High Levels Of Antioxidant Activity Research Articles

Marine seaweed endophytic fungi-derived active metabolites promote reactive oxygen species-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells.

Endophytic fungi have an abundant sources rich source of rich bioactive molecules with pivotal pharmacological properties. Several studies have found that endophytic fungi-derived bioactive secondary metabolites have antiproliferative, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, but the molecular mechanism by which they induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis pathways is unknown. This study aimed to determine the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer property of the endophytic fungi derived active secondary metabolites on human breast cancer cells. In this study, we identified four endophytic fungi from marine seaweeds and partially screened its phytochemical properties by Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Moreover, the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer property of these active secondary metabolites (FA, FB, FC and FE) on human breast cancer cells were examined on MCF-7 cells by TT assay, Apoptotic assay by Acridine orang/Ethidium Bromide (Dual Staining), DNA Fragmentation by DAPI Staining, reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination by DCFH-DA assay, Cell cycle analysis was conducted Flow cytometry and the apoptotic signalling pathway was evaluated by westernblot analysis. Doxorubicin was used as a positive control drug for this experiment. The GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi from the marine macro-algae revealed the different functional groups and bioactive secondary metabolites. From the library, we observed the FC (76%), FB (75%), FA (73%) and FE (71%) have high level of antioxidant activity which was assessed by DPPH scavenging assay. Further, we evaluated the cytotoxic potentials of these secondary metabolites on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells for 24h and the IC50 value were calculated (FA:28.62 ± 0.3µg/ml, FB:49.81 ± 2.5µg/ml, FC:139.42 ± µg/ml and FE:22.47 ± 0.5µg/ul) along with positive control Doxorubicin 15.64 ± 0.8µg/ml respectively by MTT assay. The molecular mechanism by which the four active compound induced apoptosis via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells was determined H2DCFDA staining, DAPI staining, Acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) dual staining, flowcytometry analysis with PI staining and apoptotic key regulatory proteins expression levels measured by westernblot analysis. Our findings, revealed the anticancer potential of endophytic fungi from marine seaweed as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with anticancer properties and underscore the significance of exploring marine-derived endophytic fungi as a promising avenue for the development of novel anticancer agents. Further investigations are necessary to isolate and characterize specific bioactive compounds responsible for these effects and to validate their therapeutic potential in preclinical and clinical settings.

Micellar extracts obtained from Bistortae rhizoma, Fraxinus excelsior, and Romex crispus as components of hair shampoos

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential applications of micellar extracts derived from Bistortae rhizoma, Fraxinus excelsior, and Romex crispus as components of hair shampoos and to examine the impact of these micellar extracts on the specific properties of the formulated cosmetics. The antioxidant activity, polyphenol content, and vitamin C content of the plant materials selected for the study were assessed. In addition, particle size analysis was performed for the obtained micellar extracts. The shampoos prepared on the basis of original formulations were evaluated for irritation potential, viscosity, foam stability index, and color. The plants evaluated in the study exhibited a high level of antioxidant activity, and the derived extracts were found to contain micellar aggregates. The application of the extracts was shown to reduce the skin irritation potential of the shampoos and reduce their viscosity. In addition, the formulated shampoos were characterized by a high foam stability index. Substantial variations in the color of the cosmetics were observed upon the introduction of the micellar extracts into the formulations.

Salt Tolerance Assessment in Triticum Aestivum and Triticum Durum.

Salt stress is a multicomponent phenomenon; it includes many processes that directly or indirectly affect the plant. Attempts have been made to comprehensively consider the processes of salt stress in plants Triticum aestivum (variety Orenburgskaya 22) and Triticum durum (variety Zolotaya). The study used methods of light and fluorescence microscopy, methods of immunofluorodetection, expression of DNA methyltransferase genes, genes of the ion transporter and superoxide dismutase families, as well as biochemical determination of total antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent. According to morphometric indicators, the Orenburgskaya 22 variety showed greater tolerance to the action of 150 mM NaCl than the Zolotaya variety. The level of expression of genes of the HKT ion transporter family in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety is higher than in the Zolotaya variety. It was found that the expression of the DNA methyltransferase gene DRM2.1, which post-translationally methylates cytosine residues, is 22.3 times higher in Zolotaya compared to Orenburg 22 when exposed to salt. The accumulation of toxic ions is accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased damage to root tissue, especially in the Zolotaya variety. Using fluorescence microscopy using the Carboxy-H2DFF marker in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety at high NaCl concentrations, the highest fluorescence intensity was determined in the cap zone; in the Zolotaya variety-in the zones of the cap and root meristem. Excess ROS is more successfully removed in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety, which has a higher level of antioxidant activity (AOA), as well as the level of expression of the Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD superoxide dismutase genes. Using programmed cell death (PCD) markers based on the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, DNA breakage and the release of phosphatidylserine from mitochondria, the degree of damage to root cells was assessed in both wheat varieties. It has been proven that wheat cell death occurs through the mitochondrial pathway. It was noted that the salt-sensitive variety Zolotaya had a significant number of necrotic cells. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that the Orenburgskaya 22 variety exhibits greater resistance to salinity than the Zolotaya variety. These data may be of practical importance for enhancing protective mechanisms under abiotic stress.

Development, characterization and application of colorimetric active packaging based on soy protein isolate, trehalose and Oxalis triangularis extract

Colorimetric active packaging based on soy protein isolate (SPI)/trehalose (TRE) and Oxalis triangularis extract (OTE) was developed for monitoring pork spoilage and preserving Actinidia arguta. The formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds among TRE, OTE, and the SPI matrix resulted in a more compact film structure and improved mechanical, barrier and water resistance properties. The addition of OTE greatly increased the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the films. The stability of the films improved due to their dense network structure and good barrier and antioxidant capacity. Among all samples, SPI films containing both TRE and OTE (ST-OTE) exhibited the best barrier and mechanical properties after 45 days of storage and maintained a high level of antioxidant activity after heating and UV irradiation. SPI-OTE and ST-OTE films showed good pH sensitivity and responsiveness and exhibited visible color changes during the monitoring of pork spoilage. Compared to the control group, ST-OTE effectively prolonged the storage period of A. arguta.

Riceberry bran as a potential source of anti-diabetic agents and its Riceberry bran powder

This study evaluated the anti-a-glucosidase effect, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compounds of Riceberry bran extracts prepared by the extraction of Riceberry bran with distilled water, ethanol, or hexane using a maceration technique. The ethanolic extract resulted in the significantly highest a-glucosidase inhibitory activity, at 64.13±1.09%. The highest levels of antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals were found in the aqueous extract with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.26±0.001 and 0.13±0.001 mg/mL, respectively. Likewise, the total phenolic compounds of the aqueous extract were the highest at 36.20±1.80 mg GAE/g of extract. The Riceberry bran powder obtained by double drum drying was also examined for its physical and chemical properties. It was found that the Riceberry bran powder was of good quality and provided high levels of a-glucosidase inhibition (20.24±0.47%), antioxidant activities (IC50 for DPPH = 4.19±0.08 mg/mL, IC50 for ABTS = 1.57±0.07 mg/mL), and total phenolic compounds (31.25±1.32 mg GAE/g of powder). The overall results indicated the potential of Riceberry bran to provide a-glucosidase inhibitors, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds, which can be used as useful health promoters and nutraceuticals to combat diabetes, and its powder also had potential in the functional food industry.

Comprehensive metabolic profiling of Thymus canoviridis (endemic) and Thymus pubescens var. pubescens using UPLC-MS/MS and evaluation of their antioxidant activities, enzyme inhibition abilities, and molecular docking studies

Thymus species (Lamiaceae), commonly referred to as thyme, have gained popularity due to their utilisation in traditional medicine for various ailments such as gastrointestinal disorders, colds, upper respiratory infections, vomiting, jaundice, oral hygiene and oral ulcers. Nevertheless, a significant number of Thymus species remain unexplored in terms of their bioactivity and phenolic content. In the present study, a thorough chemical analysis of endemic Thymus canoviridis methanol (METC)-water extracts (WETC) and Thymus pubescens var. pubescens methanol (METP)-water extracts (WETP) was carried out by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). In addition, the inhibitory effect and antioxidant properties of these extracts on the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-glycosidase and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) were also evaluated. The antioxidant potential was assessed using six assays, namely DPPH, ABTS, DMPD, FRAP, CUPRAC and Fe3+ reducing assays. Our results suggest that the methanol extract from these two plants exhibits a higher level of antioxidant activity. Furthermore, WETP inhibited all enzymes in the best way. According to the UPLC-MS/MS analysis results, rosmarinic acid showed its highest content in METC (18285.55 µg/g extract), WETC (27.98 µg/g extract) and METP (2910.59 µg/g extract), while WETP (69.76 µg/g extract) and the following total amounts of phenolic compounds were METC 20726.55 µg/g extract, METP 5887.20 µg/g extract, WETP 348.98 µg/g extract, WETC 68.56 µg/g extract. It is consistent with the analytical result, total phenolic content, and activity ranking in antioxidant assays. Regard to the results of the molecular docking studies, there is a high binding affinity between the CA II enzyme and cyanidin-3-O-glycoside, between the AChE and keracyanin chloride, and between α-glycosidase enzyme and rosmarinic acid. The extracts were discovered to exhibit various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's disease, and antiglaucoma properties.

Evaluation of the probiotic potential of yeast isolated from kombucha in New Zealand

The current study investigated the in vitro probiotic potential of yeast isolated from kombucha, a tea beverage fermented with a symbiotic culture of acetic acid bacteria and yeast. A total of 62 yeast strains were previously isolated from four different commercial kombucha samples sold in New Zealand. Fifteen representative isolates belonging to eight different species were evaluated for their growth under different conditions (temperature, low pH, concentrations of bile salts, and NaCl). Cell surface characteristics, functional and enzymatic activities of the selected strains were also studied in triplicate experiments. Results showed that six strains (Dekkera bruxellensis LBY1, Sachizosaccharomyces pombe LBY5, Hanseniaspora valbyensis DOY1, Brettanomyces anomalus DOY8, Pichia kudraivzevii GBY1, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae GBY2) were able to grow under low-acid conditions (at pH 2 and pH 3) and in the presence of bile salts. This suggests their potential to survive passage through the human gut. All 15 strains exhibited negative enzymatic activity reactions (haemolytic, gelatinase, phospholipase, and protease activities), and thus, they can be considered safe to consume. Notably, two of the fifteen strains (Pichia kudraivzevii GBY1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae GBY2) exhibited desirable cell surface hydrophobicity (64.60–83.87%), auto-aggregation (>98%), co-aggregation, resistance to eight tested antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, colistin sulphate, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, streptomycin, and tetracycline), and high levels of antioxidant activities (>90%). Together, our data reveal the probiotic activities of two yeast strains GBY1 and GBY2 and their potential application in functional food production.

The nutritional composition of key apricot varieties cultivated in Türkiye with a focus on health-related compounds

Türkiye’s favorable geographical location and diverse climatic conditions provide it an ideal host for a wide range of fruit species. In this content, apricots have garnered significant global attention. In this study, local varieties such as Hasanbey, Hacıhaliloğlu, Kabaaşı, and Şalak were examined, alongside foreign varieties commonly cultivated in coastal regions, specifically Mikado and Mogador. It was found that domestic varieties are notably different from foreign varieties in terms of their health-related components. Fruits from various varieties sourced from significant apricot-producing provinces were investigated. The study revealed a range in total carotenoid content from 5.59 to 10.3 mg/kg, antioxidant activity spanning 478.5 to 1969 mgTE/kg, and total phenol content fluctuating between 122 and 771 mgTE/kg. The ‘Şalak’ distinguishes itself significantly from others due to its elevated phenolic content, leading to a correspondingly higher level of antioxidant activity. In conclusion, it has been observed that the antioxidant content in this variety is significantly higher (approximately 4 times higher). The study results unequivocally demonstrate that, beyond the significance of cultivation location, genotype plays a pivotal role as an essential determinant in relation to the evaluated quality features.

Chemotaxonomy, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of selected aromatic plants from Tabuk region-KSA

Chemotaxonomy is a valuable tool for obtaining taxonomic insights, which are most effectively employed in combination with other forms of data to establish a system of classification that closely reflects natural connections. The utilization of plant secondary metabolites possessing diverse therapeutic qualities signifies the growing exploitation of natural products in the medical discipline. The objectives of the current study encompassed the identification of phytochemicals in the extracts of nine species of medicinal plants, the examination of their chemotaxonomic properties, and the assessment of the antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities exhibited by the extracts. GC-MS technology was employed for the identification of phytochemical compounds. The study utilized ClassyFire, an automated chemical classification system that incorporates an extensive and computable classification, to categorize chemicals. The chemical classification of plants was examined by the application of principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). The bactericidal properties of plants were assessed against four harmful bacterial species using the disc diffusion technique. The antioxidant properties of plant extracts were assessed employing the DPPH free radical scavenging methodology, and the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) was determined using dose response models. The calculator being referred to is the Quest Graph™ EC50 Calculator. In the plant extracts, the analysis disclosed the occurrence of 160 phytochemicals, classified into 36 phytochemical classes. The results of CA and PCA demonstrated the proximity and associations among Asteraceae species, while indicating the divergence of the two Lamiaceae species. Achillea fragrantissima and Ducrosia flabellifolia demonstrated the most diversity in phytochemical classes, while Thymus vulgaris displayed the highest level of dominance. Pulicaria undulata and T. vulgaris had the most notable antibacterial activity. D. flabellifolia and P. incisa demonstrated the highest levels of antioxidant activity. Ethanol exhibited superior antibacterial efficacy compared to other solvents. The remarkable biological activities exhibited by these plant extracts can be ascribed to the copious presence of certain chemicals, predominantly sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, benzene and its derivatives, naphthalenes, fatty acyls, and phenols. The susceptibility of Gram-positive bacterial species to plant extracts was shown to be higher in comparison to Gram-negative bacterial species.

Antioxidant and UV-blocking activity of PVA/tannin-based bioplastics in food packaging application

In this study, bioplastics with antioxidant and UV protection properties based on tannin and PVA were created for packaging uses. Using a hot water extraction method at various extraction temperatures (60–100 °C), tannins were removed from the bark of Acacia mangium. Tannins with the best antioxidant activity were extracted at 80 °C. In order to create bioplastic formulations (PVA/Tannins), the extract is then employed. The non-heating bioplastic method's preparation (M3) stage produced the highest levels of antioxidant activity. Therefore, subsequent tests were conducted using the non-heating method (M3). On the opacity, UV protective activity, antioxidant capacity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and water vapor permeability of the resultant bioplastics, the impact of tannin concentration (0.1–0.5 g) was examined. The findings of the experiments demonstrate that PVA/Tannin bioplastics are less transparent than pure PVA. The PVA/tannin bioplastics that are formed, on the whole, show strong antioxidant and UV protection action. Comparing PVA/Tannin bioplastics to pure PVA also revealed a small improvement in thermal stability and tensile strength. In PVA bioplastics with resistant tannins, moisture content was marginally greater even at low tannin concentrations (0.1 g). Based on the findings, bioplastics made from PVA and the tannin A. mangium have the potential to be used to create packaging that is UV and active antioxidant resistant. It can be applied as the second (inner) layer of the primary packaging to protect food freshness and nutrition due to their antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant Activity and Amino Acid Profile of "Dadih" from Various Regions in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Dadih or curd is a traditional product typical of West Sumatra which is made through natural fermentation using the lactobacillus plantarum bacteria in bamboo. Each region in West Sumatra makes curd in various ways that affect its quality. This study aims to determine the amino acid profile and antioxidant activity of curd from various regions in West Sumatra. The study was conducted by testing curd from 4 main curd center regions, namely Bukittinggi, Payakumbuh, Batusangkar and Alahan Panjang. Certain tests were applied to assess the protein content using the Kjedahl method, amino acids content using the HPLC method and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The test results showed that curd from Payakumbuh had a higher protein and amino acid content compared to other regions. Furthermore, such curd had the highest level of antioxidant activity towards free radicals compared to other regions, with an IC50 value of 95.11 ± 0.40 mg/kg, which was included in the strong category. There was a significant relationship between amino acid content and antioxidant activity of curd. It can be concluded that curd from Payakumbuh had the best amino acid content and antioxidant activity compared to other regions in West Sumatra.

Isolation and Identification of Pigments from Marine Actinomycetes, Along with Their Potential Applications

Natural dyes produced by marine microorganisms particularly actinomycetes—have gained significance as a source of active chemicals and pharmaceuticals with potential for medicinal purposes in recent years. This significant finding served as the foundation for the investigation, which aimed to determine the cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of a methanolic pigment extract obtained from the marine actinomycetes VES 01 and VES 04. Based on the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), both extracts showed substantial toxicity activity. The actinomycetes VES 01 and VES 04 pigment crude extracts had lethal concentration 50% (LC50) values of 92.64µg/mL and 134.21 mg/mL, respectively, according to the data. When those extracts were evaluated for antibacterial efficacy against a variety of microorganisms, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli showed the best inhibition rates. Additionally, we used 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals to measure the antioxidant activity. The findings demonstrated that the actinomycetes VES 01 and VES 04 pigment crude extracts had inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) values of 228.08 µg/mL and 346.3 µg/mL, respectively. We identified the chemical components of actinomycete pigment crude extracts using GC-MS analysis. The results showed that the most prevalent chemicals were 5-Methoxypyrrolidin-2-one (30.23%) for VES 04, 1H-Purine-2,6-dione, and 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl- (CAS) (44.65%) for VES 01 and VES 04. This work showed the antibacterial, antioxidant, and toxicological properties of two pigment crude extracts obtained from actinimycetes actinomycetes VES 01 and VES 04. In terms of antibacterial activity against E. coli ATCC 8739, actnomycete VES 04 pigment crude extract was the most effective, whereas actnomycete VES 01 pigment crude extract revealed the highest level of antioxidant activity.

Peroxiredoxin-2 gene in Antheraea pernyi modulates immune functions and protect DNA damage

Peroxiredoxins have been shown to protect insects from oxidative damage and to play a role in the immune system. In the present study, we cloned and characterized the Antheraea pernyi peroxiredoxin 2 (ApPrx-2) gene, then assessed its functional roles. The ApPrx-2 gene has a 687 bp open reading frame that encodes a protein with 288 amino acid residues. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the mRNA levels of ApPrx-2 were highest in the hemocytes. Immune challenge assay revealed that ApPrx-2 transcription could be induced after microbial challenge. A DNA cleavage assay employing recombinant ApPrx-2 protein and a metal-catalyzed oxidation system showed that rApPrx-2 protein could protect supercoiled DNA against oxidative stress. The protein antioxidant activity of rApPrx-2 was examined, and it was found that rApPrx-2 exhibited a high level of antioxidant activity by removing H2O2. In addition, ApPrx-2 knockdown larvae had higher H2O2 levels and a lower survival rate when compared to controls. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity was significantly higher in ApPrx-2 depleted larvae compared with control. Overall, our findings indicate that ApPrx-2 may be involved in a range of physiological functions of A. pernyi, as it protects supercoiled DNA from oxidative stress and regulates antibacterial activity.

The Development of Novel Functional Corn Flakes Produced from Different Types of Maize (Zea mays L.).

Cereal products, such as flakes and snack items, are frequently consumed as part of everyday diets, encompassing ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, flakes, and snacks. The utilization of extrusion technology is crucial in the manufacturing process of cereal-based flakes or snack products. When it comes to cereal-based flakes or snacks, different types of corn, such as white corn, yellow corn, red corn, and black corn, have garnered attention from scientists, consumers, and experts in the food industry. This paper investigates the simultaneous effects of different types of corn (white corn, yellow corn, red corn, and black corn) addition and different screw speeds (350, 500, 650 rpm) on the physical, technological, and functional properties of flake products. An increasing screw speed had a positive influence on the physical and technological characteristics of corn flakes, while different types of corn had a positive influence on the mineral composition and antioxidant properties. Black corn flour and a screw speed of 350 rpm positively influenced the physical and technological characteristics, mineral composition, and antioxidant properties of flake products, with a best total Z-score analysis of 0.59. Overall, the combination of Tukey's HSD test and PCA enabled a comprehensive analysis of the observed corn products and allowed us to identify satiating and significant differences between attributes and create a classification of the samples based on those differences. Corn flakes from black corn flour on a screw speed of 350 rpm is a new product with good physical-technological and functional properties due to a higher level of antioxidant activity. The last three samples have a significantly higher percentage of free radical inhibition compared with the other samples according to TPC and TFC. This product has the potential to be found on the market as a new product with functional properties.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the obtained “Cachisept” tablets for resorption in the oral cavity for the treatment and prevention of dental caries

Dental caries stands as a highly common chronic ailment affecting individuals globally, with susceptibility to this condition spanning their entire lifespan. Consequently, the search for novel medications aimed at treating and preventing dental caries holds significant importance in the field of pharmacy. The aim of the work was to study the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity of the obtained oral tablets “Сaсhisept” for resorption in the oral cavity for the treatment and prevention of dental caries. Materials and methods. The obtained tablets “Сaсhisept” with green tea leaf extract were the object of investigation. Antioxidant activity was established by the potentiometric method, and antimicrobial and antifungal activity was assessed by the agar well diffusion method. Results. The level of antioxidant activity for tablets “Сaсhisept” was 110.00 ± 2.20 mmol-eqv./mdry res, the obtained tablets had a high level of antioxidant activity according to Maslov’s conditional classification. Staphylococcus aureus (25.33 ± 0.50 mm), Baсillus subtilis (25.33 ± 0.50 mm) and Streptococcus mutans (25.33 ± 0.50 mm) were the most sensitive to the obtained “Сaсhisept” tablets, and the least – Proteus vulgaris (20.67 ± 0.50 mm), and it was observed strong growth inhibition in relation to the fungus Candida albicans (20.00 ± 0.50 mm). Conclusions. The presented study has found that “Сaсhisept” tablets have a high level of antioxidant activity, and also have a high antimicrobial and antifungal effect against all investigated Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and the Candida albicans fungus. Thus, “Сaсhisept” tablets can be recommended for the treatment and prevention of dental caries.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Producing Lactobacillus plantarum TSUB-17 and Probiotic Properties for Using as Probiotics Additive in Swine Feed

Due to the use of probiotics in animal husbandry has recently increased, the selection of high-quality probiotic strains is crucial. Since the uses of probiotics for animal feed supplements have to be applied at high doses of bacteria to be effective, the cultures’ safety is essential. This study successfully isolated the novel Lactobacillus sp. from swine fecal samples and identified it as L. plantarum TSUB-17. The L. plantarum TSUB-17 exhibited excellent probiotic properties, including 100 % resistance to 3 % acids and 1 % bile salts, and effectively inhibits pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella Typhimurium (isolated ESBL strain). L. plantarum TSUB-17 was also found to adhere to the intestinal wall and form a biofilm. Furthermore, the bacteria have revealed some unique properties of GABA production and detected the glutamate decarboxylase B (gadB) gene similar to L. brevis both in nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of the glutamate decarboxylase enzyme that was deduced from the nucleotide. The isolated bacteria also have antioxidant activity, and most importantly, the isolated strain was safe; it is non-hemolysis and susceptible to the tested antimicrobials. Therefore, L. plantarum TSUB-17 is suitable for further development as a probiotic additive in animal feed. HIGHLIGHTS This study successfully isolated Lactobacillus plantarum TSUB-17 with a high potential to develop as a probiotic for animals. The isolated bacterium has excellent properties: It tolerates high levels of acids and bile salts. It is effective against many pathogenic bacteria, produces gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and shows high levels of antioxidant activity. Moreover, L. plantarum TSUB-17 is very safe due to its non-hemolytic strain and susceptibility to numerous antimicrobial drugs. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF N-HETERYLTHIO- AND N-ETHYLXANTHOGENATO-1,4-BENZOQUINONEIMINES

N-substituted 1,4-quinoneimines have a wide spectrum of biological activity. The stabilizing property of N-substituted p-quinonemono- and diimines is known, which is related to their antioxidant activity. Derivatives of N-substituted 1,4-benzoquinoneimines are used as antioxidants and stabilizers. For example, stabilization of fats, oils, unsaturated compounds with N-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinonimine was proposed. The aim of this work was the synthesis and study of the antioxidant activity of N-heterylthio- and N-ethylxanthogenato-1,4-benzoquinoneimines. N-Heterylthio-1,4-benzoquinonimines were synthesized by the reaction of N-chloro-1,4-benzoquino-4-nimines with the corresponding heterocyclic mercaptans in acetone. The reaction of quinonimines with mercaptobenzoxazole was difficult, so it was carried out with the sodium salt of mercaptobenzoxazole in ethyl alcohol. The reaction products were bright orange crystals. The composition and structure of the synthesized compounds was established based on the results of elemental analysis and the study of PMR spectra. An in vitro method based on the reaction of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) dissolved in ethanol was used to assess antioxidant activity (AOA). As a result of the reduction of DPPH with an antioxidant, a gradual discoloration of the DPPH solution in ethanol was observed, which was determined by the change in optical density at 517 nm on a spectrophotometer. The radical-absorbing activity (RAP) of the compound was defined as the ratio of the difference in the value of the optical densities of the DPPH solution and the solution containing the test substance and DPPH to the optical density of the DPPH solution. High levels of antioxidant activity were found for 4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylthioimino)-2,5-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dienone, 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylthioimino)-2, 6-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dienone, and 2,6-dimethyl-4-[(4H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylsulfanyl)imino]cyclohexa-2,5-dienone. It was established that 2,6-dimethyl-4-{[(ethoxymethanethioyl)sulfanyl]imino}cyclohexa-2,5-dienone neutralizes free radical by 91% after 20 minutes of interaction with the stable free radical DPPH.

Measurement of Antioxidant Activity of Soldam Plum (Flesh, Peel) by Different Drying Time

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal hot air drying time to use Asian Soldam plum to be utilized as a functional food ingredient, and to this end, the antioxidant components and activity changes of Soldam plum (both flesh and peel) applied with various drying times (0, 12, 18, 24 h) at 70°C were compared and analyzed.Methods: Samples of Soldam plum flesh and peel, which had undergone hot air drying, were subjected to hot water extraction, and their antioxidant components (total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents) as well as antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capabilities) were measured.Results: The physiological activities of the hot water-extracted flesh and peel exhibited an increase with drying time, peaking at 18 h, compared to the fresh (not dried) counterparts, but decreased at 24 h. The highest level of antioxidant activity was observed in the peel of Soldam plum dried for 18 h.Conclusion: Optimal physiological activity in the peel of Soldam is achieved when it is dried for 18 h using hot air. In future product development utilizing dried Soldam plum, an 18 h drying period is recommended. Additionally, further research should explore enzyme activity and anti-inflammatory properties in addition to antioxidant activity.

Application of Rhizopus microsporus and Aspergillus oryzae to enhance the defense capacity of eggplant seedlings against Meloidogyne incognita

Several phytopathogens attack eggplant, causing crop damage. One of the most destructive plant diseases, Root-Knot Nematode (RKN), causes significant damage to eggplant seedlings. Finding safe and effective biological alternatives to prevent eggplant root nematode disease, which significantly limits plant productivity, is the innovative aspect of this study. Six isolates of plant growth-promoting fungus (PGPF) were tested in the current work for improving biochemical defense and physio-biochemical performance in eggplant seedlings under the Meloidogyne incognita challenge. PGPF isolates were tested in vitro for some biochemical traits such as Siderophores and HCN production. Besides, the antagonistic efficacy of PGPF filtrates against M. incognita was tested in vitro. The best isolates capable of producing HCN were F5 and F3 respectively. Also, F5 followed by F3 exhibited the maximum mortality proportions of 74.20% and 60.35% mortality in nematode juveniles after 96 hours respectively. Moreover, F5 has the highest level of antioxidant activity, with IC50 145 µg/mL followed by F3 with IC50 350 µg/mL. thus, we identified F5 and F3 completely as Rhizopus microsporus (OQ291571.1 and Aspergillus oryzae OQ291572.1. Implementing R. microsporus and A. oryzae collectively in vivo study was the most successful therapy, limiting nematode recordings as 95.23%, 86.98%, 80.35%, 80%, and 68.78% reduction in females, galls, developmental stage, egg masses, second juveniles, respectively, in diseased seedlings. It could be suggested that the use of ethyl acetate extracts (EAE) of A. oryzae and R. microsporus might be commercially applied as a stimulator of eggplant and or anti-nematodes against M. incognita.

Application of Pickering emulsion with microcrystalline cellulose in vitamin C double emulsion process with spray drying technology

ABSTRACT This research studies the impacts of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) concentrations on the physicochemical properties of spray-dried water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) vitamin C double emulsion powder Four MCC concentration (1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) were used to produce the vitamin C double emulsion powder. The results of the emulsion’s creaming index, flow behaviour index, zeta value, and particle size indicated that these parameters decreased when the MCC concentration increased. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the higher MCC concentration resulted in a smoother surface In general, the MCC concentration increased, the particle size, hygroscopicity, solubility, water content, and water activity of the double emulsion powder decreased. Double emulsion powder containing 2% MCC presented the highest level of antioxidant activity and was mostly stable after storage for 56 days. Before and after drying, transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis of the morphological characteristics of the liquid emulsion showed that the concentration of 2% MCC in the emulsion could form a W/O/W double emulsion structure. In conclusion, the addition of MCC significantly affect the properties of vitamin C double emulsion.