Demand High Levels Research Articles

Effect of households’ members disability and serious illness on public health insurance subscription among urban refugees during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya

BackgroundThe adverse selection theory speculates a high level of demand for health insurance by people with vulnerable health conditions. However, the COVID-19 pandemic changed the prevailing narratives and pattern of healthcare utilization in many African countries. This study estimated the effects of household member’s disability and presence of serious illness on the probability of National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) subscription with the average treatment effect (ATE) and average treatment effect on the treated (ATET).MethodsThe data were collected telephonically in 2020 using the sampling frame of the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR). The respondents were refugees with active phone numbers who were registered by the UNHCR in Nairobi, Mombasa and Nakuru cities. A total of 2,438 completed the surveys. The data were analysed with Treatment Effects Probit regression model using the regression adjustment estimator.ResultsThe results showed that 24.89% of the respondents had health insurance. Also, 3.28%, 1.39% and 2.46%, respectively suffered from physical, cognitive and sensory disability, while 8.28% had some form of serious illness. The Probit regression results showed that probability of being health insured significantly increased (p < 0.05) with membership of community-based organizations (CBO), asset index, possession of bank savings account, residence in Nairobi and household size, while residence in Nakuru reduced it. The ATE for physical and cognitive disabilities were significant (p < 0.05) with 0.1100 and 0.1816, respectively, while that for serious illness was 0.1046 (p < 0.01). The ATET for physical disability and serious illness were also significant (p < 0.05) with 0.1251 and 0.0996, respectively.ConclusionIt was concluded that efforts to facilitate NHIF subscriptions among the refugees should be channelled among people with disability and serious illness. In addition, there is the need to promote refugees’ welfare through employment that can induce formal savings and promote less reliance on informal borrowing. The operational mechanisms and differences in healthcare service distribution between the three cities should be considered along some salient interventions for health insurance subscription that are channelled through some CBOs.

Research on the application effect of inter-professional training program for newly enrolled medical staff in operating room based on digital information technology

BackgroundThe operating room environment demands high levels of teamwork and interprofessional collaboration, yet current training programs often lack sufficient opportunities to develop these essential skills. Few studies have explored the impact of Interprofessional Education (IPE) based on digital information technology in improving the collaboration and learning among newly enrolled medical staff in the operating room.ObjectivesThis study aimed to design, implement, and evaluate a digital information technology-based IPE training program for newly enrolled medical staff in the operating room. The evaluation focused on the effects of the program on the participants’ expertise, operational knowledge, team communication skills, and application of these skills in clinical practice.MethodsSixty-eight newly enrolled medical staff from surgical departments in a tertiary hospital in Shanxi province were included in this study from January 2021 to December 2022. The participants engaged in an IPE training curriculum that utilized digital information technology, featuring courses and case studies specifically tailored to the operating room environment. Post-training assessments included evaluation of test scores of expertise course, evaluation of surgical simulation operations (operational knowledge and communication), and the International Interprofessional Collaboration Competency Attainment Survey (ICCAS). The effectiveness of the training was assessed by evaluating improvements in communication skills, application of practical knowledge, and teamwork in surgical contexts.ResultsExpertise course evaluation and reflection revealed that the new enrolled medical staff in the operating room had a deep understanding of the knowledge. At the same time, they are better able to understand and master the nursing mode in the process of different professional surgery, and said that they would like to cooperate with surgeon and anesthesiologist during the surgical operation. The score of the Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Survey (ICCAS) increased significantly (P < 0.05), indicating that the communication and collaboration skills of the new enrolled medical staff in operating room were further improved, and that they were more familiar with the patient-centered teamwork mode.ConclusionsThis study provides a valuable reference for the design and implementation of IPE programs based on digital information technology in the operating room. It highlights the importance of such programs in enhancing the understanding and cross-disciplinary communication skills for newly enrolled medical staff, ultimately improving patient care through better teamwork.

Examining psychological detachment from work, work engagement, and thought control in Japanese work at home environments

Because of shifting social circumstances, a growing number of businesses are implementing work at home options. Working at home enhances work-life balance but blurs the line between work and personal life, making it challenging for workers to psychologically detach from work outside of their designated hours. This blurring of boundaries between work and personal life is thought to potentially increase work engagement. Moreover, achieving psychological detachment from work and disengaging from work-related thoughts outside of working hours are thought to demand high levels of thought control ability. This study hypothesized that (1) compared to office workers, those who work at home struggle more to detach from work and exhibit higher levels of work engagement, (2) higher levels of thought control ability reduce work-related thoughts. This study employed a combination of a cross-sectional survey design and an experimental approach using a cognitive task to examine the research questions. Focusing on Japanese workers, the results confirmed that home workers face challenges in detaching from work and show higher work engagement, identifying work from home as a potential stressor and a factor that may increase work involvement. On the other hand, the study found no link between elevated thought control ability and reduced work-related thoughts during cognitive tasks.

Prevalence of Social Anxiety Disorder in Undergraduate Students of Hazara Division, Pakistan

Globally, people are more likely to suffer from social anxiety issues (SAD) in regions with high levels of social and performance demands. This study evaluates the occurrence and severity of SAD among undergraduates in the Pakistani culture Hazara Area. It controls for gender and age. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. An investigation of 353 college students looked into the frequency, symptoms, and effects of SAD on everyday functioning and academic performance. This research backs up earlier findings that students aged 21–25 had a higher prevalence of a disorder of social anxiety (SAD), which also demonstrates that a large proportion of students suffer from SAD in general. Symptoms such as protective behaviors, physical signs (such as sweat), and fear of censure were observed, indicating that the condition significantly impacts social ties and academic progress. These findings highlight the need to implement focused interventions in educational settings.

Improving Innovative Work Behavior in Small and Medium Enterprises: Integrating Transformational Leadership, Knowledge Sharing, and Psychological Empowerment

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) significantly contribute to society’s growth and welfare. Nevertheless, SMEs often experience challenges, i.e., high levels of competition and market demands. To maintain SMEs’ existence, a competitive advantage is demanded by increasing innovative work behavior. This study explores and evaluates the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior and examines the mediating role of knowledge sharing and psychological empowerment on the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. This study uses a quantitative approach, where data were gathered from a questionnaire distributed to 190 employees of export SMEs and were further examined using Smart PLS 3.2.9. The findings demonstrate that transformational leadership does not influence innovative work behavior but significantly and positively influences psychological empowerment and knowledge sharing. Psychological empowerment and knowledge sharing significantly and positively influence innovative work behavior. Subsequently, psychological empowerment and knowledge sharing partially mediate the linkage between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior.

Uncovering the Driving Forces of Emergency Nurses’ Retention: Findings From a Grounded Theory Study

IntroductionEmergency nursing demands high levels of dedication and resilience. This study reports on the “Driving Forces” within a broader theoretical framework of “Achieving Personal and Professional Sustainability in Emergency Nursing,” highlighting the importance of understanding what motivates and retains emergency nurses to improve their performance and longevity. MethodsTo explore how emergency nurses sustain themselves personally and professionally, this research used a constructivist grounded theory approach, involving 29 registered nurses from diverse backgrounds in the Indonesian emergency nursing context. Data were collected via in-depth semistructured interviews, which were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed systematically. ResultsThe study revealed 3 subcategories under the “Driving Forces” category: “Inherent Inspiration,” “Extrinsic Motivations,” and “Professional Expectations.” These subcategories highlight the significant impact of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, along with professional expectations, on the commitment and sustainability of emergency nurses. DiscussionThis research underscores the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and professional expectations on emergency nurses’ commitment in Indonesia, indicating potential applicability in enhancing nurse dedication and motivation in similar international contexts. Caution is recommended in global generalizations, emphasizing context-specific validations.

Post-Lunch Napping as a Strategy to Enhance Physiological Performance and Cognitive Function in Elite Volleyball Players

Background and Objectives: Volleyball demands high levels of anaerobic strength, flexibility, agility, and mental focus. Adequate sleep has been shown to enhance athletic performance and cognitive function. This study investigates the impact of post-lunch naps of varying durations (25 and 45 min) on the physiological performance and cognitive focus of elite volleyball players. Materials and Methods: Sixteen elite volleyball players (8 male, 8 female) with at least 7 years of competitive experience participated in a randomized crossover study. They underwent three experimental conditions: no nap (No-Nap), a 25-min nap (N25), and a 45-min nap (N45). Physical performance was measured through counter-movement jumps (CMJ) and volleyball agility tests, while cognitive function was assessed using the D2 attention test. Statistical analysis included repeated measures ANOVA to examine the differences between nap conditions and gender-specific responses. Results: Significant improvements in both physical performance and cognitive focus were observed in the N25 and N45 conditions compared to the No-Nap condition (indicating the effectiveness of short naps in enhancing both physical and mental performance). Males outperformed females in most physical metrics, while females scored higher on the D2 attention test (suggesting possible gender-specific responses to napping). The 25-min nap showed slightly better results in terms of sleep quality and subsequent performance (confirming that shorter naps may be more beneficial). Conclusions: Post-lunch naps, especially of 25 or 45 min, enhance both physiological and cognitive performance in elite volleyball players. These findings suggest that integrating short naps into athletes’ training regimens can improve performance and focus, with potential gender-specific benefits. Further research is needed to explore long-term effects and variations across other sports.

Baseline Health of University Workers Pre-Intervention in Lifestyle: HaSEN

Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyse and compare the initial health situation before starting the lifestyle programme in 4 editions of the programme. Theoretical framework: HaSEN is an annual intervention programme for the generation of healthy habits on eating behaviour (psychonutrition) and active lifestyle (physical exercise) in university workers in the contemplative phase of motivation to change. Methods: A total of 74 workers participated between the 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 editions from a Spanish university (24-59 years; M = 42.3; SD = 8.5) 19 men (26%) and 55 women (74%). Anthropometric, biological, lifestyle and psychological variables were analysed. Results and Discussion: Anthropometric, biological, lifestyle and psychological variables were analysed. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in the 2021 edition workers at the start of the intervention was found to be higher than in 2019 and achievement motivation higher than in 2020, results that could be related to the special situation derived from the Covid-19 pandemic. Implications of the research: This shows the importance of knowing the baseline health status of workers in behaviours such as those observed in the last edition (2022) in terms of worsening adherence to the Mediterranean diet. This aspect highlights the need to apply interventions such as the HaSEN programme for the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle in terms of nutrition and physical exercise behaviour in the population under study. Originality/value: This study contributes to the scientific literature on public health in the population of university workers. It provides retrospective and prospective information on baseline health status and motivation to change habits to maintain a lifestyle in a working population subjected to high levels of work demands and the implications that this may have on the overall health status of this population.

Social support mediates job demands, and burnout relation among public senior high school teachers, Ghana

We investigated the extent to which job resources mediated the relation between job demands and burnout among public senior high school teachers in Ghana. We determined how job demands influenced the level of burnout among these teachers. Participants included 1028 public senior high school teachers (female = 491) who have been teaching between 1 year and 32 years. The participants completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory Educators Survey, the Job Content Questionnaire, and the Social Provisions Scale. Multiple linear regression analysis results indicated that job demands and social support predicted burnout among the teachers. Furthermore, social support partially mediated the effect of job demands on burnout. Thus, there was a high level of job demands among this group of teachers, which triggered high levels of burnout. In such a situation, quality teaching and supervision of students for effective learning could be compromised. There is the need for safety leadership in all matters that concern teachers’ health and safety.

Job Characteristic Profiles and Presenteeism Among Shift Nurses: A Latent Profile Analysis Based on the Job Demands–Resources Model

ABSTRACTAim(s)To investigate job characteristic profiles based on the job demands–resources (JD‐R) model and the association between job characteristic profiles and presenteeism.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsData were collected from shift nurses in South Korea in January 2023 using an online survey. This study included 544 nurses working in tertiary and general hospitals in South Korea. The participants were classified into four job characteristic profiles based on the JD‐R model using latent profile analysis. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to examine the association between job characteristic profiles and presenteeism.ResultsFour profiles were derived from the latent profile analysis: low strain–low motivation, high strain–low motivation, low strain–high motivation and high strain–high motivation. The high strain–low motivation, low strain–high motivation and high strain–high motivation groups were 1.74, 1.37 and 3.51 times more likely to experience presenteeism than the low strain–low motivation group respectively. The number of days worked while sick and the level of reduced job productivity was also the highest in the high strain–high motivation group. In addition, general health, multimorbidities and insomnia were significant factors affecting presenteeism, number of days worked while sick and productivity loss among shift nurses.ConclusionsThis study found that even with higher levels of job resources, work environments with high levels of job demands were associated with higher rates of presenteeism.ImpactStudy findings suggest that various strategies are needed to improve the physical and mental health of shift nurses, and create a healthy organisational environment by reducing excessive job demands to reduce presenteeism and increase productivity.Reporting MethodSTROBE guidelines.Patient or Public ContributionNo patient or public contribution.

An examination of the cognitive demand levels posed by problems in the middle grades mathematics textbooks

This research investigated the cognitive demand levels of mathematics tasks within the middle school mathematics textbooks endorsed by the Ministry of National Education for the academic year of the 2023-2024. To achieve this, a qualitative research method was utilized, and document analysis was performed. In this direction, the textbooks were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The tasks within the textbooks were examined through the lens of Smith and Stein’s (1998) theoretical framework. The findings indicate that the majority of mathematics tasks in middle school mathematics textbooks exhibit a low level of cognitive demand. It was found that over 80% of the tasks fell into the categories of memorization and procedures without connections levels. It has been revealed that tasks at the levels of procedures with connections and doing mathematics, which are high cognitive demand levels, are uncommon. This shows that textbooks do not sufficiently support the potential of students to develop mathematical thinking and problem-solving skills. Based on these results, various suggestions have been made for textbooks. The most important of these suggestions include ensuring that students are cognitively exposed to higher level tasks and increasing the number of tasks that will improve their mathematical thinking skills. Thus, it will be possible for students to have a more effective learning process by deepening their mathematical understanding.

ANALIZA STATYSTYK SIECI KOMPUTEROWYCH W CELU IDENTYFIKACJI PRZEPŁYWÓW INFORMACJI ZAKŁÓCAJĄCYCH STABILNOŚĆ W WOJSKOWYCH SIECIACH LOKALNYCH

The increasing complexity and scope of military computer networks necessitate robust methods to ensure network stability and security. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of computer network statistics in military local networks to develop a method for detecting information flows that disrupt stability. By leveraging advanced statistical techniques and machine learning algorithms, this research aims to enhance the cybersecurity posture of military local networks globally. Military networks are vital for communication, data exchange, and operational coordination. However, the dynamic nature of network traffic and the persistent threat of cyberattacks pose significant challenges to maintaining network stability. Traditional monitoring techniques often fail to meet the unique requirements of military networks, which demand high levels of security and rapid response capabilities. This study employs a multi-faceted approach to detect anomalies in network traffic, utilizing statistical methods such as Z-score analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. Machine learning techniques, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests, Neural Networks, K-means clustering, and Reinforcement Learning, are also applied to identify patterns indicative of stability-disrupting information flows. The integration of statistical and machine learning methods forms a hybrid model that enhances anomaly detection, providing a robust framework for network security. The research problem is formulated as follows: does data collection include comprehensive network traffic data from various segments of military local area networks, including packet flows, transmission rates, and error rates over a specified period? Statistical analysis identifies patterns in the network traffic, which are then used to train machine learning models to classify normal and abnormal traffic. The research hypothesis states that machine learning models achieve high accuracy in detecting stability-disrupting information flows, with a precision rate exceeding 90%. The models identified several instances of stability-disrupting events, correlating these with known security incidents to validate the effectiveness of the detection method. This study underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and analysis of network statistics to ensure stability and security. The proposed method can be integrated with existing network monitoring and intrusion detection systems, providing a comprehensive approach to network security. Future research can build on these findings to develop more sophisticated models and explore additional factors influencing network stability, including the incorporation of advanced machine learning techniques, such as deep learning, and the exploration of other network metrics, like latency and packet loss. This comprehensive approach aims to enhance the security and operational reliability of military local networks.

Dynamic Multi-Function Lane Management for Connected and Automated Vehicles Considering Bus Priority

Bus lanes are commonly implemented to ensure absolute priority for buses at signalized intersections. However, while prioritizing buses, existing bus lane management strategies often exacerbate traffic demand imbalances among lanes. To address this issue, this paper proposes a dynamic Multi-Function Lane (MFL) management strategy. The proposed strategy transforms traditional bus lanes into Multi-Function Lanes (MFLs) that permit access to Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs). By fully utilizing the idle right-of-way of the MFL, the proposed strategy can achieve traffic efficiency improvement. To evaluate the proposed strategy, some experiments are conducted under various demand levels and CAV penetration rates. The results reveal that the proposed strategy (i) improves the traffic intensity balance degree by up to 52.9 under high demand levels; (ii) reduces delay by up to 80.56% and stops by up to 89.35% with the increase in demand level and CAV penetration rate; (iii) guarantees absolute bus priority under various demand levels and CAV penetration rates. The proposed strategy performs well even when CAV penetration is low. This indicates that the proposed strategy has the potential for real-world application.

Effects of emotional demands on work outcomes: A diary study among Malaysian counsellors

IntroductionThis study examined the effects of emotional demands on psychological health among counsellors in Malaysia. Drawing from the job demands–resources (JD-R) model, the research tested the effects of counsellors’ daily emotional demands on their turnover intention, mainly via emotional exhaustion and depressive symptoms. ObjectivesA within-individual design was used to examine the effects of counsellors’ emotional demands on their turnover intention, especially via emotional exhaustion and depressive symptoms. MethodsThe study was conducted among counsellors (n=47) over a period of four days in two consecutive weeks. The diary survey was collected for two days (Monday and Friday) each week for two consecutive weeks, measuring individuals’ self-reports of emotional demands, week-level emotional exhaustion, depressive symptoms and turnover intention (n=188 data points). To test all hypotheses, data were analysed using hierarchical linear modelling (HLM). ResultsCounsellors’ daily emotional demands were found have a direct effect on their levels of emotional exhaustion and depressive symptoms. Emotional exhaustion, but not depressive symptoms, was found to mediate the association of daily emotional demands with turnover intention. ConclusionOverall, the study revealed that the daily level of emotional exhaustion, but not of depressive symptoms, was positively related to counsellors’ turnover intention. Emotional exhaustion was found to mediate the relationship between counsellors’ emotional demands and their turnover intention. Counsellors with a high level of emotional demands as well as emotional exhaustion tended to have a high level of turnover intention.

Primary tooth wear in children from different social environments.

Bilingual schools have more hours and high levels of academic demands. Aims: To compare the degree of dental wear and frequency of severe wear facets between children from public rural schools (RG) and children from private bilingual schools in Buenos Aires City (PG). To compare the presence of facets to parents' reports on bruxism and their opinion on the importance to health of bruxism and snoring. Materials and Method: The sample (n=90) consisted of 5- and 10-year-old children. Their parents/guardians were asked to complete a structured questionnaire on bruxism and snoring. Children's degrees of dental wear on primary incisors, canines and molars were identified and recorded. The data were analyzed statistically. Results: The relative risk of wear between PG and RG was 1.82. Bruxism and snoring were reported by 22.9% of the parents/guardians of 5-year-olds and 8.8% of the parents/guardians of 10-year-olds. In 10-year-olds, significant differences were found between RG and PG for canine wear degree 3 (p=0.01). Conclusions: Children from highly demanding schools presented more dental wear. Higher frequency of severe dental wear was observed in primary canines and molars late in the tooth replacement period regardless of whether sleep bruxism was reported. Parents/guardians from different social conditions considered that bruxism and snoring are important to health to similar degrees.

Effectiveness of Apuwood Plants (Pistia Stratiotes) Using the Phytoremediation Method in Reducing Bod Levels in Ciprat Langitan Magetan Batik Waste

The batik industry generally consists of residue, residual dye water, residual wax and batik pelorodan water. The characteristics of batik liquid waste include high levels of Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Total Suspended Solids. Batik industry waste is considered dangerous, because its characteristics can pollute waters such as turbidity in river water. The aim of this research is todetermine the effectiveness of using apu wood plants (Pistia Stratiotes) in reducing the BOD value in Ciprat Langitan Simbatan Magetan batik waste.The method used in this research is experimental, with analysis using Quasi Experimental and using a Pretest-posttest Control Group Design.The results of measuring BOD levels with phytoremediation treatment of apu wood plants on the 3rd day were 114 mg/l, on the 6th day it was 71 mg/l and on the 9th day it was 53 mg/l. The percentage of effectiveness in reducing BOD levels on day 3 was 9.78%, on day 6 it was 45.31% and on the last day it was 58.20%. There was a reduction in BOD levels with phytoremediation using apu wood plants. The effectiveness of the apu wood plant in reducing BOD levels was found with an exposure time of 9 days. Apart from that, a long-standing treatment of more than 9 days can be used to measure the effectiveness of apu wood plants in reducing the BOD levels of batik liquid waste.

Adaptive and low-cost resource synchronization based on data distribution service in high dynamic networks

In disaster-stricken areas monitoring, management, search, and rescue operations, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a crucial role in disaster management and emergency communication due to their high mobility. To efficiently coordinate and plan UAVs and their carried sensor and base station resources, synchronization is essential to establish consistency, laying the foundation for high-level demands. In such scenarios, synchronization relies on request–response (RR) or publish–subscribe (PS) forms of information exchange. Existing research in the field typically focuses on higher-level applications and selects either RR or PS synchronization, thereby overlooking the potential advantages that could be gained from combining both methods to meet synchronization requirements. We propose a resource synchronization method based on the Data Distribution Service (DDS) and a linear time complexity subscription mechanism tailored to specific query demands, which considers the pros and cons of the above two information exchange forms and the bottom-layer network topology. Experimental results using open-source simulation tools demonstrate that the proposed method adapts to scene requirements and decreases bandwidth by at least 21.2% and packet rate by at least 3.7% compared to different baseline methods across three topologies, while satisfying delay and query success rate requirements. Furthermore, the method maintains robust performance in the face of dynamic changes in network topology, showcasing its robustness.

Forward contracting and the endogenous activity of heterogeneous firms

AbstractForward contracting in an ‐firm quantity‐setting oligopoly with heterogeneous costs introduces the possibility that relatively efficient firms deter the activity of inefficient rivals by reducing their margins. The equilibrium number of firms producing positive quantities can be any of depending on the level of demand relative to firm‐specific activity thresholds, with more firms active at higher demand levels. If only one firm is active, the Bertrand outcome is obtained. This potential reduction of the number of active firms may lessen the procompetitive effect of forward sales, but does not eliminate it entirely. We explore the competition policy implications of the endogenous activity of firms, in particular for merger analysis.

Leadership Challenges in The Era of Globalization for Poverty Alleviation in Sabu Raijua District, East Nusa Tenggara

Globalization has developed into a cliché where some people think that globalization is a force to reduce adversity, others think that globalization has negative implications and is seen as an increase in inequality, poverty, unemployment and environmental destruction. Globalization has played a key role in the standard of living and development of a country. Global poverty is one of the worst problems facing the world today. The world's poorest people are often hungry, have far less access to education, are regularly without light at night, and suffer from far poorer health. Therefore, making progress against poverty is one of the most pressing global goals. About 8 percent of the world's population lives in extreme poverty. Most of the population in Sabu Raijua Regency, 82.3 percent work as farmers out of a total population of 74,403 people, although they work as farmers, the number of paddy fields in Sabu Raijua Regency is only 2.49 percent and the rest is dry land with a percentage of 97.52 percent. This shows that some of the people of Sabu Raijua has just reached the stage of subsistence farming, where this method of production has a high level of demand for water. This means that the agricultural sector has not been able to save the people of Sabu Raijua in alleviating poverty.

A composite control method of PWM and phase shift for a three-level DC-DC converter

Abstract This research introduces a control strategy for the Three Level Active Half Bridge (TL-DAHB) DC-DC converter that integrates PWM combined with phase-shift control. This composite control method precisely regulates the output voltage by adjusting the phase-shift duty cycle between the input and output sides. Additionally, the application of the PWM control loop optimizes the duty cycle of the switches, effectively reducing the current stress on the converter during operation, improving transmission efficiency, and decreasing conduction losses of the switches. These enhancements boost the overall performance and the reliability of the converter. With its excellent voltage regulation capabilities and safety features, this converter is an ideal choice in the field of power conversion, especially in applications that demand high levels of stability and safety.