High Levees Research Articles

Centrifuge modeling of levees with geocomposite chimney drain subjected to flooding

The objective of present study is to evaluate the performance of a levee subjected to flooding and seepage through centrifuge model tests. For this, six model tests were conducted on a 240 mm high levee model at 30g in a 4.5 m radius large beam centrifuge. A custom-developed simulator is employed to induce identical flood rates on the upstream side of models. Further, using (a) geocomposite (GC) and (b) sand-sandwiched geocomposite (SSGC) as internal chimney drain, the suitability of GC material for dissipation of pore-water pressure (PWP) is also studied. The results of the centrifuge tests are discussed in terms of the development of upstream flood function, PWP within the levee body, and the surface settlements at the levee's crest. Further, the influence of an internal chimney drain, the material used for its construction, and its type and composition on the seepage response of the levee are discussed. It is observed that a GC-based chimney drain with sand cushioning on both sides in the horizontal portion of the chimney drain performs well. Further, digital image analysis of SEM micrographs of exhumed GC after centrifuge tests and the analyzed PWP data during sustained flooding-induced seepage is found to corroborate well.

Professional performance of the graduate in optometry and optics in the calculation and adaptation of contact lenses

Introduction: the appearance, evolution and development of contact lenses brought with it a therapeutic method to correct refractive error, treat corneal ectasias and improve the patient s visual quality, thereby improving the profesional performance of the graduate in Optometry and Optics in this area it constitutes an aspect of singular importance within the medical sciences. Objetive: define profesional performance of graduates in Optometry and Optics in the calculation and adaptation of contact lenses. Method: a search was carried out in the Google Academic/ Scholar PUBMED, SciELO Public Health, SciELo Cuba engines. In the search strategy, the terms were used: profesional performance, contact lenses, quality of health services. A bibliographic review of 43 articles related to the topic under investigation was carried out. Results: we work to train a profesional with scientific mastery who responds to social needs, without abandoning the humanistic conception, since contemporary times demand a high leve lof performance, with the purpose of providing better care to patients visual problems. Conclusions: professional performance has been studied from different angles, highlihting the works of different authors, who offer as results of research models, methodologies and strategies as options aimed at the process of improving professional performance in different educations, whichis why it is done it is necessary to highlight the work of the graduate in Optometry and Optics in the calculation and adaptation of contact lenses base don visual health

Analysis of Sexual Education Knowledge in Children of Elementary School

ex education in Indonesia is still controversial, there are still many members of society who do not approve of sex education at home or at school. In general, society's view of sex education is something that is considered "taboo" to talk about with children, especially early childhood. People think that there will be a time when they will understand it naturally. Sex education that is not given at an early age results in high leve’ls of sexual violence against children by those closest to the child, including the family. The aim of this community service is to provide an understanding of sex education to children. The implementation of community service activities is carried out at elementary schools in the Sukaraja sub-district with participants taken from grades V and VI. The method used is lectures and questions and answers, with the media used LCD projectors and leaflets. The results of the implementation of this community service activity from the participants in class V and VI students who attended looked very enthusiastic, after the questionnaires before and after giving health education regarding sex education there appeared to be an increase in knowledge. The implementation of providing health education regarding sex education to increase knowledge for elementary school students in the Sukaraja sub-district with risks that might occur with the condition of the community really needs to be done, apart from being an addition and enhancing knowledge as well as an act to reduce the risk of child sexual abuse.

Flood diversions and bypasses: Benefits and challenges

AbstractWhile levees are typically the focus of attention during floods, and higher levees are commonly demanded by the public for flood protection, levees alone cannot manage floods. Flood diversions take water from a flooding river to reduce stage in the main river, diverting excess flow to another location, often providing important ecological functions. Flood diversions are critically important complements to levees in managing floods on the Mississippi and Sacramento rivers, and elsewhere, with early examples going back 3000 years. Diversions range widely in design and function, so we propose a typology: flood bypasses, reconnected floodplains, compound channels, backwaters, distributaries, and inter‐basin transfers. Flood bypasses route floodwaters around critical reaches, rejoining the river downstream; they can be tunnels and hard‐engineered channels or wide areas of floodplain designated to convey flood flows, along a continuum of increasing residence time, greater potential for ecological benefit, but also greater land requirements. Managing the flow split (bifurcation) at the start of the flow diversion can be tricky. The flow split will depend on the angle and elevation difference between main channel and diversion, and can be affected by land subsidence, deposition of sediment, and accumulation of debris in either channel or control structures. One of the greatest challenges is keeping flow paths in the diversion free of development incompatible with inundation, but as these are often private lands and local governments are reluctant to withhold building permits, it has proved difficult to prevent such development, especially when the diversion is active only rarely.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness Science of Water > Water Extremes

A Reactive Oxygen Species-Tyrosinase Cascade-Activated Prodrug for Selectively Suppressing Melanoma

“Off-target effect” is one of the obstacles for targeted prodrugs in chemotherapy. To circumvent this issue, herein we propose a dual biomarker cascade-activated prodrug strategy based on high leve...

Evolution of gas hydrate–bearing deep-water channel-levee system in abyssal Gulf of Mexico: Levee growth and deformation

Gas hydrate in the Green Canyon area (Block 955) in the northern Gulf of Mexico is hosted by relatively clay-free silty levee deposits bounding a Pleistocene submarine channel. During the initial phase of channel development, the channel axis experienced sediment bypass while silty to sandy flanking levees formed. Development of high levees prompted gravitational collapse along normal faults dipping toward the channel axis. Extension at the levees was accompanied by compression at the channel axis. The gravitational failure caused rotation and displacement of the levee deposits. Later, deposition occurred within channel axis, whereas only fine-grained sediments accumulated on the levees. The change in depositional style is interpreted as the result of reduced height and strength of the turbidity currents moving along the channel at the later stage, which restricted most nonclay fraction sediments to the levee-confined channel. There is no gravitational failure in this stage, probably because relief between the levee crest and channel floor was reduced because of deposition within the channel. The hydrates are almost entirely restricted to the clay-poor levee deposits formed during the early stage of channel development, with minor hydrate accumulation in late-stage channel axial deposits. The silty levee reservoir is compartmentalized because of the presence of gravitational failure surfaces and an extensive network of salt-related normal faults. The results of this predominantly seismic stratigraphic study completed as a part of The University of Texas at Austin/US Department of Energy Deep-Water Methane Hydrate Characterization and Scientific Assessment project should be compared with sedimentological information from analysis of pressurized cores obtained during The University of Texas-Gulf of Mexico 2-1 (UT-GOM2-1) Hydrate Pressure Coring Expedition presented elsewhere in this volume.

Current status of economically important diadromous fish species of Turkey; European eel, Black Sea trout and sturgeon species

Turkey has a rich variety of fish species in the rivers with a total length of 177,714 km in Turkey. Freshwater fish live in rivers, streams, creeks, dam lakes, natural lakes, wetland areas, etc. The life of migratory fish is threatened by the anthropogenic impact on aquatic habitats. Human activities that disrupt river integrity can be listed as; dam and hydro power plant constructions, high levees, sluices, weirs and bridges, sand-gravel quarries, recreational works, wetland depletion, water pollutions, overfishing, habitat losses, climate changes, water pumping from a river to other river basins, drinking water, dried river beds etc. The most important diadromous fish species in Turkey are sturgeon species (Acipenseridae), European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax). In this study, the past and present status of these species are reviewed.

Homophily and Segregation in Cooperative Networks

Social networks affect individuals’ ability to solve conflicts between individual and collective interests. Indeed, the ability to seek out cooperative others is a key explanation for the high leve...

Resistance of Laminar Drain Reinforcement Levee against Overflow Erosion

As a method for reinforcing against overflow erosion and infiltration, this study investigated a laminar drain reinforcement (LDR) levee, in which the drain layers are set on the back slope and connected to concrete panels using geogrid layers. We examined the resistance against overflow erosion of the LDR levee by large-scale model tests with a 1 m high model levee. We also compared the resistance of an armored levee, which is covered with concrete panels, and a GRS (geosynthetic-reinforced soil) levee, in which the geogrid layers are laid in the levee body with connecting concrete panels. The results of the model tests reveal that: (1) the LDR levee can maintain the initial height and shape for more than 150 min; by comparison, the times to levee failure were 87 and 102 min for the armored and GRS levees, respectively; (2) the LDR levee was shown to have a highly tenacious structure offering resistance to overflow erosion. In particular, panels easily flowed out with a slight gap (less than 1 cm) for the armored levee, while the LDR levee was able to prevent flowing out of panels and the erosion of the levee body, thanks to the laminar drain at the back slope, even when the gaps between the surface panels exceeded 5 cm.

Adaptive water infrastructure planning for nonstationary hydrology

Abstract The uncertainty of a changing climate raises challenges for water infrastructure planning and design. Not accounting for nonstationarity may result in under-designed structures that fail too frequently, or over-designed structures that are economically inefficient. This concern is magnified by uncertainty in the long-term frequency and magnitude of future extreme events. Planning strategies that allow adaptations over a structure's life could improve both reliability and economic efficiency. This study develops a method to inform adaptive water infrastructure planning with uncertain hydrologic and other forms of nonstationarity, applied to levee system planning. A stochastic dynamic programming model including a Markov process is developed for infrastructure planning with uncertain nonstationarity in flood frequency. Bayes' theorem is used to update peak flow probabilities conditioned on observed past peak flows and to update expected residual flood damages over time. A levee system planning problem with a numerical example from California illustrates the approach to derive optimal levee heights over time, and economic values of adapting to uncertain nonstationary flood risk. The projected range of probabilistic hydrology scenarios affects the optimal results, particularly in later planning stages as hydrology scenarios diverge with time. Adaptive planning strategies allowing more levee upgrades over time slightly lowers the overall cost and provides better flood protection than one-time construction under nonstationary hydrology for any climate in the example. Compared to a known future nonstationary hydrology, incorporating uncertain nonstationary climate results in higher levees being planned for observed severe hydrology scenarios in later stages. The overall present value cost with uncertain nonstationary climate depends on rates of change in peak flow distribution parameters in future hydrology scenarios.

Acid sulfate soil evolution models and pedogenic pathways during drought and reflooding cycles in irrigated areas and adjacent natural wetlands

The severe Millennium Drought (2007–2010) left an area of over 5000ha in the Lower Murray River (South Australia) dried, cracked and acidified as river and groundwater levels fell nearly 2m. In this study, we examined irrigated agricultural areas and an adjacent natural wetland for comparison, which were both affected by the drought. Approximately 3m deep soil cores were collected along transects in three sections of the Lower Murray Reclaimed Irrigation Area (LMRIA) on multiple occasions between 2011 and 2015 and an adjacent natural wetland in 2007. Soil properties measured included pH, reduced inorganic sulfur (RIS, pyrite), titratable actual acidity (TAA), retained acidity, acid neutralising capacity (ANC), X-ray diffraction analyses and scanning electron microscopy. A series of explanatory soil-regolith hydro-toposequence models were developed during the pre-drought period, drying period, and subsequent wetting/reflooding post-drought period. These models indicate that prior to draining of the natural wetlands for irrigated agriculture the region cycled between wetting and flushing, and partial drying conditions in response to seasonal and climatic cycles causing the build-up of hypersulfidic material to be kept in check by oxidation of pyrite during dry periods/droughts and removal during scouring floods. As the region became managed for navigation and irrigation by installing barrages and locks, pyrite began to build-up. The extreme lowering of the water table during the Millennium Drought resulted in deep oxidation of sulfides in anaerobic hypersulfidic material to depths >3.5m in the previously saturated irrigated pastures and within 50cm of the soil surface in the natural wetlands. Oxidation and acidification between 0.5 and 3.5m of Hypersulfidic clayey soils was enhanced by the formation of large cracks up to 3.5m deep. Rewetting and flooding after the drought caused mobilization of sulfuric acid, soluble sulfates, ferrous iron, nutrients and metals with transport into the River Murray. Our findings highlight that irrigated areas formed deeper sulfuric materials (>3.5m) than in adjacent natural wetlands (<1m) due to the difficulties in the management of water tables in irrigation areas because of the installation of high levee banks and deep drains. Maintaining water tables on agricultural soils via irrigation and subsequent drainage will promote the rapid formation of deep (>3.5m) acid sulfate soils with sulfuric material containing extensive retained acidity (jarosite), which can persist for decades or longer.

River management and flooding: The lesson of December 2015–January 2016, central USA

The huge winter storm of December 23–29, 2015 delivered heavy rainfall in a broad swath across the USA, deluging East-Central Missouri. Record high river levels were set at many sites, but damages were most pronounced in developed floodplain areas, particularly where high levees were built or river channels greatly narrowed. An average of 20 cm of rain that mostly fell in three days impacted the entire 10 300 km2 Meramec Basin. Compared to the prior record flood of 1982, the highest relative stage (+1.3 m) on Meramec River occurred at Valley Park proximal to (1) a new levee, (2) a landfill in the floodway, (3) large floodplain construction fills, and (4) tributary creek basins impacted by suburban sprawl. Even though only a small fraction of the 1.8 million km2 Mississippi River watershed above St. Louis received extraordinary rainfall during this event, the huge channelized river near and below St. Louis rapidly rose to set the 3rd-highest to the highest stages ever, exhibiting the flashy response typical of a much smaller river.

LUSI MITIGATION IMPLICATIONS OF BPLS AND OTHER SUBSIDENCE MEASUREMENTS

Since the beginning of LUSI eruption, extrusion of mud has been accompanied by deformation of the land surface extending out as much as three km from the main vent. Deformation generally consists of subsidence, however also includes uplift in certain areas and minor surface faulting and cracking as surface blocks of sediment move. BPLS monthly leveling since 12/2007 by laser surveying gives the most reliable measure of vertical movement around the perimeter of the mud ponds. This has been augmented by differential GPS measurements that extends farther out. Subsidence beneath the mud within the levees is difficult to be measured accurately. Rapid subsidence, rising mud, and continuous addition of dirt to maintain the internal dikes make it impossible to maintain a system of benchmarks in the inner area. Shape of the surface beneath the mud can be estimated by indicators such as early GPS measurements, tilting of partially buried buildings, and the rate at which tiers of sandbags have disappeared beneath the mud. We have synthesized all available data to produce a contour map of estimated total deformation for the first 35 months of eruption despite limitations of the data such as variable quality, contradictions, poor point distribution, and observations over variable time intervals.&#x0D; &#x0D; Pre-eruption land surface near LUSI was a nearly level plain about 4 m above MSL sloping about 0.45 m/km NE toward the sea and away from the artificially high channel and levees of the Porong River. Land around the vent has subsided in the form of an asymmetrical shallow funnel where the gentle tilt of about 10 m/km around the margins increases dramatically near the vent. Early ITB continuous differential GPS measurements of horizontal movement indicated a point of maximum subsidence about 250 m northwest of the main vent. Our contours indicate 65 million m³ of mud is presently stored. About 60% occupies the subsidence depression, the rest is confined by the dikes. About 200 m south of the vent is a flexure zone trending generally east-west that separates fast subsidence from slower subsidence to the south. This flexure has caused difficulty in mitigation by blocking flow of mud southward towards disposal points along the Porong River.&#x0D; &#x0D; On the west side of the subsidence cone, flexure toward the vent area has stretched the ground surface, breaking it with steep north-northeast trending fractures that localize methane gas venting. These resulting blocks settle unevenly, creating horsts and grabens with offset less than 15 cm. This fracturing probably extends east beneath the levees although it is not clearly expressed there. Transverse to this pattern near the former toll road bridge is a 100 m-wide zone characterized by the highest subsidence rates outside the levees. This subsidence of about 1.5 m in three years is much less than an estimated 40 m subsidence beneath the mud near the vent, but lies across natural drainage and causes local flooding. At present rates of subsidence, this area will be below sea level in four years and become a pond unless constantly pumped. Until the road realignment is completed, most of the commercial traffic of East Java must travel through this area, and the proposed realignment still lies perilously close to northwesterly expanding subsidence. Increased methane venting and ground cracking has made West Siring Village too hazardous for continued habitation.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Subsidence, mitigation, LUSI, mud, eruption

Anorexia Nervosa. Treatment Review.

ANOREXA NERVOSA. TREATMENT REVIEW. Introduction Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex and severe psychiatricdisorder. Currently, treatment has limited effecttiveness. Method Articles in Pubmed and TripDatabase, using 'anorexia nervosaand therapeutics'. Also activated filters: publication date from2013/09/01 to 2014/09/31. Objetive The update of the lastest publications on treatment of anorexia nervosa. Results We select six studies (two reviews and five clinical trial)because of the topic relation and the high leve of evidence. One review is about Neuromodulation effects and the other aboutDeep-brain stimulation on AN. Two of the clinical trials are about psycotherapyand two about pharmacological treatment. Conclusion Psycotherapy is the treatment of choice, although in that momentwe can found studies about alternative treatment for specific cases. Neuromodulation tools havepotencial for reducing eating disorderssymtomatology and realted behaviours. Preliminary results about Deep-brainstimulation showed that may be is a option for weight restoration inotherwise-refractory and life-threatening cases. Both reviews required morereserch to evaluated the long-term outcomes in eating disorders. Focal Psychodynamic therapy proved advantages in terms of recovery at 12-month follow up, and enhanced Cognitivebehaviour therapy was more effective with respect to speed of weighgain and improvements in eating disorders psychppathology. Cognitive Remediation therapy study confirms the feasibility for anorexia nervosa. Relative to pharmacological treatment, Dronabinol insevere AN induce a smal but signoficant weight gain. And Lamotrigina studyshow that maybe is useful in patients who binge eat and purge.

Review of Pathogenesis of Eating Disorders

Introduction Eating disorders are psychological illnesses defined by abnormal eating habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the detriment of an individual's physical and mental health. There are many causes of eating disorders, including biological, psychological and/or environmental abnormalities. Method Articles in Pubmed and MeSH Database, using 'pathogenesis of eating disorders'. Also activated filters: publication date from 2013/01/01 to 2014/01/01. Objetive The update of the lastest publications on pathogenesis of eating disorders. Results We select seven studies (three reviews and four clinical trial) because of the topic relation and the high leve of evidence. Conclusion Gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) were strongly reduced in acute AN. The completeness of brain volume rehabilitation remained equivocal. Psychosocial resources were found to have strong associations with symptomatology. These findings provide additional support for the association between traumatization and ED. Clinical interventions for traumatized ED patients may benefit from a focus on post-traumatic stress symptomatology and personal resources. We suggest that identifying comorbid ADHD is crucial for these patients and argue for the use of a structured interview, collateral history and investigation of onset of symptoms to establish a diagnosis of ADHD in adults with bulimia nervosa. Comorbidities and overlap of symptomatology need to be taken into account. And maternal eating disorders together with comorbid psychopathology increase risk for psychiatric disorders in childhood and early adolescence, in particular for emotional disorders. This has important implications for prevention and future research.

プロカルシトニン異常高値を示した重症レジオネラ肺炎の一救命例

プロカルシトニン異常高値を示した重症レジオネラ肺炎の一救命例

Carbonate Lake Deposits Associated With Distal Siliciclastic Perennial-River Systems

Abstract The genesis of thick accumulations of carbonate lake deposits on the siliciclastic floodplains of perennial rivers situated below the regional spring line requires (1) a significant source for calcium in the watershed and (2) a protected area to accumulate calcite. The Phanerozoic record of fluvial deposits shows that anastomosing rivers with carbonate-rich provenance situated in distal areas below the spring line are the best environments for floodplain accumulation of significant carbonate lake deposits. Anastomosing rivers exist below the regional spring line and have isolated flood basins generally protected from bedload by high levees, receiving suspended and dissolved load during flooding events. Numerical modeling to test the rate of accumulation for these carbonate sediments was performed using stratigraphic data from the Pennsylvanian succession containing floodplain limestones of the Stewart Quadrangle of Athens County in Ohio (USA). Limestone volumes for six limestone units (Upper Pittsburgh, Fishpot, Sewickley, Benwood/Arnoldsburg, Uniontown, and Waynesburg limestones) were calculated with the assumption of overland input of dissolved calcite from carbonate source areas. In comparing the calcium input rate to the amount of calcium calculated from limestone unit volumes, overland transport of calcium ions, not spring input, can supply sufficient ions to accumulate thick carbonates over the short lifetime of floodplain lakes within anastomosing river systems.

Special Report: Defending New Orleans

Eight years after Hurricane Katrina struck, the New Orleans region is being ringed by a more than $14-billion system of stronger and higher levees, improved floodwalls, and new storm surge barriers that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers says provides the best defenses against hurricanes that the region has ever known. This special report examines what was constructed, how it is expected to work, and why various experts and groups have such strong feelings pro and con about the new system.

663 – Parent's stress during adulthood, induce anxiety-like behavior in rat off-springs

Introduction In competitive world of today, stress is not preventable. Stress may result in different behavioral, hormonal and/or molecular pathologies. Objectives To our knowledge all the studies up to know, in this field is limited to stress victims, in their own generation not their next generation at all. Aims In order to study any possible foot print of parent's stress on their off springs we planned this study. Method 48 male and female 250 gr adult rats were divided to four groups (n=12). Stressed and control. To induce stress, forced swim stress was administered daily 15 min for 21 continuous days. Mating between groups resulted in four type of pups. Stressed both mother and father, just mother stressed, just father stressed, and non-stressed parents. So, we can conclude that anxiety could be transferred from parents to offspring. off springs were studied at 30th day of age by elevated plus maze and biochemical studies for corticosterone plasma level. Result Our results showed a higher corticosterone plasma leve and anxiety-like behavior in victim pups in comparison to control. Conclusion Our results showed anxiety in victim pups, but not the pups with normal parents. So, we can conclude that anxiety could be transferred from parents to offsprings.

STRESS AND COGNITIVE PROSESSES

The attempt has been made to study psychophysiological changes witch take place during the influence of examination stress on healthy and mentally retarded children aged 14-16 years. In the children psychological and cognitive indexes were studied. The experiments were conducted on the children in three stages: in one of the usual school hours (control), before and after the examination. The data analyses indicate that psycho-physiological changes were more prominent in healthy children i.e. high levee of anxiety index and weakness of cognitive indexes was registered. While after the examination all the mentioned indexes restored to their control level. In contrast to healthy children in mentally retarded ones during control examination high level of anxiety was no ticed, while cognitive indexes were by 35 % lower than the control level. During examination period all these indexes remained at the relatively constant level. The comparative analyses of the obtained data allow to put forward a proposal that examination stress courses pschoemotinal conditions in children depending on their mental development and there by can exert serious influence on their health.