High Levels Of Incorporation Research Articles

Chromium‐Mediated Dearomative Allylic Addition to Arenes

AbstractIn comparison with the well‐established allylic additions to C=O, C=N, and C=C double bonds, the dearomative allylic addition to arene π‐systems is heavily underdeveloped due to the severe challenge in breaking aromatic resonance stabilization. Herein, we disclose a general and efficient dearomative allylic addition to chromium‐bound arenes using allylsilanes as the pronucleophiles, thus affording convenient access to allyl‐functionalized 1,3‐cyclohexadiene building blocks. With commercially available deuterium sources, the versatility of this strategy further enables an arene dearomative 1,2‐deuteroallylation with a high level of deuterium incorporation. Finally, a preliminary try on the asymmetric dearomative hydroallylation based on a chiral auxiliary strategy is described.

Rapid (Deuterio)difluoromethylation of Heteroatoms using R‐22 Gas: A Demonstration of Flow Chemistry in Suppressing Intrinsic Reaction Pathways

The exploration and use of deuteriodifluoromethyl heteroatom groups (X‐CF2D) has been limited by persistent challenges, including the unavailability of CF2D precursor reagents, as well as safety, scalability, and environmental concerns associated with conventional batch‐mode syntheses. In this study, we report the use of atom‐efficient and cost‐effective R‐22 gas (ClCF2H) in continuous flow for the rapid installation of CF2H and CF2D groups on heteroatom centers. However, the intrinsic nucleophilic substitution between heteroatom anions and ClCF2H decreases the deuterium incorporation levels. Notably, a judiciously designed continuous flow system proves to suppress the previously unavoidable SN2 reaction and allows for the selective carbene coupling to generate X‐CF2D products with high deuterium incorporation levels up to 96%. Our continuous flow systems provide a broad scope of X‐CF2H and X‐CF2D products (X = S, O, N) within a short residence time of 5 minutes and scalability is also demonstrated.

Direct Multi-Deuterium Labelling of Pirtobrutinib.

Herein, we demonstrate an efficient method for multi-deuterium labelling of pirtobrutinib-a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor recently approved by the FDA-using a straightforward hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reaction. A remarkably high level of deuterium incorporation was achieved using an excess of a Kerr-type iridium catalyst. The key factor in the significant deuterium labelling was the decision to employ a deuterium uniformly labelled solvent, chlorobenzene-d5, at an elevated temperature. Virtually, no d0-d3 species were detected, with only traces of d4-d5 isotopomers (< 5%) observable in the mass spectrum of pirtobrutinib-d8, fulfilling requirements for stable isotope-labelled internal standard. The labelled compound-mainly consisting of isotopomers d6-d9 at 82.4% of the total abundance-was isolated in a high yield (73%) and purity (99%). Noteworthy, fluorine group acting as a directing group was observed for the first time. Significant incorporation of deuterium in ortho-positions, exceeding 87%, was observed. Interestingly, chlorinated solvent used in the HIE reactions was non-specifically deuterated yielding up to 0.42 deuterium per chlorobenzene molecule even at an exceptionally low iridium catalyst loading of 4.17 × 10-2 mol%.

Iridium‐Catalysed C(sp3)−H Activation and Hydrogen Isotope Exchange via Nitrogen‐Based Carbonyl Directing Groups

AbstractGrowing interest in improved structural diversity within the pharmaceutical industry has led to a focus on more sp3‐rich drug frameworks. Meanwhile, spiralling pharmaceutical research and development costs continue to require expedited adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity studies, which are heavily reliant on the use of molecules incorporating deuterium and tritium. Herein, we report an iridium catalyzed C(sp3)−H activation and hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) methodology capable of utilizing pharmaceutically ubiquitous nitrogen‐based carbonyl directing groups. High levels of deuterium incorporation (&gt;80% in 37 of the examples) are demonstrated across a range of substrates (5‐, 6‐, and 7‐membered lactams, cyclic carbamates and ureas, acyclic amides), with tolerance of a range of common functional groups (aryl, alkoxy, halogen, ester, alcohol, sulfonamide) and predictable regioselectivity. The applicability of this methodology was demonstrated with up to 98% deuterium incorporation observed in a range of challenging bioactive molecules such as Nefiracetam, Praziquantel, and Unifiram. Density functional theory has provided mechanistic insight into the C−H activation and HIE at both the expected site of incorporation and an unexpected aryl labelling via a 7‐membered metallocyclic intermediate.

Comparison between different conditions for the incorporation of foreign proteins into Autographa californica multiple polyhedrovirus polyhedra for biotechnological purposes.

The occlusion bodies of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus are proteinaceous formations with significant biotechnological potential owing to their capacity to integrate foreign proteins through fusion with polyhedrin, their primary component. However, the strategy for successful heterologous protein inclusion still requires further refinement. In this study, we conducted a comparative assessment of various conditions to achieve the embedding of recombinant proteins within polyhedra. Two baculoviruses were constructed: AcPHGFP(polh+), with GFP as a fusion to wildtype (wt) polyhedrin and AcΔPHGFP (polh+), with GFP fused to a fragment corresponding to amino acids 19 to 110 of polyhedrin. These baculoviruses were evaluated by infecting Sf9 cells and stably transformed Sf9, Sf9POLH, and Sf9POLHE44Gcells. The stably transformed cells contributed another copy of wt or a mutant polyhedrin, respectively. Polyhedra of each type were isolated and characterized by classical methods. The fusion PHGFP showed more-efficient incorporation into polyhedra than ΔPHGFP in the three cell lines assayed. However, ΔPHGFP polyhedron yields were higher than those of PHGFP in Sf9 and Sf9POLH cells. Based on an integral analysis of the studied parameters, it can be concluded that, except for the AcΔPHGFP/Sf9POLHE44G combination, deficiencies in one factor can be offset by improved performance by another. The combinations AcPHGFP/Sf9POLHE44G and AcΔPHGFP/Sf9POLH stand out due to their high level of incorporation and the large number of recombinant polyhedra produced, respectively. Consequently, the choice between these approaches becomes dependent on the intended application.

Geogebra Software as A Guideline for Meaningful Learning of Mathematical Content for Ninth- Grade Students in Ecuador – A Secondary Publication

The introduction of the GeoGebra software led to a considerable increase in the interactivity of the didactic sequence of learning mathematical contents, a scenario that highlighted the inclusion of the meaningful learning model as the basis of pedagogical proposals. In this sense, the objective of this article was to determine the relationship of the GeoGebra software in the learning of mathematics in ninth-grade students in the General Education (GE) of the Yaruquí Public Educational Unit. Relational research with a non-experimental and transversal design was carried out to measure the variables in 44 ninth-grade students through the collection of data using valid and reliable instruments. The results indicated that a large number of students deemed the interface and interactivity of the GeoGebra software as “appropriate” (&gt; 60%) and showed high levels of information acquisition and incorporation of new knowledge (68.2%). The correlational analysis revealed positive directions and moderate levels between the dimensions of the two variables (0.430 &lt; Rho &lt; 0.515); overall, a direct and moderate correlation was observed between GeoGebra software and mathematical learning (Rho = 0.549, R2 = 0.301). Finally, it was concluded that higher scores in the dimensions of GeoGebra software would manifest in high scores for meaningful learning of mathematical content.

Palladium-Catalyzed Deuteration of Arylketone Oxime Ethers.

We report herein the development of palladium-catalyzed deacylative deuteration of arylketone oxime ethers. This protocol features excellent functional group tolerance, heterocyclic compatibility, and high deuterium incorporation levels. Regioselective deuteration of some biologically important drugs and natural products are showcased via Friedel-Crafts acylation and subsequent deacylative deuteration. Vicinal meta-C-H bond functionalization (including fluorination, arylation, and alkylation) and para-C-H bond deuteration of electro-rich arenes are realized by using the ketone as both directing group and leaving group, which is distinct from aryl halide in conventional dehalogenative deuteration.

Palladium‐Catalyzed Deuteration of Arylketone Oxime Ethers

AbstractWe report herein the development of palladium‐catalyzed deacylative deuteration of arylketone oxime ethers. This protocol features excellent functional group tolerance, heterocyclic compatibility, and high deuterium incorporation levels. Regioselective deuteration of some biologically important drugs and natural products are showcased via Friedel–Crafts acylation and subsequent deacylative deuteration. Vicinal meta‐C−H bond functionalization (including fluorination, arylation, and alkylation) and para‐C−H bond deuteration of electro‐rich arenes are realized by using the ketone as both directing group and leaving group, which is distinct from aryl halide in conventional dehalogenative deuteration.

Embedding plasmonic nanoparticles in soft crystals: an approach exploiting CTAB-I structures.

Embedding nanoparticles with different functionalities into soft substrates is a convenient tool to realize technologically significant multifunctional materials. This study focuses on incorporating bimetallic plasmonic nanoparticles into soft crystals made of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-iodide. We observed the emergence of a novel symmetry-lowered cetrimonium crystal polymorph that enables the realization of strong interparticle plasmonic coupling in these composite materials. The observed crystal polymorph exhibits a triclinic structure with significantly reduced unit cell volume compared to standard CTAB. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed an enhanced cetrimonium chain rigidity and a commensurate decrease in the mobility of the methyl groups. This is attributed to iodide incorporation. To study the influence of these interactions on solution phase dynamical properties, we employed light scattering measurements using gold nanospheres as markers, where we observed aggregation of these particles. We then develop a two step synthetic scheme that successfully enables high levels (533 particles per μm2) of incorporation of bimetallic plasmonic particles into the emergent crystal polymorph.

Linguistic features of spontaneous speech of the Anabar Dolgans (On the material of the expedition work)

The current functioning of the Yakut language and the languages spoken by the indigenous peoples in the North of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is under extensive scrutiny from various researchers. This interest stems from the fact that numerous languages of the northern and arctic territories are on the verge of becoming extinct owing to the impact of several anthropogenic factors. The article aims to identify linguistic characteristics of live speech amongst residents of the Yuryung-Khainsky Rural Okrug of the Anabarsky District. These speech patterns were recorded during the 2021 fieldwork conducted as part of the “Preservation of linguistic and cultural diversity and sustainable development of the Arctic and Subarctic of the Russian Federation” project (Agreement № 075-15-2021-616 from 07.06.2021). The spontaneous speech of five respondents, residents of the study area, was analysed. When analysing the empirical data, a range of methodologies was employed, including sociolinguistic and descriptive methods, as well as structural, quantitative and statistical analysis. Upon analysing the linguistic material, it has been determined that the language of the Anabar Dolgans is comprised mainly of words of Yakut origin. Additionally, the respondents also utilise Dolgan vocabulary and words of foreign origin, such as Russisms and Evenkisms. Despite the influence of various languages, several words used by Anabar Dolgan speakers have retained their original semantic meaning, identical to those in the Yakut language. However, the extensive usage of Russian in educational, administrative, and industrial domains has resulted in a high level of incorporation of Russisms in respondents' speech, without proper adaptation to Yakut and Dolgan language norms. The Anabar Dolgan language presents an excellent illustration of linguistic synthesis and cultural convergence among northern peoples and holds significant linguistic and cultural value. Ongoing linguistic transformations occurring within the Yuryung-Khainsky Rural Okrug pose a distinctive situation that calls for in-depth examination of the language through theoretical and empirical approaches.

Metabolic Usage and Glycan Destinations of GlcNAz in E. coli.

Bacteria use a diverse range of carbohydrates to generate a profusion of glycans, with amino sugars, such as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), being prevalent in the cell wall and in many exopolysaccharides. The primary substrate for GlcNAc-containing glycans, UDP-GlcNAc, is the product of the bacterial hexosamine pathway and a key target for bacterial metabolic glycan engineering. Using the strategy of expressing NahK, to circumvent the hexosamine pathway, it is possible to directly feed the analogue of GlcNAc, N-azidoacetylglucosamine (GlcNAz), for metabolic labeling in Escherichia coli. The cytosolic production of UDP-GlcNAz was confirmed by using fluorescence-assisted polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The key question of where GlcNAz is incorporated was interrogated by analyzing potential sites including peptidoglycan (PGN), the biofilm-related exopolysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). The highest levels of incorporation were observed in PGN with lower levels in PNAG and no observable incorporation in LPS or ECA. The promiscuity of the PNAG synthase (PgaCD) toward UDP-GlcNAz in vitro and the lack of undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-GlcNAz intermediates generated in vivo confirmed the incorporation preferences. The results of this work will guide the future development of carbohydrate-based probes and metabolic engineering strategies.

Can Dawul Kurundu (Neolitsea involucrate) leaf extract be used as a plant-based stabilizer in set yoghurt production?

The incorporation of plant-derived stabilizers in food processing and preservation has gained considerable industrial interest. The leaf extract of Neolitsea involucrate, Dawul Kurundu (DK), has proven to be a potent plant-derived stabilizing agent in the food industry. However, the potential of utilizing DK leaf extract in the dairy industry has not yet been proven. Thus, the feasibility of incorporating DK leaf extract in set yoghurt production by assessing its physicochemical, sensory, proximate composition, minerals (calcium and phosphorous), and microbial (Escherichia coli, yeast, and mold) quality parameters during storage at 4°C up to 21 days was assessed. DK leaf aqueous extracts of 0.4% w/v (T2), 0.6% w/v (T3), and 0.8% w/v (T4) were used for testing with the control sample, 0.6% gelatin (T1). Compared to T1, there were no differences in color, taste, texture, and mouthfeel in all DK leaf extract-incorporated yoghurts, demonstrating the suitability of using DK leaf extract to replace the gelatin. A decreasing pattern of pH value was observed during 21 days of the storage period in all treatments, whereas total titratable acidity increased significantly with time. Furthermore, the lowest syneresis value was obtained by T4, demonstrating ideal stabilizing properties at higher incorporation levels. The proximate, mineral, and microbial compositions of all treatments showed no significant difference compared to the control. Therefore, overall results revealed that the 0.8% w/v level of DK leaf extract incorporation (T4) could be used as a potent stabilizer in set yoghurt production by allowing the possibility of replacing the gelatin without compromising its organoleptic properties. Improved and efficient methods for extracting the DK leaf extracts by focusing on their potential functional and health effects should be further examined.

Tuning the Bioactive Properties of Dunaliella salina Water Extracts by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction.

(1) Background: Microalgae are promising feedstock for obtaining valuable bioactive compounds. To facilitate the release of these important biomolecules from microalgae, effective cell disruption is usually necessary, where the use of ultrasound has achieved considerable popularity as an alternative to conventional methods. (2) Methods: This paper aims to evaluate the use of ultrasound technology in water medium as a green technology to recover high added-value compounds from Dunaliella salina and improve its sensory profile towards a high level of incorporation into novel food products. (3) Results: Among the variables, the solid concentration and extraction time have the most significant impact on the process. For the extraction of protein, or fat, the most influential factor is the extraction time. Total polyphenols are only significantly affected by the extraction time. The antioxidant capacity is strongly affected by the solid to liquid ratio and, to a small extent, by the extraction time. Ultrasound-assisted extraction improves the overall odor/aroma of D. salina with good acceptability by the panelists. (4) Conclusions: The application of ultrasonic-assisted extraction demonstrates a positive overall effect on enhancing the sensory profile, particularly the odor of microalgal biomass, while the bioactive properties are preserved. Notably, the intense sea/fish odors are reduced, while earthy and citrus notes become more prominent, resulting in an improved overall sensory profile score. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that this innovative, green, and efficient technology has been used to upgrade the aroma profile of microalgae.

Development of noodles with high highland barley flour incorporation level with proteins and pre‐gelatinized flour/starch

SummaryIn this study, pre‐gelatinized highland barley flour (PHBF), pre‐gelatinized sweet potato starch (PSPS), wheat gluten (WG), and egg white protein (EWP) were used to develop highland barley noodles. Their effects on noodle quality were analysed, and then noodle formula optimization was carried out based on them. Changes in quality characteristics and intermolecular structure were analysed to explore the underlying mechanism. PHBF, PSPS, WG, and EWP influence the quality characteristics of HB noodles from diverse angles. After formula optimization, noodles with improved cooking and textural properties were obtained, in which HBF accounts for 93.0% of the composite flour and can be categorised as low expected glycemic index (eGI) foods. The viscosity and elasticity of the dough both improved; a more stable protein structure and enhanced starch structure were formed; and increased intermolecular forces were observed, which would contribute to the enhanced protein cross‐linking, structural order, and textural properties of noodles.

Characteristics of beef patties affected by adding soya meat Effect of soya meat on the quality of beef patties

The study was conducted to characterize nutritional, sensory quality and economic feasibility of beef patties as affected by adding soya meat. Therefore, the experiment was conducted with a view to investigate inclusion of soya meat in beef patties with five treatments (T0 = 100% beef; T1 = 75% beef + 25% soya meat; T2 = 50% beef + 50% soya meat; T3 = 25% beef + 75% soya meat and T4 = 100% soya meat) having three replications. The results indicated that adding soy meat to beef patties decreased CP and EE but increased cooking yield and ash. Differences in moisture, CP, EE, ash, CHO, and cooking yield were highly significant (p&lt;0.0001). pH fell in the samples as storage time increased, but increased when soy meat was added and it was found highly significant (p&lt;0.0001) varied. With a high level of soy meat incorporation, L* values increased while a* values decreased. Except for L* values, no discernible variation in the color parameter was found. By using soy meat in beef patties, production costs were reduced. In terms of sensory evaluation, beef patties treated with 50% and 75% soy meat were found to be more acceptable.

Effects of suppressors on the incorporation of impurities and microstructural evolution of electrodeposited Cu solder joints

BackgroundCopper (Cu) electrodeposition is a cost-effective and scalable technology commonly used to fabricate interconnects and heat sinks in microelectronic devices. Adding organic functional additives, such as suppressors, to plating solutions is crucial to achieve conformal microvia filling by Cu electroplating. However, codeposition of organic additives is inevitable and leads to reliability concerns regarding impurity residues in the Cu electrodeposited layer. MethodsIn this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) at 8,000 g mol−1 and a triblock copolymer EPE (polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide) at 2,900 g mol−1 are applied as suppressors and individually added to plating solutions to compare their suppression strength toward Cu deposition using galvanostatic measurements. Their adsorption/desorption behaviors on the Cu surface are theoretically analyzed based on the electronic distribution properties of the two suppressor molecules calculated by quantum chemical calculations. The impurity residues in the Cu layers are measured by a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer, and their effects on the joining reactions between tin (Sn) solder and Cu are investigated by observing the microstructural evolution in the Sn/Cu joints subjected to isothermal aging. Significant findingsEPE2900 outperforms PEG8000 in the suppression strength toward Cu deposition. Unlike PEG8000, which causes a high level of impurity incorporation, the impurity residues in the Cu layer constructed by EPE2900 are negligible. As a result, the Sn/Cu solder joint constructed by EPE2900 exhibits high microstructural stability free of the propagation of detrimental voids during isothermal aging at 200 °C. The better suppression efficacy and negligible impurity residues of EPE2900 can be rationalized based on quantum chemical calculations.

Selective Deuteration of Heterocycle N-Oxides via Iridium-Catalysed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange

AbstractAn iridium(I) N-heterocyclic carbene/phosphine complex has been applied to the C–H activation and hydrogen isotope exchange of quinoline N-oxides. The isotope labelling proceeds under exceptionally low catalyst loadings of 0.25 mol% and delivers products with high levels of deuterium incorporation selectively at the C8 position. A broad substrate scope is demonstrated, with the method tolerant of electron-poor and -rich substrates, and of substitution adjacent to the site of C–H activation. The isotope label is fully retained under standard deoxygenation conditions to give the corresponding labelled quinoline, and the labelling and deoxygenation can be combined in a one-pot procedure.

Light-induced O2-dependent aliphatic carbon-carbon (C-C) bond cleavage in bipyridine-ligated Co(II) chlorodiketonate complexes.

Mononuclear bipyridine (bpy)-ligated Co(II) chlorodiketonate complexes [(bpy)2Co(R-PhC(O)C(Cl)C(O)R-Ph)]ClO4 (R = -H (8), -CH3 (9), and -OCH3 (10)), were prepared, characterized and investigated for O2-dependent aliphatic C-C bond cleavage reactivity. Complexes 8-10 have a distorted psuedo-octahedral geometry. 1H NMR spectra of 8-10 in CD3CN show signals for the coordinated diketonate moiety, and signals suggesting ligand exchange reactivity leading to the formation of a small amount of [(bpy)3Co](ClO4)2 (11) in solution. While 8-10 are air stable at room temperature, illumination at 350 nm results in oxidative cleavage reactivity within the diketonate moiety leading to the formation of 1,3-diphenylpropanetrione, benzoic acid, benzoic anhydride, and benzil. Illumination of 8 under 18O2 results in a high level of 18O incorporation (>80%) in the benzoate anion. The product mixture, high level of 18O incorporation, and additional mechanistic studies suggest a reaction sequence wherein light-induced reactivity leads to the formation of a triketone intermediate that undergoes either oxidative C-C bond cleavage or benzoyl migration promoted by a bipyridine-ligated Co(II) or Co(III) fragment.

Ruthenium nanoparticles stabilized by 1,2,3-triazolylidene ligands in the hydrogen isotope exchange of E-H bonds (E = B, Si, Ge, Sn) using deuterium gas.

A series of ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru·MIC) stabilized with different mesoionic 1,2,3-triazolylidene (MIC) ligands were prepared by decomposition of the Ru(COD)(COT) (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene; COT = 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene) precursor with H2 (3 bar) in the presence of substoichiometric amounts of the stabilizer (0.1-0.2 equiv.). Small and monodisperse nanoparticles exhibiting mean sizes between 1.1 and 1.2 nm were obtained, whose characterization was carried out by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including high resolution TEM (HRTEM), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In particular, XPS measurements confirmed the presence of MIC ligands on the surfaces of the nanoparticles. The Ru·MIC nanoparticles were used in the isotopic H/D exchange of different hydrosilanes, hydroboranes, hydrogermananes and hydrostannanes using deuterium gas under mild conditions (1.0 mol% Ru, 1 bar D2, 55 °C). Selective labelling of the E-H (E = B, Si, Ge, Sn) bond in these derivatives, with high levels of deuterium incorporation, was observed.

Soluble corn arabinoxylan has desirable material properties for high incorporation in expanded cereal extrudates

Incorporation of soluble dietary fiber to cereal extrudates is a practical approach to improve its nutrition values, but it can be technically challenging as a reduction in extrudate quality commonly occurs at a high incorporation level. In the present study, we incorporated soluble corn arabinoxylan (CAX) into cornmeal at a high level (25% w/w) and produced expanded extrudates with a comparable microstructure to cornmeal without added fibers. For a comparison, wheat arabinoxylan (WAX)- and long chain inulin-incorporated cornmeal extrudates had low degrees of expansion and high bulk density. CAX-incorporated cornmeal had comparable melt viscosities as the cornmeal control at shear rates higher than 100 s −1 and an endothermic transition occurring at the same temperature range (130–170 °C), both similar to cornmeal alone. On the other hand, WAX-incorporated cornmeal instead had an exothermic transition at 130–170 °C, and a substantially higher melt viscosity than cornmeal. Long chain inulin-incorporated cornmeal had two overlapped endothermic transitions at 130–170 °C and a markedly lower melt viscosity than cornmeal. The superior functionality of CAX in corn extrudates was attributed to its highly branched xylan backbone extensively substituted by complex sidechains and charged structure. CAX had a hypothesized ellipsoid-shaped conformation that presumably would not engage in intermolecular entanglements, resulting in a low viscous near-Newtonian flow behavior. In summary, addition of CAX to cornmeal did not cause major changes in melt viscosity and endothermic transition of the pre-extrusion material, nor to the quality of resulting extrudates. • Corn arabinoxylan (CAX)-incorporated (25%) cornmeal extrudates had good expansion. • CAX performed better in extrusion than wheat arabinoxylan or long-chain inulin. • CAX-incorporated cornmeal had desirable thermal and rheological properties. • Branched structure of CAX appeared to contribute to its functionality in extrusion.