High Levels Of Oxalate Research Articles

MOF-818 Nanozyme Suppresses Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stones by Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Injury.

There remains a lack of effective drugs to alleviate the kidney stones caused by oxidative stress and inflammatory damage. The MOF-818 nanozyme is utilized to lessen the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) effectively, restore the membrane potential of mitochondria, regulate the cell cycle, decrease cell death, hinder the recruitment of macrophages, and mitigate the release of inflammatory factors in macrophages. These effects are attributed to the nanozyme's ability to mimic the enzyme properties of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). It is demonstrated that this nanozyme can reduce kidney calcium oxalate crystal deposition by reducing the renal injury caused by high concentration oxalate, upregulate the expression levels of SOD and CAT in tissues, downregulate adhesion proteins and inflammatory factor IL-6 and TNF-α, and promote the polarization of macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype in the rat model induced by ethylene glycol. Overall, MOF-818 has the potential to effectively suppress oxidative stress and inflammatory harm caused by high levels of oxalate, hence lowering the likelihood of stone formation. MOF-818 nanozyme is also expected to be used as an alternative drug for the treatment of calcium oxalate kidney stones and provide an experimental theoretical basis for the development of new nanomedicines.

Plasma metabolomics reveals risk factors for lung adenocarcinoma.

Metabolic reprogramming plays a significant role in the advancement of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), yet the precise metabolic changes remain incompletely understood. This study aims to uncover metabolic indicators associated with the progression of LUAD. A total of 1083 subjects were recruited, including 670 LUAD, 135 benign lung nodules (BLN) and 278 healthy controls (HC). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify and quantify plasma metabolites. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to determine LUAD risk factors, and machine learning algorithms were utilized to differentiate LUAD from BLN. High levels of oxalate, glycolate, glycine, glyceric acid, aminomalonic acid, and creatinine were identified as risk factors for LUAD (adjusted ORs>1.2, P<0.03). Remarkably, oxalate emerged as a distinctive metabolic risk factor exhibiting a strong correlation with the progression of LUAD (adjusted OR=5.107, P<0.001; advanced-stage vs. early-stage). The Random Forest (RF) model demonstrated a high degree of efficacy in distinguishing between LUAD and BLN (accuracy = 1.00 and 0.73, F1-score= 1.00 and 0.79, and AUC = 1.00 and 0.76 in the training and validation sets, respectively). TCGA and GTEx gene expression data have shown that lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), a crucial enzyme involved in oxalate metabolism, is increasingly expressed in the progression of LUAD. High LDHA expression levels in LUAD patients are also linked to poor prognoses (HR=1.66, 95% CI=1.34-2.07, P<0.001). This study reveals risk factors associated with LUAD.

The Extraction of Oxalate Acid from Porang Flour (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) using Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction

Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is one of the local annual plants that contain high levels of oxalate. Oxalates are undesirable compounds in porang flour, and their levels must be removed or reduced to obtain high quality porang flour as a food ingredient. In this research, the extraction of oxalate acid was conducted using microwave-assisted solvent extraction and mechanical separation methods. This study aims to analysis the parameters that influence the extraction of oxalate acid using microwave-assisted solvent extraction such as the effect of microwave power, extraction time, feed-to-solvent ratio (F/S) and material size. The mechanical separation process will be studied the effect of material size for extraction of oxalate acid. The optimum yield obtained for oxalate acid extraction with microwave-assisted solvent extraction was microwave power of 600 W, extraction time of 30 min, feed-to-solvent ratio of 0.05 g/mL and porang size of 100 mesh obtained by oxalate acid yield of 24.78%. Porang size of 100 mesh was the optimum yield obtained for extraction of oxalate acid using mechanical separation method. The result of physical properties test using SEM-EDX and FTIR shows that extraction of oxalate acid from porang using microwave extraction method could produce oxalic acid which has good quality. In addition, extraction using microwave offers an environment-friendly extraction method, which can accelerate and increase the oxalate acid extraction yield.

Congenital hyperoxalosis: a rare metabolic disorder in a term neonate with perinatal autopsy findings

Introduction: Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting from an inborn error of metabolism. It causes renal tubular oxalosis which often leads to renal failure and early foetal demise. Only a few cases of PH detected in the neonatal period have been published in the literature.Case report: This baby girl was the second child of a 30-year-old woman of a second-degree consanguineous marriage. Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed during the antenatal period. The baby was delivered at 37 weeks + 2 days of gestation following an emergency lower segment caesarean section due to the absence of liquor. A few hours after birth the baby developed respiratory distress and reduced urine output. Investigations revealed high serum creatinine levels. The ultrasound scan was suggestive of acute kidney injury and the baby died on day 2. There was no known family history of renal diseases. During the pathological autopsy examination, there were no definite dysmorphic features. The internal examination revealed bilateral lung hypoplasia and patent ductus arteriosus. The kidneys were of normal size and shape and the microscopy showed numerous, widespread, polarizable oxalate crystals within the renal tubules, in favour of primary hyperoxaluria.Discussion and conclusion: The extensive renal damage imparted by oxalate deposition may have contributed to the impaired renal function and resulted in obstruction to the urine output, leading to oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia. Confirmation of the diagnosis of PH requires examination of urine and serum for high oxalate levels and detection of specific genetic mutations. Family screening and genetic counselling are necessary.

Potential Role of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium for Preventing Kidney Stones.

A probiotic is a living microorganism that promotes host health when grown under appropriate conditions. Kidney stones are one of the universal agonizing diseases that have increased dramatically in recent years. One of the causes of this disease is hyperoxaluria (HOU), which is known to be an important factor in the formation of oxalate stones and is manifested by high levels of oxalate in the urine. In addition, about 80% of kidney stones contain oxalate, and decomposition of this material by microbes is one way to dispose of it. Therefore, we examined a bacterial mixture containing Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium longum to prevent of oxalate production in Wistar rats with kidney stones. We divided the rats into 6 groups defined in the method. The results of this study clearly show a decrease in urinary oxalate levels by exogenous means by L. plantarum, L. casei, L. acidophilus, and B. longum at the beginning of the experiment. Therefore, these bacteria can be used to control and prevent the formation of kidney stones. However, further studies should be conducted on the effects of these bacteria, and it is recommended to identify the gene responsible for the degradation of oxalate in order to develop a new probiotic.

Effects of Donepezil Treatment on Brain Metabolites, Gut Microbiota, and Gut Metabolites in an Amyloid Beta-Induced Cognitive Impairment Mouse Pilot Model.

Accumulated clinical and biomedical evidence indicates that the gut microbiota and their metabolites affect brain function and behavior in various central nervous system disorders. This study was performed to investigate the changes in brain metabolites and composition of the fecal microbial community following injection of amyloid β (Aβ) and donepezil treatment of Aβ-injected mice using metataxonomics and metabolomics. Aβ treatment caused cognitive dysfunction, while donepezil resulted in the successful recovery of memory impairment. The Aβ + donepezil group showed a significantly higher relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia than the Aβ group. The relative abundance of 12 taxa, including Blautia and Akkermansia, differed significantly between the groups. The Aβ + donepezil group had higher levels of oxalate, glycerol, xylose, and palmitoleate in feces and oxalate, pyroglutamic acid, hypoxanthine, and inosine in brain tissues than the Aβ group. The levels of pyroglutamic acid, glutamic acid, and phenylalanine showed similar changes in vivo and in vitro using HT-22 cells. The major metabolic pathways in the brain tissues and gut microbiota affected by Aβ or donepezil treatment of Aβ-injected mice were related to amino acid pathways and sugar metabolism, respectively. These findings suggest that alterations in the gut microbiota might influence the induction and amelioration of Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction via the gut–brain axis. This study could provide basic data on the effects of Aβ and donepezil on gut microbiota and metabolites in an Aβ-induced cognitive impairment mouse model.

Analysis Types and Functions of Microbes and Duration of Fermentation in the Process of Reducing Levels of Concentration Oxalate Levels in Taro Kimpul

Kimpul tuber is a source of carbohydrates that have high levels of oxalate, therefore it is necessary to reduce oxalate levels, several methods have been used to reduce oxalate levels, high levels of oxalate are caused by the sap or mucus in the taro. The process of decreasing oxalate levels by physical and chemical means has been carried out but has not yet obtained optimal results for low oxalate levels, therefore a fermentation process is carried out to obtain optimal results, which is recommended for 71mg / 100gr. Use of taro is one of the foods used to replace rice or other types of carbohydrates, but taro has a low-calorie level so it is safe for those who have diabetes. In this study, the fermentation process was carried out for 48 and 72 hours to get a perfect process by involving the microbes saccharomyces cerevisiae and rhizopus oryzae. The results of this study indicated that the levels of oxalate produced were 54 mg/100gr in the 72-hour fermentation process using 0.2% / liter rhizopus orizae.

Oxalate bioaccessibility in raw and cooked rhubarb (Rheum Rhabarbarum L.) during in vitro digestion

Rhubarb petioles are usually cooked for a tasty and well-liked dessert, but they contain high levels of oxalates known to be potent toxins. This work aimed to study on oxalate bioaccessibility of a food containing high oxalates using an in vitro digestion system. Cooking rhubarb petioles with water, trim or standard milk significantly (p < 0.05) reduced oxalate contents of the mixture by dilution (total oxalate mean raw 902.7 mg/100 g fresh weight, mean cooked 454.3 mg/100 g fresh weight). Total reduction of soluble oxalate amounts cooked with trim and standard milk were 65.9 % and 74.5 %, respectively when compared to those in the raw petioles. In the intestinal segment, significantly lower amounts of soluble oxalates (lower 8 % - 36 %) are available for absorption compared to those measured by the chemical extraction. A standard serving of boiled rhubarb contains high levels of soluble oxalate which is significantly reduced by 70.3 % when it is cooked with milk. Overall, the data suggests that less soluble oxalates available for absorption in the in vitro digestion than those reported by chemical extractions. Cooking a food containing high oxalates, especially rhubarb stalks, with milk would be an effective way to reduce soluble oxalate intakes for people suffering from kidney stone.

Oxalate contents of Thai rice paddy herbs (L. aromatica and L. geoffrayi) are affected by drying method and changes after cooking

Food processing, including drying and cooking, generally influences the physical and chemical qualities of food products. The present study assessed the changes in oxalate contents of two rice paddy herbs (phak-kha-yaeng in Thai), Limnophila aromatica (phak-kha-yaeng khao) and Limnophila geoffrayi (phak-kha-yaeng daeng), as affected by different drying methods, namely hot-air, freeze and vacuum drying. The entire, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents of the cooked samples were also evaluated. Dried samples showed a significant increase in soluble oxalate content compared to fresh samples except for hot-air dried phak-kha-yaeng daeng, while entire and insoluble oxalate contents in dried samples were significantly decreased. Levels of soluble oxalates which were 30% in fresh phak-kha-yaeng khao and 46% in fresh phak-kha-yaeng daeng can be significantly reduced after cooking by boiling. In addition, the cooking of both the hot-air dried phak-kha-yaeng samples also showed greater losses in oxalates than those of other samples studied. Hot-air drying should be considered as a suitable drying method for phak-kha-yaeng with respect to reducing its oxalates. The present study has provided useful information for the drying of vegetables or plant foods to reduce the risk of consuming plant foods which contain high levels of oxalates.

Fibrous osteodystrophy in a Lavradeira filly associated with Brachiaria humidicola ingestion

Fibrous osteodystrophy in horses is due to low calcium ingestion, high phosphorus ingestion, high oxalate ingestion, or a combination of these. Tropical forages usually have high levels of oxalates, which prevents calcium absorption and results in calcium deficiency. The present study reports a case of fibrous&#x0D; osteodystrophy in a filly associated with Brachiaria humidicola ingestion. A 1-year-old filly of the Lavradeiro breed was maintained on a pasture with B. humidicola and presented bilaterally enlarged facial bones, a high respiratory rate, noises during inspiration-expiration and dyspnea. Based on its history, age and clinical&#x0D; signs, the diagnosis was fibrous osteodystrophy associated with B. humidicola ingestion. Treatment was based on the administration of calcium gluconate, vitamins A, D and E, and clenbuterol. All other horses were transferred to a field with native forage and were supplemented with calcium carbonate. In Roraima state,&#x0D; the use of tropical forages in equine feeding is very common and represents a risk factor for the occurrence of fibrous osteodystrophy due to the continuous ingestion of oxalates. In horses, the diagnosis is achieved by clinical exam and treatment aims to correct the imbalance in Ca:P ratio, associated with support therapy.

Selective recovery of ferrous oxalate and removal of arsenic and other metals from soil-washing wastewater using a reduction reaction

Oxalic acid can effectively extract arsenic bound to amorphous iron oxides via dissolution of iron oxides containing arsenic. Therefore, soil washing with oxalic acid is a promising method to remediate arsenic-contaminated soil, since arsenic is often associated with amorphous iron oxides in soil. However, high cost of oxalic acid compared to the other inorganic acids commonly used for remediation of metal-contaminated soils is the main disadvantage of using oxalic acid for soil washing. In this study, in order to increase the economic feasibility of soil washing using oxalic acid, selective recovery of iron and oxalate as resources was suggested via two step reduction reaction using dithionite as a reductant during soil-washing wastewater treatment. In the first step, high levels of oxalate and iron present in wastewater was recovered as a ferrous oxalate phase. Under mild reducing conditions, ferric iron in the wastewater was reduced to ferrous iron, which could form a complex with oxalate and precipitate as the ferrous oxalate phase with low solubility. The ferrous oxalate phase did not affect dissolved arsenic retention in this step. The recovered ferrous oxalate phase can be applied in the industry as useful resources, which can contribute to the sustainable development and cleaner production. In the second step, arsenic in wastewater was removed by forming a realgar-like phase from the reaction with dithionite. Sulfide produced by the decomposition of dithionite reacted with arsenic and other metals in wastewater, and formed sulfide phases such as realgar (As4S4)/orpiment (As2S3) and lead sulfide (PbS).

Calcium Oxalate Differentiates Human Monocytes Into Inflammatory M1 Macrophages

A number of hyperoxaluric states have been associated with calcium oxalate (CaOx) deposits in the kidneys. In animal models of stone disease, these crystals interact with circulating monocytes that have migrated into the kidney as part of innate immunity. Similarly, macrophages surround CaOx crystals in kidneys of patients excreting high levels of oxalate. We investigate the effect of this exposure and subsequent human immunological response in vitro. Primary human monocytes were collected from healthy donors and exposed to CaOx, potassium oxalate, and zinc oxalate (ZnOx). Cytokine production was measured with a multiplex ELISA. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was done to validate the mRNA profile expression. M1 macrophage phenotype was confirmed with immunofluorescence microscopy. Both primary monocytes and THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line, respond strongly to CaOx crystals in a dose-dependent manner producing TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 transcripts. Exposure to CaOx followed by 1 h with LPS had an additive effect for cytokine production compared to LPS alone, however, LPS followed by CaOx led to significant decrease in cytokine production. Supernatants taken from monocytes were previously exposed to CaOx crystals enhance M2 macrophage crystal phagocytosis. CaOx, but not potassium or ZnOx, promotes monocyte differentiation into inflammatory M1-like macrophages. In our in vitro experiment, human monocytes were activated by CaOx and produced inflammatory cytokines. Monocytes recognized CaOx crystals through a specific mechanism that can enhance or decrease the innate immune response to LPS. CaOx promoted M1 macrophage development. These results suggest that monocytes have an important role promoting CaOx-induced inflammation.

MINERAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE ANALYSIS OF BULBINE ABYSSINICA A. RICH. USED IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS AND COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

Background: B. abyssinica is a succulent member of the genus Bulbine (Asphodelaceae). It occurs from the Eastern Cape, through Swaziland and further north to Ethiopia. The species is used in traditional medicine to treat rheumatism, dysentery, bilharzia, cracked lips and diabetes. The tea leaf is used to treat cough, vaginal and bladder problems. Whereas B. abyssinica has ethno medicinal value, not much data concerning its phytonutrient, macro and micro element composition can be found in literature.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the nutritional quantitative composition of the plant using standard procedures.&#x0D; Results: The proximate analysis revealed the carbohydrate, crude fibre, moisture, ash, crude protein and crude fat contents as 74.8%, 8.9%, 8.8%, 8%, 7.7% and 0.6%, respectively. The species showed high levels of oxalates and phytic acids, moderate levels of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and phenols, while tannins were in low levels. Vitamin A, C and E contents were 12, 12.3 and 22.1 mg/100g, respectively. Amongst the mineral elements investigated, potassium and calcium were in high levels. Magnesium, iron, sodium, aluminium and phosphorus were moderately present, while manganese, zinc and copper where in low amounts. These vitamins and mineral elements were within their recommended daily allowance in humans.&#x0D; Conclusion: The amount of these phytochemicals suggests the plant can serve as nutritional supplements which are vital in maintaining good health status. These findings also suggest the potential role of B. abyssinica in the treatment of infections and some chronic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus.

Oxalates are Found in Many Different European and Asian Foods - Effects of Cooking and Processing

Plant foods contain a surprising number of different toxins. A few well-known plants, including some grown in Thailand are known to contain high levels of oxalates however, some plants have not yet been fully investigated. A few plants have become fashionable to promote health because they contain antioxidants but some of these plants will contain oxalates as well. In many cases there is little published data to confirm the oxalates levels of these plants. If plant leaves are boiled before they are consumed this allows soluble oxalate to be leached out and discarded in the cooking water. This means that the cooked food contains considerably lower levels of soluble oxalates than the original raw plants. Cooking in a wok generally concentrates the oxalate contents as much of the cooking water is removed as steam. However, during cooking some of the soluble oxalates can combine with free calcium in the food and be converted to insoluble oxalates; these are not absorbed in the digestive tract. The preparation of juices using fruit or vegetables are being promoted as healthy alternatives, this poses further problems, as they may be prepared from raw vegetable leaves, such as spinach, which contain high levels of oxalates. These juices are not cooked so the oxalate concentration is not reduced during their preparation. Recent research has shown that the addition of calcium salts to these juices can considerably reduce the soluble oxalate content of the drink prepared without changing the taste.

Insights into the mechanism of copper-tolerance in Fibroporia radiculosa: The biosynthesis of oxalate

Copper is currently used as the key component in wood preservatives despite the known tolerance of many brown-rot Basidiomycetes. Copper-tolerant fungi, like Fibroporia radiculosa, produce and accumulate high levels of oxalate when exposed to copper. To gain insight into the mechanism of oxalate production, four F. radiculosa isolates decaying untreated and 1.2% ammoniacal copper citrate-treated wood were evaluated for the differential expression of citrate synthase, isocitrate lyase, glyoxylate dehydrogenase, a succinate/fumarate antiporter, and a copper resistance-associated ATPase pump. Samples were analyzed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks for oxalate production and gene expression. ATPase pump expression increased in the presence of copper when initial oxalate concentrations were low, suggesting it functions in helping the fungus adapt to the copper-rich environment by pumping toxic copper ions out of the cell. A connection in expression levels between citrate synthase, the succinate/fumarate antiporter isocitrate lyase, and glyoxylate dehydrogenase for the four isolates was found suggesting the production of oxalate originates in the mitochondrial TCA cycle via citrate synthase, shunts to the glyoxysomal glyoxylate cycle via the succinate/fumarate antiporter, moves through a portion of the glyoxylate cycle (isocitrate lyase), and ultimately is made in the cytoplasm (gyloxylate dehydrogenase).

Abstract P3-01-02: Oxalate microcalcifications induce breast cancer tumors

Abstract One shared characteristic of breast cancer is the appearance of mammographic upon mammography examination. Microcalcifications are routinely used to detect breast cancer in its early stages, which is of key importance due to the possibility that early detection gives for the application of more conservative therapies and for a better patient outcome. Mammary microcalcifications are composed of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. Oxalate has been considered as an inert end product of the metabolism. However, its accumulation is thought to be toxic to living tissues because it induces some pathological circumstances. Several results support the hypothesis that Oxalates are a secretion product that is produced by many kinds of cells, including apocrine cells, kidney cells and liver cells, among others. Exposure of renal epithelial cells to oxalate leads to diverse events that include, among others, induction of immediate early genes (IEG) expression, re-initiation of DNA synthesis, cell growth, and up or down-regulation of more than 1000 genes. Not enough research has been carried out directed to investigate the impact the presence of oxalates has within the breast tumor microenvironment. Neither are the interactions between oxalates breast-epithelial cells nor the signal transduction pathways involved in it, well understood. Herein, we have obtained good evidence showing that oxalates excreted from apocrine cells induce alterations in normal breast epithelial cells, and that the exposure of breast epithelial cells to excreted oxalate in a chronic way, sets the stage for transformation from normal to fully developed breast tumors. Oxalate induces DNA synthesis and IEG overexpression in MCF7 and MDAMB231 human breast cancer cells in culture. When these cells were treated with oxalate, the IEG c-Fos and Fra-1 were over-expressed as determined by Western Blot. Additionally, in human breast cancer tissues we found a strict correlation between oxalate concentration and overexpression of c-Fos and Fra-1. Paired adjacent non-tumor tissues linked with the tumor tissues have neither high levels of oxalate nor c-Fos/Fra-1 over-expression. Two groups of female mice (n = 20 each) periodically received an injection of oxalate or of saline solution (controls) into a mammary fatpad during a month. Surprisingly, the mice that were injected with oxalate generated very aggressive tumors. c-Fos and Fra-1 were also found over-expressed in these tumors. Furthermore, the final oxalate concentrations in the mice tumors were analogous to those found in the human breast tumor tissues whereas oxalate was almost undetectable in the non-pathological control tissues. Mice breast tumors were palpable within three months in 18/20 of oxalate treated as compared to the 0/20 control animals. Eight tumors were very aggressive and showed very fast growth rates; in these tumors, it was possible to appreciate high rate of atypical mitosis upon haematoxylin/eosin staining. Five tumors were very invasive and were found multi-localized in all breast areas. These five tumors also showed an atypically high mitotic rate, big pleomorphic nuclei, and macro and multi nucleoli. We expect that if we can control oxalic production or even better, control their action, we will significantly reduce the development of human breast cancers. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P3-01-02.

A New Method for the Analysis of Soluble and Insoluble Oxalate in Pulp and Paper Matrices

A novel method has been developed for determining soluble and insoluble forms of oxalate in pulp and paper samples by ion chromatography. Methanesulphonic acid is used to dissolve insoluble oxalate, and total oxalate is then determined by ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection. Soluble oxalate is determined directly by ion chromatography, without prior chemical treatment. Insoluble oxalate is obtained by difference. The method was applied to samples of pulp, process liquors, filtrates, and scale deposits from kraft mills. In kraft mills, considerably higher levels of oxalate were found in the Eop samples compared to those in the brownstock and D0 samples. In both brownstock and Eop samples, oxalate was mainly present in soluble form, whereas the D0-stage contained relatively higher levels of insoluble oxalate.

English

Four varieties of Tall fescue and three varieties of&nbsp;Setaria&nbsp;were analyzed for variation in chemical compositionviz.,&nbsp;dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicellulose, oxalate content and&nbsp;in vitro&nbsp;dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) at different morpho-physiological stages and clipping intervals. In Tall fescue the crude protein (11.81%) and IVDMD content (55.20%) were higher while NDF (63.65%), ADF (48.22%) and hemicellulose content (15.46%) were low during early growth stages. In&nbsp;Setariathe crude protein (10.92%) and IVDMD (62.34%) was high during early growth stages, but the same stages were also having high levels of oxalate (4.87%), which is one of the important anti-nutrient in&nbsp;Setariaassociated with low milk production. With the advancing age there was decrease in the oxalate content inSetaria. The NDF, ADF and hemicellulose content increased with an increase in the age of plants. The results of the study revealed that to have balance among nutritive and anti-nutritive components&nbsp;Setaria&nbsp;should be harvested in the month of September and tall fescue in the month of March or April in mid hill Himalayan region. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Cell wall constituents, crude protein,&nbsp;in vitro&nbsp;dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), oxalate,&nbsp;Setaria, Tall fescue.

Leaf oxalate content of Eucalyptus spp. and its implications for koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with oxalate nephrosis

Oxalate nephrosis is a leading disease of the Mount Lofty Ranges koala population in South Australia, but the cause is unclear. In other herbivorous species, a common cause is high dietary oxalate; therefore this study aimed to determine the oxalate content of eucalypt leaves. Juvenile, semimature and mature leaves were collected during spring from eucalypt species eaten by koalas in the Mount Lofty Ranges and compared with those from Moggill, Queensland, where oxalate nephrosis has lower prevalence. Total oxalate was measured as oxalic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography. The oxalate content of eucalypts was low (&lt;1% dry weight), but occasional Mount Lofty leaf samples had oxalate levels of 4.68–7.51% dry weight. Mount Lofty eucalypts were found to be higher in oxalate than those from Queensland (P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, dietary oxalate in eucalypt leaves is unlikely to be the primary cause of oxalate nephrosis in the Mount Lofty koala population. However, occasional higher oxalate levels could cause oxalate nephrosis in individual koalas or worsen disease in those already affected. Further studies on the seasonal variation of eucalypt leaf oxalate are needed to determine its role in the pathogenesis of oxalate nephrosis in koalas.

Kidney Injury Molecule-1 Is Up-Regulated in Renal Epithelial Cells in Response to Oxalate In Vitro and in Renal Tissues in Response to Hyperoxaluria In Vivo

Oxalate is a metabolic end product excreted by the kidney. Mild increases in urinary oxalate are most commonly associated with Nephrolithiasis. Chronically high levels of urinary oxalate, as seen in patients with primary hyperoxaluria, are driving factor for recurrent renal stones, and ultimately lead to renal failure, calcification of soft tissue and premature death. In previous studies others and we have demonstrated that high levels of oxalate promote injury of renal epithelial cells. However, methods to monitor oxalate induced renal injury are limited. In the present study we evaluated changes in expression of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) in response to oxalate in human renal cells (HK2 cells) in culture and in renal tissue and urine samples in hyperoxaluric animals which mimic in vitro and in vivo models of hyper-oxaluria. Results presented, herein demonstrate that oxalate exposure resulted in increased expression of KIM-1 m RNA as well as protein in HK2 cells. These effects were rapid and concentration dependent. Using in vivo models of hyperoxaluria we observed elevated expression of KIM-1 in renal tissues of hyperoxaluric rats as compared to normal controls. The increase in KIM-1 was both at protein and mRNA level, suggesting transcriptional activation of KIM-1 in response to oxalate exposure. Interestingly, in addition to increased KIM-1 expression, we observed increased levels of the ectodomain of KIM-1 in urine collected from hyperoxaluric rats. To the best of our knowledge our studies are the first direct demonstration of regulation of KIM-1 in response to oxalate exposure in renal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that detection of KIM-1 over-expression and measurement of the ectodomain of KIM-1 in urine may hold promise as a marker to monitor oxalate nephrotoxicity in hyperoxaluria.