High-intensity Interval Training Sessions Research Articles

Exercise enhances hepatic mitochondrial structure and function while preventing endoplasmic reticulum stress and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in mice fed a high-fat diet

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has attracted increasing attention from the scientific community because of its severe but silent progression and the lack of specific treatment. Glucolipotoxicity triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with decreased beta-oxidation and enhanced lipogenesis, promoting the onset of MASLD, whereas regular physical exercise can prevent MASLD by preserving ER and mitochondrial function. Thus, the hypothesis of this study was that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) could prevent the development of MASLD in high-fat (HF)-fed C57BL/6J mice by maintaining insulin sensitivity, preventing ER stress, and promoting beta-oxidation. Forty male C57BL/6J mice (3 months old) comprised 4 experimental groups: the control (C) diet group, the C diet + HIIT (C-HIIT) group, the HF diet group, and the HF diet + HIIT (HF-HIIT) group. HIIT sessions lasted 12 minutes and were performed 3 times weekly by trained mice. The diet and exercise protocols lasted for 10 weeks. The HIIT protocol prevented weight gain and maintained insulin sensitivity in the HF-HIIT group. A chronic HF diet increased ER stress-related gene and protein expression, but HIIT helped to maintain ER homeostasis, preserve mitochondrial ultrastructure, and maximize beta-oxidation. The increased sirtuin-1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha expression implies that HIIT enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and yielded adequate mitochondrial dynamics. High hepatic fibronectin type III domain containing 5/irisin agreed with the antilipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects observed in the HF-HIIT group, reinforcing the antisteatotic effects of HIIT. Thus, we confirmed that practicing HIIT 3 times per week maintained insulin sensitivity, prevented ER stress, and enhanced hepatic beta-oxidation, impeding MASLD development in this mouse model even when consuming high energy intake from saturated fatty acids.

Applicability of a supramaximal high-intensity interval training program for older adults previously not engaged in regular exercise; analyses of secondary outcomes from the Umeå HIT Study

This analysis of secondary outcomes investigated the applicability of supramaximal high-intensity interval training (HIT) with individually prescribed external intensity performed on stationary bicycles. Sixty-eight participants with a median (min; max) age of 69 (66; 79), at the time not engaged in regular exercise were randomized to 25 twice-weekly sessions of supramaximal HIT (20-min session with 10 × 6-s intervals) or moderate-intensity training (MIT, 40-min session with 3 × 8-min intervals).The primary aim was outcomes on applicability regarding; adherence to prescribed external interval intensity, participant reported positive and negative events, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE 6–20), and affective state (Feeling Scale, FS -5–5). A secondary aim was to investigate change in exercise-related self-efficacy (Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale) and motivation (Behavioural Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire-2).Total adherence to the prescribed external interval intensity was [median (min; max)] 89 % (56; 100 %) in supramaximal HIT, and 100 % (95; 100 %) in MIT. The supramaximal HIT group reported 60 % of the positive (112 of 186) and 36 % of the negative (52 of 146) events. At the end of the training period, the median (min; max) session RPE was 15 (12; 17) for supramaximal HIT and 14 (9; 15) for MIT. As for FS, the median last within-session rating was 3 (−1; 5) for supramaximal HIT and 3 (1; 5) for MIT. Exercise-related motivation increased (mean difference in Relative Autonomy Index score = 1.54, 95 % CI [0.69; 2.40]), while self-efficacy did not change (mean difference = 0.55, 95 % CI [-0.75; 1.82]), regardless of group.This study provide support for supramaximal HIT in supervised group settings for older adults.

Psychophysiological Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training Exercise over Menstrual Cycle Phases: An Exploratory Study.

Although there is potential for the menstrual cycle to impact psychophysiological responses to exercise, there has been a paucity of studies investigating this aspect, specifically in the context of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This exploratory study aimed to examine the psychophysiological responses to HIIT over the menstrual cycle. Twenty-three healthy and physically active young women were recruited. Each woman completed a cycle ergometer HIIT session in the menstrual, follicular, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in a random order. Psychophysiological variables of interest were collected at baseline, and during and after exercise. Primary variables of interest were anxiety, mood, motivation, enjoyment, arousal, affect, and menstrual distress. Higher pain, water retention, behavior change (related to social interactions, eating habits, and self-performance), and autonomic reactions (consisting of nausea, dizziness, hot flashes, and cold sweats) were observed before HIIT during the menstrual phase compared to the follicular phase (p < 0.05). Participants exhibited worse psychological responses to HIIT sessions during the menstrual phase, followed by the luteal phase. Findings also noted participants arrived to the laboratory with lower motivation to initiate HIIT sessions during the luteal and menstrual phases compared to the follicular phase. This difference was observed before and during HIIT. Motivation and depressive symptoms showed a significant reduction from pre-HIIT to post-HIIT (p < 0.05), regardless of menstrual phase. The findings revealed that the menstrual cycle had a significant impact on psychophysiological responses. Moreover, HIIT could be adopted to improve motivation and depressive symptoms, however, further research is needed to explore the effects of HIIT across the menstrual cycle in women with clinical depression.

PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION (PNF) STRETCHING IN FUTSAL SPORT: HOW DOES IT AFFECT RECOVERY PULSE RATE AFTER HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING?

Background and Study Aim. During exercise, the work of the heart will be controlled by sympathetic nerves that will regulate the frequency of heart rate through the depolarization effect. Faster changes in depolarization effects can affect action potentials that become more frequent, so that the heart rate will increase. Stretching serves to improve blood flow and circulation, so it can help in lowering the pulse rate. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of PNF stretching on pulse rate recovery after doing HIIT on futsal players. Material and Methods. This research is an experimental research with the design of this research is control group pretest-posttest consisting of 20 people with sampling technique using population sampling. They were divided by ordinal pairing into two groups, namely the PNF stretching group and the control group. The PNF stretching group underwent PNF stretching session after HIIT session, while the control group only did HIIT session without PNF stretching. Recovery pulse rate was measured before and after the HIIT session, as well as after the PNF stretching intervention or rest period for the control group. Analysis was assisted using SPSS 26. Results. The results showed a significant decrease in recovery pulse rate in the experimental group with an average pretest value of 75.6, posttest 86.8 (p=0.000) with an effectiveness value of 85.8%. The control group showed a less significant decrease in recovery pulse rate, with an average pretest value of 75.2, posttest 76.8 (p=0.104) with an effectiveness value of 75.8%. Conclusion. So that this research is expected to serve as material for consideration, reference, and knowledge for parties related to the world of sports and health science, especially the effectiveness of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching on pulse recovery after doing High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT).

Recovery After High-Intensity Interval Training in Professional Soccer Players: Passive-Active Combination Recovery Technique

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate which of the passive recovery (PR), active recovery (AR) and passive-active combination recovery (PAR) techniques applied after the end of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) was more effective in professional super league soccer players. Method: 28 trained professional male soccer players (age: 24.79±2.75 years, height: 180.50±5.81 cm, weight: 74.18±5.47 kg) from the Türkiye Super League team participated in this study voluntarily. Before the study, participants were assigned to 3 groups according to heart rate (HR) and lactic acid (La) levels. Each HIIT load intensity was determined according to the Karvonen method. HIIT sessions were performed for 5 repetitions of 2 minutes (1 set = 5x2 minutes) and a 30-second rest was given between repetitions. At the end of the set, a 2-minute recovery period was applied. Three different recovery techniques, PR, AR and PAR, were applied alternately to each group at the end of the HIIT programs. Participants' HR and La values were taken at the end of HIIT and recovery techniques. Differences between the obtained data were determined by repeated measures one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison tests. P&lt;0.05 level was considered significant in all tests. Results: Although there was no significant difference in La levels between groups (p&gt;0.05), significant differences were observed between HR and loading intensities (p&lt;0.05). According to the results of multiple comparisons, the recoveries in HR and La levels were found to be significant in favor of the PAT group (p&lt;0.05). Discussion: It can be thought that football players increase the mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative and lipid oxidation capacities of skeletal muscles due to adaptations to HIIT and similar heavy workouts. Depending on these developments in the athletes' condition, it can be said that all three recovery techniques affect the decrease of HR and La in the two-minute period. Conclusion: PR and PAR techniques were effective in reducing HR levels. AR and PAR techniques were effective in reducing La levels. Therefore, it can be said that the PAR technique is more effective in reducing both HR and La levels together.

The Effect of Acute Physical Fatigue on Information Processing, Pain Threshold and Muscular Performance

This study explores the multifaceted effects of acute physical fatigue on information processing, pain threshold, and muscular performance. Enrolling 28 recreational athletes, we used a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol to induce fatigue and conducted pre- and post-intervention assessments. Our findings revealed significant physiological and performance adaptations following the HIIT sessions. Key observations included increased heart rate and rate of perceived exertion and an enhancement in horizontal jump performance and isometric hand strength but no significant change in cognitive processing speed. Remarkably, participants demonstrated a notable increase in pain threshold and blood lactate levels post-exercise. These results challenge traditional views of fatigue, indicating not only a physiological but also a psychological resilience to high-intensity stress. This study provides new insights into the complex interplay between physical fatigue, cognitive function, and pain perception, highlighting the comprehensive effects of HIIT on both physiological and psychological dimensions of human performance.

Acute effects of high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on haemostasis in patients with coronary artery disease

Exercise training is associated with an acute net increase in coagulation, which may increase the risk of atherothrombosis in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. We sought to compare the acute haemostatic effects of a bout of moderate-intensity continuous (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in patients with CAD. Patients after a recent myocardial infarction were randomized into a HIIT or MICT session of exercise training on a stationary bike. Blood was sampled at baseline, after the exercise bout and after a one-hour resting period. We measured overall haemostatic potential (OHP), overall coagulation potential (OCP), fibrinogen, D-dimer and von Willebrand factor (vWF) and calculated overall fibrinolytic potential (OFP). Linear mixed models for repeated measures were constructed to assess the treatment effect. A total of 117 patients were included. OCP, OHP, fibrinogen, D-dimer and vWF significantly increased after exercise and returned to baseline after a one-hour rest, OFP decreased after exercise and returned to baseline levels after a one-hour rest. Linear mixed models showed a significant difference between HIIT and MICT in fibrinogen (p 0.043) and D-dimer (p 0.042). Our study has shown that an exercise bout is associated with a transient procoagulant state in patients with CAD, with similar exercise-induced haemostatic changes for HIIT and MICT.

The Development and Evaluation of Netball-Specific High-Intensity Interval Training Sessions: The Netball-HIIT Study.

This two-phase study involved the design, development, and evaluation of netball-specific high-intensity interval training sessions (Netball-HIIT) for use with netballers of varied ages and abilities. In Phase 1 (2020), a systematic analysis of netball GPS data from 30 netball players and gameplay video footage (10 h) was conducted, followed by the design and testing of five 8 min Netball-HIIT sessions involving 100 netball players (age 21 ± 8.44 years; Australia). In Phase 2 (2021), the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of delivering one Netball-HIIT session each week for five weeks was assessed using a two-armed, dose-matched, randomized, controlled feasibility study with netball players (born in 2010) (Netball HIIT n = 15; Netball Knee Program: NKP n = 15). Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness was assessed at baseline and 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models and Cohen's d effect sizes. Netball-HIIT sessions were highly rated by players, and higher average (139 bpm) and peak heart rates (156 bpm) were detected amongst Netball-HIIT participants (KNP = 127 bpm and 152 bpm). We observed a large effect for cardiorespiratory fitness (+2.4 laps, d = 0.89), and a small to medium effect for muscular fitness (push-ups +1.2, d = 0.49; standing jump +0.8 cm, d = 0.36) in favor of Netball-HIIT, suggesting that coach-led Netball-HIIT may provide a time-efficient and effective training component for use in netball.

RESPOSTAS FISIOLÓGICAS AGUDAS À “HIPÓXIA INTERMITENTE DE RECUPERAÇÃO” NO HIIT

ABSTRACT Introduction: Traditional intermittent hypoxia training improves sport performance after short periods of exposure, but acute exposure to intermittent hypoxia leads to decreased training intensity and technical quality. The solution to overcome these negative effects may be to perform efforts in normoxia and the intervals between efforts in hypoxia, maintaining the quality of training and the benefits of hypoxia. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the acute physiological responses to hypoxia exposure during recovery between high intensity efforts. Materials and methods: Randomized, one-blind, placebo-controlled study. Sixteen men performed a graded exercise test to determine their maximal intensity and two sessions of high-intensity interval training. The training intervals could be in hypoxia (HRT), FIO2: 0.136 or normoxia (NRT), FIO2: 0.209. During the two-minute interval between the ten one-minute efforts, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate ([La]), blood glucose ([Glu]) were constantly measured. Results: There were differences in HR (TRN = 120 ± 14 bpm; TRH = 129 ± 13 bpm, p &lt; 0.01) and SpO2 (TRN = 96.9 ± 1.0%; TRH = 86.2 ± 3.5%, p &lt; 0.01). No differences in [La] and [Glu] TRN (4.4 ± 1.7 mmol.l-1; 3.9 ± 0.5 mmol.l-1) and TRH (5.2 ± 2.0 mmol.l-1; 4.0 ± 0.8 mmol.l-1, p = 0.17). Conclusion: The possibility of including hypoxia only in the recovery intervals as an additional stimulus to the training, without decreasing the quality of the training, was evidenced. Level of Evidence II; Randomized Clinical Trial of Minor Quality.

Perceptions of High-Intensity Interval Training Among People With Spinal Cord Injury: A Mixed-Methods Analysis.

This mixed-method project investigated how people with spinal cord injury perceive high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Using a recumbent hand cycle, 11 active men and 9 active women with spinal cord injury or related disease participated in a single HIIT and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) session. Following exercise, participants completed surveys assessing enjoyment, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations. Ten participants were randomly selected to participate in a semistructured interview to assess perceptions toward HIIT. Quantitative survey data revealed that participants trended toward enjoying HIIT over MICT (p = .06) with similar levels of self-efficacy and outcome expectations toward HIIT and MICT (p > .05). Qualitative data revealed that participants believed HIIT would enhance long-term physical and self-evaluative outcomes; several barriers emerged that could prevent widespread adoption among the general population with spinal cord injury. Results support HIIT as a viable exercise option, although research should begin exploring ways to remove HIIT-related barriers that people with spinal cord injury may encounter.

Dynamics of indicators of functional state and physical development of students in the process of high-intensity interval training.

Aim: To investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) based on the CrossFit system on the level of students' functional state and physical development. Materials and Methods: The research involved 36 male students who were engaged in HIIT during their studies. Indicators of students' functional state and physical development after 1 and 3 years of HIIT were studied. The functional state was assessed by indicators of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and physical development - by physical education tests. Results: It has been found that HIIT has a positive effect on the indicators of the functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the body and the physical development of students. After three years of HIIT sessions, students significantly improved their heart rate, vital capacity of the lungs, Stange test, Genchi test, duration of recovery heart rate, as well as the level of development of speed qualities, strength qualities, endurance and flexibility. Conclusions: It has been established that the sports-oriented form of organization of physical education training sessions with the use of HIIT based on the CrossFit system is quite effective in improving the indicators of the functional state and physical development of students. A high level of these indicators will help to improve students' health, improve their well-being, and increase the effectiveness of their educational and, in the future, professional activities.

Acute High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Esport Performance in Super Smash Brothers Ultimate Competitors

Acute exercise has been shown to improve scores on tests of cognitive function. The cognitive variables that improve with acute exercise are also associated with esport performance. This randomized control trial examined whether performing a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise bout prior to esport competitions produced improvement in Super Smash Brothers Ultimate performance compared with the control group of college-aged e-athletes who did not perform a precompetition HIIT session (n = 28). Both competitions consisted of a round-robin style of play wherein all players in each group faced each other in head-on sets. Competition results after sedentary and after HIIT exercise were compared. Logistic regression indicated that HIIT increased the probability of winning a Super Smash Brothers Ultimate set by approximately twofold (p = .006). These data suggest that HIIT acutely improves esport performance.

Comparing the Blood Response to Hyperbaric Oxygen with High-Intensity Interval Training-A Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and have immunomodulatory effects. The lack of readily available biomarkers for assessing the dose-response relationship is a challenge in the clinical use of HBOT, motivating this feasibility study to evaluate the methods and variability. The overall hypothesis was that a short session of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) would have measurable effects on immune cells in the same physiological range as shown in HIIT; and that the individual response to these interventions can be monitored in venous blood and/or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Ten healthy volunteers performed two interventions; a 28 min HIIT session and 28 min HBO2 in a crossover design. We evaluated bulk RNA sequencing data from PBMCs, with a separate analysis of mRNA and microRNA. Blood gases, peripheral venous oxygen saturation (SpvO2), and ROS levels were measured in peripheral venous blood. We observed an overlap in the gene expression changes in 166 genes in response to HIIT and HBO2, mostly involved in hypoxic or inflammatory pathways. Both interventions were followed by downregulation of several NF-κB signaling genes in response to both HBO2 and HIIT, while several interferon α/γ signaling genes were upregulated. Only 12 microRNA were significantly changed in HBO2 and 6 in HIIT, without overlap between interventions. ROS levels were elevated in blood at 30 min and 60 min compared to the baseline during HIIT, but not during/after HBO2. In conclusion, HBOT changed the gene expression in a number of pathways measurable in PBMC. The correlation of these changes with the dose and individual response to treatment warrants further investigation.

A Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing for Prescribing High-Intensity Interval Training Sessions with Elastic Resistance

This study aims to analyze the agreement of cardiopulmonary variables between a cardiopulmonary exercise test with elastic resistance (CPxEL) and high-intensity interval exercise with elastic resistance (EL-HIIE). Methods: Twenty-two physically independent participants were recruited. Visit one consisted of conducting a health survey and anthropometric assessment. On visit two, the participants performed CPxEL. After seven days, on visit three, the participants performed EL-HIIE. The CPxEL was carried out on a rubber mat demarcated by lines representing eight stages. The test consisted of alternating back and forth steps against elastic resistance. The increments were performed at a rate of one stage per minute, following a cadence controlled by a metronome calibrated by beats per minute (bpm). The EL-HIIE was performed at the stage corresponding to an intensity of ~85% VO2max, as determined by CPxEL. The EL-HIIE consisted of 10 × 1 min (work):1 min (passive rest), with a cadence of 200 bpm. Cardiopulmonary parameters, heart rate (HR), and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured during exercise. Bland–Altman was applied to analyze the agreement between the HR and VO2 found in EL-HIIE and the values prescribed by CPxEL (~85–90% VO2max). Results: The HRpeak and VO2peak in the EL-HIIE showed good agreement with the VO2CPxEL and HRCPxEL values, showing an average difference of (−1.7 mL·kg−1·min−1) and (0.3 bpm). Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate the agreement of cardiopulmonary variables between the CPxEL and the EL-HIIE. Therefore, for a more specific prescription of EL-HIIE intensity, CPxEL can be used.

Acute exercise on complex motor memory retention: the role of task cognitive demands

ABSTRACT Acute exercise performed immediately after motor skill practice can promote motor retention. Though this effect has been largely reported using simple tasks, whether more complex motor tasks would equally benefit from acute exercise is unknown. The aim of the present study was thus to evaluate the effects of a single high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the retention of complex motor skills and to compare the results when the motor task involved required executive functions (EF) and when it did not (NEF). Sixty young adults performed a golf-putting task in which target squares were designated either by a fixed number (NEF group) or by Stroop effect (EF group). Performance was assessed by measuring accuracy in getting the golf ball into the target square. Immediately after, half of each group either performed a 13-minute running HIIT session or rested. Seven days later, the same golf-putting task was repeated. Both exercise subgroups showed significant improvements in accuracy after one week, with the EF-exercise subgroup improving more than the NEF-exercise subgroup. These findings suggest that acute exercise can facilitate complex motor skill retention, while these effects may be modulated by the degree of EF involved in the execution of the motor task.

Response to physical activity of females with multiple sclerosis throughout the menstrual cycle: a protocol for a randomised crossover trial (EMMA Project)

The relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS) and females is a crucial aspect in the development of the disease, with the ovarian hormonal cycle being a sensitive stage, especially in females...

Cardiorespiratory Responses to an Acute Bout of High Intensity Interval Training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training on a Recumbent Handcycle in People With Spinal Cord Injury: A Within-Subject Design

Objectives To compare acute cardiorespiratory responses during high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on a recumbent handcycle in persons with spinal cord injury (PwSCI). Methods Eleven males and nine females with chronic SCI (T3 – L5), aged 23 (9) years, participated in this within-subject design. Based off peak power outputs from an incremental test to exhaustion, participants engaged in a HIIT and MICT session at matched workloads on a recumbent handcycle. Workloads (Joules), time, oxygen uptake (VO2), metabolic equivalent of task (MET), heart rate (HR), and energy expenditure (kcal) were recorded during HIIT and MICT. Results Total workload was similar across HIIT (87820 ± 24021 Joules) and MICT sessions (89044 ± 23696 Joules; p &amp;gt; .05). HIIT (20.00 [.03] minutes) was shorter in duration than MICT (23.20 [2.56]; p &amp;lt; .01). Average VO2 (20.96 ± 4.84 vs. 129.38 ± 19.13 mL/kg/min O2), MET (7.54 ± 2.00 vs. 6.21 ± 1.25), and HR (146.26 ± 13.80 vs. 129.38 ± 19.13 beats per minute) responses were significantly greater during HIIT than MICT (p &amp;lt; .01). Participants burned significantly more kilocalories during HIIT (128.08 ± 35.65) than MICT (118.93 ± 29.58; p &amp;lt; .01) and at a faster rate (6.40 ± 1.78 [HIIT] vs. 5.09 ± 1.14 [MICT] kcal/min; p &amp;lt; .01). Conclusion HIIT elicits greater increases in oxygen uptake and HR than MICT in PwSCI. In significantly less time, HIIT also burned more calories than MICT.

Effect of High-intensity Interval Training Session Timing on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Overweight and Obese Individuals with Different Chronotypes

Background: Global attention on obesity prevention emphasizes cost-effective strategies, particularly physical activity. Evaluating chronobiological influences is crucial for effective treatment plans. Noncommunicable disease management requires a nuanced approach to address this pervasive health concern. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of chronotype-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on inflammatory biomarkers among overweight and obese individuals. Methods: This experimental study, involving 58 obese adults, utilized pretest and post-test evaluations. Participants, aged 31.65 ± 9.1 years with a mean BMI of 29.04 ± 4.04, underwent 12 weeks of cycling HIIT (10 sec on/10 sec off) thrice weekly. Pre- and post-training venous blood samples were collected, centrifuged, and stored at -80°C. Outcome measures included metabolic, inflammatory biomarkers, and anthropometric data. Result: The findings of this study demonstrate that there is a significant difference in metabolic variables such as fasting sugar, fasting insulin, 3.7%, 27% (p=0.00), and IL6 5.7% (p=0.00) levels between the chronotype-based exercise session group (CBES) and non chronotype based exercise session group (NCBES). Anthropometric and other inflammatory variables, such as Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF -alpha) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs CRP), showed no significant differences between groups. Conclusion: The study concluded that chronotype-based HIIT is effective on metabolic markers but not on inflammatory markers in obese individuals.

Middle cerebral artery blood velocity and cognitive function after high- and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise sessions

This crossover study explored the acute effect of a session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on middle cerebral artery (MCA) variables such as cerebral blood velocity, pulsatility index (PI) and resistivity index (RI) through transcranial Doppler (TCD), and cognitive function (CF - verbal fluency and Digit Span) in healthy young adults. Participants (26 healthy young adults, 13 women, 24 ± 3 years) underwent two different randomized exercise sessions: (1) MICT (60 % heart rate reserve, HRR) and (2) HIIT (80 % HRR). MCA velocity, PI, RI, CF, and serum lactate were measured immediately before and after the sessions. HIIT demonstrated improved executive function/semantic fluency (20 %, p = 0.019), while both MICT and HIIT increased lactate (625 %, HIIT, p < 0.001, and 238 %, MICT, p < 0.001). Other assessments remained stable, except for reduced PI (p = 0.029) and RI (p = 0.023) after MICT, with no significant difference (pre-post for HIIT-MICT). Notably, cognition improvement correlated with lactate increase in HIIT (ρ = 0.436; p < 0.001). Executive function/semantic fluency increased after HIIT relative to MICT. The findings show that there are no systematic out-of-normal changes in the cerebrovascular circulation of clinically healthy adults undergoing HIIT and MICT.

Post-Exercise Protein Intake May Reduce Time in Hypoglycemia Following Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise among Adults with Type 1 Diabetes.

Little is known about the role of post-exercise protein intake on post-exercise glycemia. Secondary analyses were conducted to evaluate the role of post-exercise protein intake on post-exercise glycemia using data from an exercise pilot study. Adults with T1D (n = 11), with an average age of 33.0 ± 11.4 years and BMI of 25.1 ± 3.4, participated in isoenergetic sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Participants completed food records on the days of exercise and provided continuous glucose monitoring data throughout the study, from which time in range (TIR, 70-180 mg/dL), time above range (TAR, >180 mg/dL), and time below range (TBR, <70 mg/dL) were calculated from exercise cessation until the following morning. Mixed effects regression models, adjusted for carbohydrate intake, diabetes duration, and lean mass, assessed the relationship between post-exercise protein intake on TIR, TAR, and TBR following exercise. No association was observed between protein intake and TIR, TAR, or TBR (p-values ≥ 0.07); however, a borderline significant reduction of -1.9% (95% CI: -3.9%, 0.0%; p = 0.05) TBR per 20 g protein was observed following MICT in analyses stratified by exercise mode. Increasing post-exercise protein intake may be a promising strategy to mitigate the risk of hypoglycemia following MICT.