, the role of elementary school teachers stands as a cornerstone in shaping the intellectual and emotional development of young minds. Amidst the myriad of factors influencing teaching effectiveness, the interplay between interpersonal self-efficacy, morale, personality traits, and teaching performance emerges as a critical area of inquiry. This study employed descriptive correlational research to determine the level of interpersonal self-efficacy, morale, and personality traits of public elementary school teachers vis-à-vis teaching performance in the Division of Ozamis City, School Year 2022-2023. Respondents of the study were the public school teachers from District 5 and 6 of Ozamis City Division with a total of 117 teacher respondents. Frequency Count, Percentage, Mean, Weighted Average Mean, Kruskal-Wallis Test, Dunn’s Pairwise Tests, and Spearman rho were the statistical tests. Study revealed that the majority of respondents were female teachers with a range of one to five teaching experience. The teachers demonstrated high levels of interpersonal self-efficacy and morale, indicating their confidence in guiding and inspiring their pupils, as well as their satisfaction with their interactions and contributions to the school and community. While no significant differences were found in self-efficacy, morale, and personality traits based on age, sex, and highest educational attainment. It is worth noting that personality traits had a significant but very low correlation with performance. These findings highlight the importance of cultivating positive teacher attributes and promoting a supportive environment to enhance teacher performance and ultimately improve the quality of education in the region.

Hubungan Self Efficacy dengan Kepuasan Kerja Perawat di Instalasi Rawat Inap

Nurses with a high level of self-efficacy can encourage good work results so that nurse job satisfaction increases and has a positive effect on the quality of service in the hospital. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and job satisfaction of nurses in providing nursing care in the inpatient room of Cilegon Hospital. The research design was quantitative with a cross-sectional approach and the number of samples in this study were 112 nurses in the inpatient rooms of Cilegon Hospital. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out using two questionnaires modified by the researcher, namely the self-efficacy questionnaire and the job satisfaction questionnaire. The data analysis used was the Chi-Square test with a CI of 95%. Based on the results of the Chi-Square test, a p value of 0.000 was obtained, which means <0.05, so it was concluded that there was a significant relationship between self-efficacy and job satisfaction of nurses in providing nursing care in inpatient rooms at Cilegon Hospital.

Effect of spiritual leadership on psychological safety climate and team innovation in consulting teams: the moderating role of occupational self-efficacy

Purpose This study examines the effect of the spiritual leadership of the leaders in a consulting team on psychological safety climate and team innovation. Moreover, our research adopts the contingency theory of leadership to investigate whether the effect of spiritual leadership on psychological safety climate and team innovation could be moderated by personal characteristics of team members in terms of occupational self-efficacy.Design/methodology/approach Survey data were obtained from 229 team members across 24 consulting firms in Bangkok. To minimize common method bias, team innovation was assessed by team leaders while other variables were assessed by team members. We used Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling to analyze the data.Findings The analysis supports the positive effect of spiritual leadership on psychological safety climate and team innovation. Psychological safety climate also mediates the effect of spiritual leadership on team innovation. Lastly, the moderating effect analysis shows that the spiritual leadership of the team leaders exerts a weaker influence on the psychological safety climate and team innovation when team members exhibit high levels of occupational self-efficacy.Practical implications Because spiritual leadership plays a significant role in boosting team innovation through the creation of a psychologically safe climate, the consulting firms can provide a leadership development program to help their team leaders to gain insight into the nature of spiritual leadership and learn how to demonstrate appropriate behaviors when they supervise a team. In particular, this policy recommendation is highly relevant when team leaders supervise members who exhibit low occupational self-efficacy.Originality/value Our findings not only illustrate that spiritual leadership could enhance team innovation through the mediating role of psychological safety climate, but the level of occupational self-efficacy of the team members could significantly reduce the effects of spiritual leadership on psychological safety climate and team innovation.

Chinese Pre-University Teachers' Foreign Language Anxiety, Teaching Anxiety, and Teacher Self-Efficacy

This study examined the relationships among Chinese pre-university teachers' foreign language anxiety, teaching anxiety and teacher self-efficacy. The participants were 210 Chinese primary and secondary English teachers who completed a battery of questionnaires. The results showed that: (a) the participants reported low to moderate levels of foreign language anxiety and teaching anxiety, as well as a high level of self-efficacy; (b) foreign language anxiety directly and negatively predicted the participants' self-efficacy; (c) foreign language anxiety was a positive predictor of teaching anxiety; (d) teaching anxiety mediated the link between foreign language anxiety and self-efficacy. This study highlights the importance of addressing language teachers' foreign language anxiety and teaching anxiety, and provides insights into enhancing teachers' self-efficacy.

Impact of pre-service teachers’ self-regulation and self-efficacy on their mathematics performance in blended learning

This research investigated the pre-service teachers’ self-regulation, self-efficacy, and mathematics performance in blended learning during the post Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in a state university using a descriptive correlational design. There were 201 pre-service teachers who were identified using simple random sampling. They answered the two-set survey questionnaire, which assessed their self-regulation and self-efficacy, while their performances were assessed using their grades in the subject. The data gathered were treated using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that they had high self-regulation while they had a very high level of self-efficacy. At the same time, they had a very satisfactory performance in mathematics. Moreover, their self-regulation in terms of planning, monitoring, and adjusting was significantly correlated with their math performance while reflecting is not. However, no significant relationship was found between their self-efficacy and mathematics performance. Thus, instructors are encouraged to conduct monitoring during blended learning to encourage pre-service teachers to maintain their high level of self-regulation and self-efficacy in learning mathematics. In addition, future researchers may explore the same variables to validate the findings of the study because these findings are limited only to pre-service teachers and were conducted during the post COVID-19 pandemic.

Self-Efficacy and Quality of Life Among Farmers in Indonesia: A Literature Review

Background: The level of self-efficacy plays a role in influencing the quality of life of hypertension patients. Self-efficacy helps individuals cope with and maintain hypertension health conditions that can affect their quality of life. 55.18% of the total population in Indonesia work in the agricultural sector. Purpose: The aim of this literature review study is to explore the correlation and publications providing information on self-efficacy related to the quality of life of elderly farmers. Methods: This literature review study uses a narrative review approach and analyzes six articles from sources such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. Results: The findings suggest a significant association between self-efficacy levels and the quality of life of elderly hypertension patients in Indonesia. Hypertensive elderly farmers with high self-efficacy tend to have a better quality of life. A significant relationship was also found between self-efficacy, subjective well-being in tobacco farmers, and adherence to a healthy lifestyle among hypertension patients. Conclusion: The study concludes that factors such as gender, age, education, and life experience influence self-efficacy. Quality of life is influenced by age, education, gender, marital status, duration of hypertension, and occupation. High levels of self-efficacy are positively correlated with the ability of the elderly to face hypertension challenges and improve their quality of life. Nurses should provide education and motivation to hypertension patients to enhance their self-efficacy.

Results of a Competency-Based Approach to Prepare General Educators to Effectively Include Students with Disabilities

Research has shown that general educators may lack the competencies to effectively include students with disabilities, thus widening the gaps in outcomes between students with disabilities and their peers. In this study, we outline the development and implementation of a competency-based continuing education program, designed to equip general educators to effectively include students with disabilities (SWDs) and earn special education certification. This paper presents the results of a program evaluation conducted using both validated measures and author-developed instruments. Participants included general education teachers, instructional coaches, and those in similar roles. Results indicated that participants significantly increased their knowledge of professional standards, demonstrated knowledge in high-leverage practices, and showed high levels of self-efficacy to implement inclusive practices. We discuss these results, emphasizing the timeliness of this nontraditional approach and its implications for teacher preparation, research, and policy amid the troubling national special education teacher shortage. Namely, this approach epitomizes a model that allows leaders to strategically utilize their existing workforce to address vacancies in special education and emphasizes that the responsibility to support SWDs rests squarely upon all educators.

The relationship between climate change anxiety and pro-environmental behavior in adolescents: the mediating role of future self-continuity and the moderating role of green self-efficacy

BackgroundClimate change is seriously affecting human survival and development, and the anxiety caused by it is becoming increasingly prominent. How to alleviate people’s climate change anxiety, improve the ecological environment, and promote the formation of green lifestyles among people, especially young people, is an important topic that deserves to be explored. This study examined the relationship between climate change anxiety and pro-environmental behaviors and the underlying psychological mechanism in the adolescents.MethodsThis study explored the crucial role of future self-continuity (FSC) between climate change anxiety (CCA) and pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) in adolescents and examined the moderating role of green self-efficacy (GSE). In this study, a total of 1,851 middle and high school students from five schools were selected for questionnaire survey.ResultsThe results showed that (1) in both middle and high school grades, there was a significant negative correlation between climate change anxiety and pro-environmental behaviors; future self-continuity was significantly positively correlated with pro-environmental behaviors; green self-efficacy was negatively correlated with climate change anxiety and positively correlated with pro-environmental behaviors; (2) climate change anxiety negatively predicted pro-environmental behaviors, and compared with middle school grades, high school grade adolescents’ climate change anxiety was significantly predicted pro-environmental behaviors. Future self-continuity mediated the relationship between climate change anxiety and pro-environmental behaviors in both grades. (3) green self-efficacy moderated the second half of the pathway of the mediation model only in middle grades. Specifically in middle school, future self-continuity did not significantly predict pro-environmental behaviors at low green self-efficacy level, but positively predicted pro-environmental behaviors at high green self-efficacy level. In high school, future self-continuity did not significantly predict pro-environmental behaviors in either high or low green self-efficacy level.ConclusionThis study suggests that there is a moderated mediation model between adolescents’ climate change anxiety and pro-environmental behaviors, with different mediating and moderating effects among adolescents in various grades. This is of great significance in alleviating climate anxiety among adolescents and cultivating their pro-environmental behaviors.

Investigating the impact of customer innovation characteristics on resistance to innovation: Case study of smartphone adoption in Erbil, Iraq

This research explores consumer resistance to smartphone innovation in the Erbil/Iraq, uncovering several significant findings. The main goal of the study was to identify the consumer characteristics that influence this resistance and its implications. For smartphone manufacturers, marketers, representatives, and researchers, this study offers a comprehensive understanding of consumer behavior and resistance to technological progress. The results can guide targeted strategies to overcome barriers, improve product development, and increase market share. The study contributes to our understanding of innovation resistance in the unique context of the Erbil/Iraq, highlighting the importance of conducting thorough investigations in similar circumstances. In light of the findings of the demographic survey, a significant portion of respondents were young people, supporting the widely held belief that young individuals are more likely to adopt new technology. However, the study emphasizes that age is not the sole determinant of resistance to innovation. The diminished impact of income, marital status, and gender on resistance indicates a complex interplay of factors. Conversely, a higher level of education was associated with a greater likelihood of embracing smartphone innovation. The study delved into various aspects of innovation and revealed that self-efficacy, motivation, complexity, perceived risk, and expectations of a superior product all significantly influenced consumer resistance. Resistance showed a negative correlation with self-efficacy as a psychological trait, suggesting that individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy were less resistant to smartphone innovation. Conversely, higher levels of complexity, perceived risk, expectations of a better product, and motivation were linked to increased resistance, highlighting the crucial role of behavioral and psychological characteristics in shaping consumer attitudes towards innovation. Relative advantage did not appear to have a significant influence, while compatibility and attitudes towards current products were deemed insignificant predictors of resistance. These findings underscore the intricate nature of innovation resistance and demonstrate that socio-demographic traits alone are insufficient as predictors. Consumer resistance is largely shaped by psychological elements such as self-efficacy, motivation, expectations, complexity, and perceived risk.

Infant neurodevelopment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Associations with maternal pandemic-related experiences, parenting stress, and self-efficacy

BackgroundAlthough pandemic-related experiences have been linked to the psychological well-being of mothers, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on infant neurodevelopmental outcomes have not been sufficiently studied. AimsTo assess whether maternal COVID-19-related experiences (i.e., COVID-19-related health, risk, resource worries, and feelings of grief), parenting stress, and maternal self-efficacy are associated with infant neurodevelopment as measured by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ-3) maternal report when infants were between 8 to 10 months of age. Furthermore, this study examined the moderating effect of maternal self-efficacy between maternal COVID-19-related experiences and infant neurodevelopment. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 122 women who were drawn from the Perinatal Experiences and COVID-19 Effects (PEACE) Study, with online surveys administered between November 2020 and August 2022. ResultsAfter controlling for maternal anxiety and depression symptoms and demographic factors, hierarchical regression analysis indicated that parenting stress showed no effect on ASQ-3 scores. However, more adverse COVID-19-related experiences and higher levels of maternal self-efficacy were associated with better infant neurodevelopment. Moreover, there was a significant interaction effect between maternal self-efficacy and COVID-19-related experiences on infant neurodevelopment. For mothers with moderate to high levels of self-efficacy, more adverse COVID-19-related experiences were associated with better infant neurodevelopment. For mothers with low levels of self-efficacy, more adverse COVID-19-related experiences were associated with poorer developmental outcomes in infants. ConclusionsUnder adverse conditions, confidence in caregiving may afford more optimal infant neurodevelopment. Interventions aimed at fostering maternal self-efficacy and addressing specific stressors can be valuable in promoting positive developmental trajectories for infants born during the pandemic.

OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND SELF- EFFICACY OF EARLY CHILDHOOD TEACHERS IN TAGUM CITY

This study focused primarily on the occupational stress and self-efficacy experienced by early childhood teachers, with a specific focus on Tagum City. A cohort of 100 early childhood educators participated in this research. Employing a descriptive-correlational methodology, the study aimed to assess the levels of occupational stress and self-efficacy among teachers and to uncover any significant associations between these variables. The findings revealed a moderate level of stress, with specific stressors including working conditions, curricular activities, and classroom management. However, teachers demonstrate high levels of self-efficacy, indicating a strong belief in their teaching abilities. The findings also highlighted a significant relationship between the self-efficacy and occupational stress of early childhood teachers in Tagum City, as evidenced by an R-value of 0.021. These results highlighted the importance of addressing stressors and promoting self-efficacy among educators to improve their well-being and effectiveness in the classroom. Future research and interventions should focus on supporting teachers in managing stress and enhancing self-efficacy to benefit the educational landscape. KEYWORDS: Occupational Stress, Self-efficacy; Early Childhood Teachers, Descriptive-correlational, Philippines

Self-efficacy of Data Literacy among Primary and Secondary School Teachers in Guangdong Province

The application of educational big data provides new basis for teachers to improve teaching and promote student development. However, there are still many challenges in using data to solve complex educational problems. Teacher data literacy has become the key to transforming educational data into effective teaching strategies. The study sought to gain a better understanding of the current state of primary and secondary school Teachers self-efficacy of data literacy and put forward some suggestions for teacher data literacy training. This study used a quantitative methodology. 813 primary and secondary school teachers from Guangdong Province, China, completed a questionnaire on self-efficacy of data literacy. (1) Primary and secondary school teachers reported significantly high levels of self-efficacy in data literacy (mean=3.624). Among the dimensions, the data awareness and ethics dimension had the highest self-efficacy (mean=3.738) and the data research dimension had a lower self-efficacy (mean=3.358). (2)There were significant differences in the primary and secondary school teachers’ self-efficacy of data literacy with different ages, educational backgrounds, and school locations. Primary and secondary school teachers generally recognized the importance of data literacy training. Older teachers who worked in rural schools and had low levels of education have the lowest level of self-efficacy for data literacy. For primary and secondary school teachers' low level of data analysis skills and weak data transformation strategy ability, teacher data literacy training adopts an embedded teamwork approach, integrating multiple resources to build a data team, integrating big data technology throughout the entire teaching process, and helping teachers to use new data and technologies to understand students' needs in a timely manner, to select teaching methods, and to solve real-world problems. It makes data literacy the foundation of teachers' teaching and promotes the development of all students.

Relationship between resilience and self-efficacy among Iranian nurses: a cross-sectional study during the post-Corona era

BackgroundResilience and self-efficacy play an influential role in nurses’ clinical performance, which are considered resources for improving adaptability and promoting work engagement. This study aimed to determine the relationship between resilience and self-efficacy among nurses at Shahroud University of Medical Sciences hospitals during the post-Corona era.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 280 nurses in all clinical departments. Nurses with a bachelor of science in nursing or higher degree and at least one year of full-time work experience were included in the study using a convenience sampling method. Participants completed a three-part tool, which included the demographic information form, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests (multivariate linear regression using the backward method).ResultsIn this study, nurses reported low levels of resilience (63.64 ± 15.66) and high levels of self-efficacy (63.01 ± 9.57). Among the five resilience subscales, the highest mean item score was associated with “spiritual influences” (2.80 out of 4), while the lowest mean item score was associated with “trust in one’s instincts and tolerance of negative affect” (2.36 out of 4). Furthermore, the multivariate linear regression model results indicated that self-efficacy accounted for 33.6% of the variance in resilience (P < 0.001 and β = 0.952).ConclusionAccording to the results of the present study, it is suggested that nurses’ psychological capabilities, such as self-efficacy, should be increased to improve resilience and address the stressful conditions of the work environment.

Unveiling the Confidence: Exploring Research Self-efficacy among Ph.D. Scholars

The present investigation aimed at measuring the research self-efficacy of Ph.D. research scholars. The term research self-efficacy means a person’s belief that they can perform the research activity with some proficiency. The present study consists of ninety-two participants from different universities and research institutes in West Bengal. The researchers employed a cross-sectional survey method for the present study. A self-constructed, close-ended questionnaire was constructed and administered to collect the data. During data analysis, the researchers utilised t-test, ANOVA, mean, S.D., correlation, skewness, and kurtosis with the help of SPSS-22 software. The findings of the investigation are that the research scholars have a high level of research self-efficacy. Male participants obtain slightly higher research efficacy than female scholars. Also, research scholars from science backgrounds have better research self-efficacy than those from the arts, commerce, etc. Further, the results show no significant distinction in research self-efficacy concerning their gender, faculty, type of researcher, and years of research involvement.

On the complex relationship between resilience and hair cortisol levels in adolescence despite parental physical abuse: a fourth wave of resilience research.

To understand the family's role in adolescents' mental health development and the connection to neurodevelopmental disorders related to experienced parental physical abuse, we first explored resilience pathways longitudinally and secondly, connected the identified patterns to adolescents' hair cortisol levels that are rooted in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as the main stress response system and connected brain structure alterations. We analyzed longitudinal online questionnaire data for three consecutive high school years (from seventh to ninth grade) and four survey waves from a representative sample of n = 1609 high school students in Switzerland on violence-resilience pathways. Furthermore, we collected students' hair samples from a subsample of n = 229 at survey wave 4. About 30% of the participating adolescents had been physically abused by their parents. Out of the overall sample, we drew a subsample of adolescents with parental abuse experiences (survey wave 1 n = 509; survey wave 2 n = 506; survey wave 3 n = 561; survey wave 4 n = 560). Despite the odds, about 20-30% of adolescents who have experienced parental physical abuse escaped the family violence cycle and can be called resilient. By applying a person-oriented analytical approach via latent class and transition analysis, we longitudinally identified and compared four distinct violence-resilience patterns. We identified violence resilience as a multidimensional latent construct, which includes hedonic and eudaimonic protective and risk indicators. Because resilience should not solely be operationalized based on the lack of psychopathology, our latent construct included both feeling good (hedonic indicators such as high levels of self-esteem and low levels of depression/anxiety and dissociation) and doing well (eudaimonic indicators such as high levels of self-determination and self-efficacy as well as low levels of aggression toward peers). The present study confirmed that higher cortisol levels significantly relate to the comorbid pattern (internalizing and externalizing symptoms), and further confirmed the presence of lasting alterations in brain structures. In this way, we corroborated the insight that when studying the resilience pathways and trajectories of abused adolescents, biological markers such as hair cortisol significantly enhance and deepen the understanding of the longitudinal mechanisms of psychological markers (e.g., self-determination, self-esteem, self-efficacy) that are commonly applied in questionnaires.

Personal Resources and Expectations and Health Behaviors Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients—A Multicenter Study

BackgroundThe long-term success of organ transplantation (Tx) depends on the transplant recipient's ability to self-manage symptoms, treatment, lifestyle changes, and psychosocial consequences. Health behavior (HB) determinants include personality traits such as optimism, self-efficacy, and health locus of control. PurposeAssessing the relationship between personal resources and expectations and health behaviors of organ transplant recipients. Material and methodsThe study was conducted between 01/04/2018 and 30/10/2019 at 3 transplant centers in Poland. The study group consisted of 243 Tx recipients of kidney, heart, liver, and lung. The Health Behavior Inventory, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC), General Self-Efficacy Scale, Dispositional Optimism Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to collect data. FindingsThe study group had medium levels of dispositional optimism (mean 15) and high levels of self-efficacy (mean 30.18). The MHLC scale was dominated by a belief in the influence of others and an internal locus of control over one's health. The respondents presented a high level of HB (mean 92.09). A positive relationship was found between personal resources (self-efficacy and optimism), MHLC and HB. The presence of depression and anxiety negatively affected personal resources and internal locus of health control and HB in terms of a positive mental attitude. Type of Tx differentiated internal locus of health control and HB. Predictors of HB were dispositional optimism, self-efficacy, influence of others with health locus of control, symptoms of depression, age and time since transplantation-explaining between 6.1% and 14.5% of health behavior categories. ConclusionsTo improve health practices among organ recipients, strengthening their personal resources is recommended. It is necessary to form an internal locus of control for adherence to positive HB.

Development of Respiratory Infection Prevention and Control Self-Efficacy Scale for Adults.

This study aimed to develop a scale for respiratory infection prevention and control self-efficacy (R-PACS) to measure self-efficacy in the prevention and control of the spread of respiratory infections among adults and to confirm the applicability of the developed scale by testing its validity and reliability. This methodological study was conducted in two phases. During the first phase, the R-PACS scale was developed after conducting a thorough literature review, content validity, and a pilot test. In the second phase, its validity and reliability were verified against 210 university students in Korea. The criterion validity of the developed R-PACS scale was tested using the correlation with resilience scale. Item analysis, explanatory factor analysis, and convergent and discriminant validity analyses were conducted in order to verify construct validity. Furthermore, Cronbach's α was used to verify internal consistency reliability. The final version of the R-PACS scale comprises 4 factors and 16 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores are interpreted as higher levels of self-efficacy in the prevention and control of respiratory infection. The R-PACS scale exhibited good content validity, construct validity, criterion validity, and reliability. The correlation coefficient of the four factors was ≥.4, confirming the validity of item convergence; meanwhile, the Cronbach's α coefficient for the final 16 items of the developed scale was 0.923, verifying reliability. This scale consists of four factors: "environmental management", "contact restrictions", "general infection prevention and control", and "early detection". The applicability of the R-PACS scale exhibited acceptable validity and reliability. This scale can be utilized to assess and evaluate the degree of self-efficacy in the prevention and control of respiratory infections among adults. Data obtained using this scale can be utilized for preparing health behavior change and health promotion programs, and practical policies for preventing respiratory infections.

Disentangling the “crypto fever”: An exploratory study of the psychological characteristics of cryptocurrency owners

Cryptocurrencies are innovative digital assets that became significantly popular in recent years. Despite their popularity, literature about cryptocurrencies is still lacking. Specifically, little is known about the psychological profile of cryptocurrency owners. The present paper aims to investigate the role of financial literacy, self-efficacy, risk tolerance, and impulsivity in cryptocurrency ownership in a representative sample of 1,153 Italian consumers. In particular, a Latent Profile Analysis was performed on cross-sectional data to identify different psychological profiles of consumers, and test which of these profiles is more likely to hold cryptocurrencies. Results indicate the presence of six different psychological profiles and that the psychological profile that best describes those who hold cryptocurrencies is characterized by high levels of financial literacy, risk tolerance, and self-efficacy in investment domains. Instead, a configuration of low financial literacy and high self-efficacy, risk appetite, and impulsivity scores is mostly associated with having owned cryptocurrencies in the past. These findings would suggest that psychological characteristics play a key role in cryptocurrency ownership.

Secondary school teachers’ interest and self-efficacy in implementing STEM education in the science curriculum

This study examines the role of Namibian secondary school science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) teachers’ interest in STEM education and self-efficacy in implementing STEM education in science education curricula. Furthermore, it aimed to distinguish male and female Namibian teachers’ interests and self-efficacy regarding STEM education and investigate how different teaching subjects affect them. To achieve this goal, a survey was completed with (n=200) secondary school teachers, both males and females. Data were analyzed quantitatively using exploratory factor analysis and analyzed covariance. The results show that most teachers were highly interested and confident in implementing STEM subjects into science curricula. While Namibian teachers indicated a high level of interest, they also revealed a high lack of interest in STEM, implying that at least some teachers felt bored and meaningless in implementing STEM education. However, gender plays a significant role in teachers’ negative self-efficacy, with male teachers being less confident than female teachers in implementing STEM education. Moreover, teachers in the present study have high positive and negative self-efficacy levels regarding implementing STEM education. Therefore, these findings highlight the need for a paradigm shift, especially in the Namibian science curricula, to promote STEM subjects and to improve science education. Potential implications from this research also suggest that teachers’ participants benefit significantly from learning within a community by engaging in solutions to real-world problems.

Analysis of Self-Efficacy Learning Outcomes on Class VII MTSN 01 Pasuruan Viewed Based On Students' Mathematical Ability

This study aims to analyze self-efficacy's effect on students' learning outcomes in class VII MTsn 01 Pasuruan. This research is a type of descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The main instruments in this study were researchers, and their supporting instruments were diagnostic tests, self-efficacy questionnaires, assignments, and interview guidelines. The subjects in the study were all students of class VII-A MTs Negeri 1 Pasuruan, with three students being selected: one having a high level of self-efficacy, one having a moderate level of self-efficacy, and one having a low level of self-efficacy. The results of this study indicate that the self-confidence variable and mathematics learning outcomes have a significant positive relationship. This means that the higher students' self-efficacy when doing assignments related to mathematics, the better the results of students' learning mathematics. Conversely, if the students' self-efficacy when doing tasks related to mathematics is lower, the students' mathematics learning outcomes will also be lower.