High-intensity Intermittent Training Research Articles

Effectiveness of short sprint interval training in women with major depressive disorder: a proof-of-concept study.

High-intensity intermittent training has emerged as an option for treating major depressive disorder (MDD). However, short sprint training (sSIT), an efficient HIIT modality, has not been tested yet for this purpose. The sSIT has been proven to induce the same metabolic adaptations, with the advantage of promoting lower muscle fatigue than other HIIT protocols. Seventeen adult women diagnosed with moderate/severe MDD were randomly allocated into a sSIT group (n=9) or a control condition (n=8). The sSIT group completed, over two weeks, six 6-10-min sessions which consisted of 3-12 "all out" sprints of 5 s interspersed with low-intensity recovery of 30-45 s. The week before and after the intervention, both groups were evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale of 21-itens (HAM-D21), and for physical fitness and incidental physical activity. The sSIT group exhibited significant improvements for HAM-D21 scores (24.6±8.2 vs. 16.8±10.1), maximum aerobic power (140±15 vs. 155±15 W), countermovement jump (13.0±3.4 vs. 14.9±3.1 cm), % of body fatness (32.4±4.4 vs. 29.3±3.8%), and 4-days number of steps (13,626±11,309 vs. 16,643±15,371) after the training period when compared to the control group. Less than 1 hour of a sSIT protocol over two weeks have demonstrated to reduce depressive symptoms, while improving aerobic fitness and body composition, and increasing incidental physical activity in a sample of women diagnosed with MDD.

Comparative Effects of Two High-Intensity Intermittent Training Programs on Sub-Elite Male Basketball Referees' Fitness Levels.

This study aimed to compare the effects of an 8-week short-term training program, comprising repeated sprints or running-based high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT), on the aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability (RSA) performance of sub-elite basketball referees. Twenty male referees participated in supervised training sessions twice a week. They were randomly assigned to either the RSA-based group (RSAG) or the running-based HIIT group (HIITG). The RSAG conducted 3-4 sets of 8 × 20-m all-out sprints, while the HIITG performed 2-3 sets of 6 × 20-s runs at 90% of their maximal velocity achieved in the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT). Referees underwent a graded exercise test on a treadmill, the 30-15IFT, and an RSA test before and after the training program. Both groups showed significant improvement (~3%) in the fastest (22.6 ± 1.4 vs. 23.4 ± 1.7 and 22.0 ±1.9 vs. 22.4 ± 1.7 km·h-1 in RSAG and HIITG, respectively) and mean (21.5 ± 1.2 vs. 22.4 ± 1.4 and 21.3 ± 1.8 vs. 21.7 ± 1.6 km·h-1 in RSAG and HIITG, respectively) sprint velocity of the RSA test (p < 0.05). Moreover, positive changes (p < 0.05) were observed in the 30-15IFT maximal velocity (18.6 ± 1.1 vs. 19.3 ± 1.0 and 19.4 ± 0.9 vs. 20.5 ± 0.9 km·h-1 in RSAG and HIITG, respectively). In conclusion, an 8-week training intervention using either RSA or running-based HIIT led to similar improvements in referees' RSA performance and specific aerobic fitness measures. These findings could assist in devising tailored training programs for basketball referees.

Assessment of Epicardial Fat in Children: Its Role as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor and How It Is Influenced by Lifestyle Habits.

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) stands out as a distinctive repository of visceral fat, positioned in close anatomical and functional proximity to the heart. EAT has emerged as a distinctive reservoir of visceral fat, intricately interlinked with cardiovascular health, particularly within the domain of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of our overview is to highlight the role of EAT as a marker for cardiovascular risk in children. We also explore the influence of unhealthy lifestyle habits as predisposing factors for the deposition of EAT. The literature data accentuate the consequential impact of lifestyle choices on EAT dynamics, with sedentary behavior and unwholesome dietary practices being contributory to a heightened cardiovascular risk. Lifestyle interventions with a multidisciplinary approach are therefore pivotal, involving a nutritionally balanced diet rich in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, regular engagement in aerobic exercise, and psychosocial support to effectively mitigate cardiovascular risks in children. Specific interventions, such as high-intensity intermittent training and circuit training, reveal favorable outcomes in diminishing the EAT volume and enhancing cardiometabolic health. Future clinical studies focusing on EAT in children are crucial for advancing our understanding and developing targeted strategies for cardiovascular risk management in this population.

High-intensity intermittent training ameliorates methotrexate-induced acute lung injury

Inflammation and oxidative stress are recognized as two primary causes of lung damage induced by methotrexate, a drug used in the treatment of cancer and immunological diseases. This drug triggers the generation of oxidants, leading to lung injury. Given the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT), our aim was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of HIIT in mitigating methotrexate-induced lung damage in rats. Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: CTL (Control), HIIT (High-intensity intermittent training), ALI (Acute Lung Injury), HIIT+ALI (pretreated with HIIT), and ALI + HIIT (treated with HIIT).HIIT sessions were conducted for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, assessments were made on malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), gene expression of T-bet, GATA3, FOXP3, lung wet/dry weight ratio, pulmonary capillary permeability, apoptosis (Caspase-3), and histopathological indices.Methotrexate administration resulted in increased levels of TNF-α, MPO, GATA3, caspase-3, and pulmonary edema indices, while reducing the levels of TAC, SOD, Gpx, IL-10, T-bet, and FOXP3. Pretreatment and treatment with HIIT reduced the levels of oxidant and inflammatory factors, pulmonary edema, and other histopathological indicators. Concurrently, HIIT increased the levels of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factors.

Additional high intensity intermittent training improves aerobic and anaerobic performance in elite karate athletes

Additional high intensity intermittent training improves aerobic and anaerobic performance in elite karate athletes

Comparison of Eight Weeks of Moderate-intensity Continuous Training (MICT) and High-intensity Intermittent Training (HIIT) with Sodium Citrate Supplementation on PGC-1α Expression

Introduction: Sports activity increases the expression of PGC-1α, the regulatory factor of mitochondrial biogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Moderate-intensity Continuous Training (MICT) and High-intensity Intermittent Training (HIIT), along with sodium citrate supplementation, on PGC-1α expression in male Wistar rats. Method: Forty rats were placed in the following five groups: Control, MICT, MICT+sodium citrate, HIIT, and HIIT+sodium citrate. The continuous training group ran for eight weeks and five sessions per week with an average intensity of 70% of the maximum running speed for 15-30 minutes. The interval training group ran for 12 minutes with an intensity range of 50% and 90%. In addition to exercise, the exercise+supplement groups received 15 mmol/l sodium citrate supplement daily. The expression of PGC-1α in the soleus muscle was measured by the western blot method. Data analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: The PGC-1α protein expression increased in both the training groups and the training+supplement groups compared to the control group (P=0.001). Furthermore, adding sodium citrate could significantly increase the PGC-1α expression in the MICTgroup+supplement compared to the MICT group (P=0.005). However, the HIIT had a higher effect on PGC-1α expression than the MICT group. Conclusion: Despite the effectiveness of both training methods, sodium citrate supplementation before HIIT could have more synergistic effects in increasing the expression of PGC-1α.

Chlorella-induced Increase In Cardiac Function Further Enhances Aerobic Capacity By Short-term High Intensity Intermittent Training

Chlorella-induced Increase In Cardiac Function Further Enhances Aerobic Capacity By Short-term High Intensity Intermittent Training

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Melatonin Function and Cellular Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Sedentary Middle-Aged Men.

Background: Physical performance increased by controlled interventions of high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT); however, little is known about their influence as anti-aging and antioxidant effects, or their role in mitochondrial biogenesis. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effects of HIIT for 12 weeks on melatonin function, lymphocyte cell apoptosis, oxidative stress on aging, and physical performance. Methods: Eighty healthy male subjects aged 18-65 years randomly participated in a HIIT-exercise training program for 12 weeks. Anthropometric analysis, cardiovascular fitness, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lymphocyte count and apoptosis, and serum melatonin and cytochrome c oxidase (COX), were estimated for all subjects before and after HIIT-exercise training. HIIT training was performed in subjects for 12 weeks. Results: Data analysis showed a significant increase in the expression levels of the melatonin hormone (11.2 ± 2.3, p < 0.001), TAC (48.7 ± 7.1, p < 0.002), COX (3.7 ± 0.75, p < 0.001), and a higher percentage of lymphocyte apoptosis (5.2 ± 0.31, p < 0.003). In addition, there was an improvement in fitness scores (W; 196.5 ± 4.6, VO2max; 58.9 ± 2.5, p < 0.001), adiposity markers (p < 0.001); BMI, WHtR, and glycemic control parameters (p < 0.01); FG, HbA1c (%), FI, and serum C-peptide were significantly improved following HIIT intervention. Both melatonin and lymphocyte apoptosis significantly correlated with the studied parameters, especially TAC and COX. Furthermore, the correlation of lymphocyte apoptosis with longer exercise duration was significantly associated with increased serum melatonin following exercise training. This association supports the mechanistic role of melatonin in promoting lymphocyte apoptosis either via the extrinsic mediator pathway or via inhibition of lymphocyte division in the thymus and lymph nodes. Additionally, the correlation between melatonin, lymphocyte apoptosis, TAC, and COX activities significantly supports their role in enhancing physical performance. Conclusions: The main findings of this study were that HIIT exercise training for 12 weeks significantly improved adiposity markers, glycemic control parameters, and physical performance of sedentary older adult men. In addition, melatonin secretion, % of lymphocyte apoptosis, COX activities, and TAC as biological aging markers were significantly increased following HIIT exercise training interventions for 12 weeks. The use of HIIT exercise was effective in improving biological aging, which is adequate for supporting chronological age, especially regarding aging problems. However, subsequent studies are required with long-term follow-up to consider HIIT as a modulator for several cardiometabolic health problems in older individuals with obesity.

Combined effects of intermittent fasting with swimming-based high intensity intermittent exercise training in Wistar rats

High caloric intake and physical inactivity are known precursors to the development of several chronic metabolic diseases. For obesity and sedentarism, High Intensity Intermittent Exercise (HIIE) and Intermittent Fasting (IF) have emerged as individual strategies to attenuate their negative effects by improving metabolism. To study their combined effects, Wistar male rats (n = 74, 60 days old) were divided into four groups: Sedentary Control (C), swimming-based HIIE only (HIIE), Intermittent Fasting only (IF), and swimming-based HIIE associated with Intermittent Fasting (HIIE/IF). Over an eight-week period swimming performance, body composition, weight and feeding behavior were analyzed. The final morphology of white adipose tissue showed a significant reduction in adipocyte size consistent with a higher number of cells per area in exercised animals (vs C and IF, p < 0.05), which also displayed characteristics of browning through UCP-1 levels and CD31 staining. These results suggest that the increased performance in the HIIE/IF group is, in part, by modifications of WAT metabolism through the browning process.

High-intensity interval training improves cognitive impairment of vascular dementia rats by up-regulating expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus.

The present study aims to investigate the effect and its potential mechanism of high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) on cognitive function in vascular dementia (VD) rats. The VD rats with the cognitive impairment were induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), and the ones in the moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) group and HIIT group received MICT or HIIT for 5 consecutive weeks, respectively. The swimming speed, endurance, and grip strength of rats were all measured after training. The effect and mechanisms of HIIT on ameliorating the cognitive dysfunction were further evaluated by the Morris water maze test, histomorphological analysis, and Western blot analysis. As a result, no significant difference in motor function between VD rats and sham rats was observed. After 5-week HIIT, the motor function of VD rats was significantly enhanced. The results of the Morris water maze test revealed that HIIT significantly reduced escape latency as well as distance to find the platform compared with the sedentary control group (SED group), indicating the improvement in cognitive function. In addition, the hippocampal tissue damage of VD rats measured by H&E staining was markedly ameliorated after 5-week HIIT. Moreover, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression level in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus tissue detected by Western blot were significantly up-regulated in HIIT group compared to SED group and MICT group. In conclusion, HIIT can improve BCCAO-induced cognitive impairment via up-regulating BDNF expression in VD rats.

Effect of Eight Weeks of High-Intensity Intermittent Swimming Training on the Biochemical Factors of Lipid Metabolism and Hippocampal Memory Function of Male Rats with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)

Introduction: The molecular mechanisms of the improvement of exercise on memory are in the aura of ambiguity.Therefore, the aim of this research was studying the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent swimming training (HIIST) on the biochemical factors of lipid metabolism and hippocampal memory function of male rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).&#x0D; Methods: The present study was experimental. 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: healthy (n=20) and high-fat HFD (n=20) groups. Rats in the HFD group were fed a high-fat diet for eight weeks with the aim of inducing NASH. After proving the disease in HFD group rats, the remaining rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy-sedentary (n=9), healthy-swimming (n=9), sedentary disease (n=9) and diseased-swimming (n=9). The exercise groups performed eight weeks of HIIST (three sessions/week, each session lasting 30 minutes). At the end, FNDC5 protein was evaluated by western blot method and brain hippocampal irisin and serum FFA by ELISA method. Memory performance was measured by the water Maz-Morris behavioral test. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine the difference between groups, and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between two groups (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Results: The findings showed that there was a significant difference in the FNDC5 protein and irisin of the brain hippocampus and serum FFA and in memory function variables between the groups (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: HIIST in NASH model can activate lipid metabolism in the hippocampus of the brain and improve memory function. However, more research is needed in this field.

高強度間欠的運動トレーニングが30秒程度で疲労困憊に至る超最大運動時の代謝・循環指標および運動持続時間に及ぼす影響

Present study aimed to examine the effects of high-intensity intermittent training on metabolic or circulatory parameters and exercise time during 30s-lasting exhaustive exercise. Six healthy males (22 ± 1yrs) had an intermittent training four days a week for four weeks. The intermittent training consisted of 8 or more sets of 20s exercise bout at an intensity of 170%VO2 max separated by 10-s recovery. Before and after training period, VO2 max and maximal accumulated O2 deficit (MAOD) were determined as indices of metabolic capacity. During 30s-lasting exhaustive exercise, VO2, O2 deficit, and circulatory parameters, such as heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output, were also determined every 10s. After the training, VO2 max and MAOD were significantly increased. During 30s-lasting exhaustive exercise, exercise time, stroke volume, and cardiac output were also significantly enhanced. However, no significant differences were observed in VO2 and O2 deficit every 10s during 30s-lasting exhaustive exercise. Therefore, these findings suggest that high-intensity intermittent training enhances exercise time during 30s-lasting exhaustive exercise and that the improvement of exercise performance is closely related to an increase in anaerobic capacity.

The Western and Chinese exercise training for blood pressure reduction among hypertensive patients: An overview of systematic reviews.

Hypertension remains the world's leading cause of premature death. Interventions such as exercise, diet modification, and pharmacological therapy remain the mainstay of hypertension treatment. Numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses demonstrated the effectiveness of western exercises, such as aerobic exercise and resistance exercise, in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients. There is recently emerging evidence of blood pressure reduction with Chinese exercises, such as Tai Chi, Baduanjin, and Qigong. The current overview of systematic reviews aims to evaluate the quality and descriptively summarize the evidence for the effectiveness of western and Chinese exercises for hypertension management. Thirty-nine systematic reviews were included in this overview, with 15 of those being on Chinese exercise. Evidence suggests that exercise training, regardless of Western or Chinese exercise, generally reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. High-intensity intermittent training did not further reduce blood pressure when compared to moderate-intensity continuous training. Conflicting results on the effectiveness of blood pressure reduction when comparing Chinese and Western exercise training were observed. This suggests the comparable effectiveness of Chinese exercise training, in particularly Tai Chi, to general or aerobic exercise training in terms of blood pressure reduction. The Chinese exercise modality and intensity may be more suitable for the middle-aged and elderly population.

Single vesicle analysis reveals the release of tetraspanin positive extracellular vesicles into circulation with high intensity intermittent exercise.

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are released from all cell types and participate in the intercellular exchange of proteins, lipids, metabolites and nucleic acids. Proteomic, flow cytometry and nanoparticle tracking analyses suggest sEVs are released into circulation with exercise. However, interpretation of these data may be influenced by sources of bias introduced by different analytical approaches. Seven healthy participants carried out a high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) cycle protocol consisting of 4×30s at a work-rate corresponding to 200% of individual max power (watts) interspersed by 4.5min of active recovery. EDTA-treated blood was collected before and immediately after the final effort. Platelet-poor (PPP) and platelet-free (PFP) plasma was derived by one or two centrifugal spins at 2500g, respectively (15min, room temperature). Platelets were counted on an automated haemocytometer. Plasma samples were assessed with the Exoview R100 platform, which immobilises sEVs expressing common tetraspanin markers CD9, CD63, CD81 and CD41a on microfluidic chips and with the aid of fluorescence imaging, counts their abundance at a single sEV resolution, importantly, without a pre-isolation step. There was a lower number of platelets in the PFP than PPP, which was associated with a lower number of CD9, CD63 and CD41a positive sEVs. HIIT induced an increase in fluorescence counts in CD9, CD63 and CD81 positive sEVs in both PPP and PFP. These data support the concept that sEVs are released into circulation with exercise. Furthermore, platelet-free plasma is the preferred, representative analyte to study sEV dynamics and phenotype during exercise. KEY POINTS: Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) are nano-sized particles containing protein, metabolites, lipid and RNA that can be transferred from cell to cell. Previous findings implicate that sEVs are released into circulation with exhaustive, aerobic exercise, but since there is no gold standard method to isolate sEVs, these findings may be subject to bias introduced by different approaches. Here, we use a novel method to immobilise and image sEVs, at single-vesicle resolution, to show sEVs are released into circulation with high intensity intermittent exercise. Since platelet depletion of plasma results in a reduction in sEVs, platelet-free plasma is the preferred analyte to examine sEV dynamics and phenotype in the context of exercise.

Recovery in normobaric hypoxia as an additional stimulus for high-intensity intermittent training

Recovery in normobaric hypoxia as an additional stimulus for high-intensity intermittent training

EFEITOS DO TREINAMENTO INTERVALADO DE ALTA INTENSIDADE SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DOS JOGADORES DE FUTEBOL

ABSTRACT Introduction High-intensity interval training contributes expressively to physical training and has been gradually applied to the soccer field. This sport has received more attention in colleges and universities in the country. However, studies are needed on the most appropriate training methods to improve the players’ ability among college students, increasing the competitive level among athletes. Objective Investigate the influence of high-intensity intermittent training on soccer players’ sports performance. Methods 30 student soccer players were selected at a university for six weeks, and four training sessions were held per week. The experimental group performed intermittent high-intensity training for training; the control group used the traditional aerobic resistance training method. For the experiment, indicator information was collected for integration and analysis before the start of activities and at the end of the six weeks. Results High-intensity intermittent training can improve the fitness index and FMS index of players and also can keep the fluctuation level in players’ performance higher; the range of performance improvement is considerably larger than the traditional aerobic training method. Conclusion High-intensity intermittent training can improve players’ fitness and agility, reduce sports injuries, improve physical reserve, and promote the progress of soccer players’ sports achievements. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

ANÁLISE DO EFEITO DO TREINAMENTO INTERMITENTE DE ALTA INTENSIDADE PARA JOVENS ATLETAS

ABSTRACT Introduction The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have pointed out that currently, the basic indicators of young students’ physical health have completely declined. This circumstance has made adolescent physical health and improving the quality of young athletes a key issue in physical education targeting adolescents. Objective Investigate the effect of high-intensity intermittent training on young athletes. Methods 24 adolescents performed 10 intermittent high-intensity training for one month, and all athletes’ pre and post-training indexes were collected and compared. Results The physical examination results of male and female athletes improved to some extent (athletes’ blood pressure fluctuated during the 10 training sessions, increasing slightly, and heart rate variability increased considerably (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion High-intensity intermittent training has a good effect on health promotion in young athletes, and can effectively improve their physical function and competitive performance. Physical education teachers and student-athletes should conduct relevant training. In addition, this training method also fits the current learning life situation of high school students. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

IMPACTOS DO TREINAMENTO INTERMITENTE DE ALTA INTENSIDADE SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DOS ESTUDANTES DE AERÓBICA

ABSTRACT Introduction: The performance of aerobics students during competition is closely related to the level of complexity of their movements. The requirement of muscular strength associated with sensorial precision to reach maximum athletic performance demands more specialized training, and the intermittent high-intensity training technique can supply these demands. Objective: Study the impacts of intermittent high-intensity training on the performance of aerobics students in the execution of their movements. Methods: Forty-eight aerobics students were selected and equally divided into two groups. The experimental group was given high-intensity intermittent training using the experimental control, while the control group was given no relevant intervention. The intervention lasted nine weeks, respecting the normal course of these students’ practice classes. Movement quality was assessed before and after the experiment by the systematic balance test Results: The degree of movement completion of the experimental group was close to 2 points, rising to 2.5 points at the end of the movement, and the difficulty level was changed from 1.5 to 2 points. When to the control group, it initiated in 2 points, and after the intervention, it was significantly less to the experimental group. The difficulty level remained at 1.5 points, collected before and after the experiment. Conclusion: High-intensity interval training can improve the performance of aerobics students, acting favorably on the level of complexity of the movements of their sport. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

CARACTERÍSTICAS DO CONSUMO DE ENERGIA DOS JOGADORES DE BASQUETE COM DIFERENTES INTENSIDADES DE TREINAMENTO

ABSTRACT Introduction: In competitive basketball sports, athletes must repeatedly perform movements of maximum intensity quickly, followed by rest. A training mode called high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has the same characteristics. Objective: Explore basketball players’ energy supply characteristics and training changes under different exercise intensities. Methods: The effects of different recovery methods in the intermittent period on exercise capacity and aerobic metabolic energy supply of young male basketball players during high-intensity intermittent interval training (HIIT) were presented. Results: Increased aerobic energy production during HIIT was closely related to the acceleration of kinetics. However, although the time to exhaustion, a parameter characterizing exercise capacity, increased by 3.5% and 4.6%, respectively, in the HIITa group compared to HIITs and HIITp, there was no significant difference. After analyzing each group for the 30s, a gradual increase in strength was noticed. Conclusion: The use of HIIT as training is an important way to improve the physical performance of athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Effects of high-intensity intermittent training on some inflammatory and muscle damage indices in overweight middle-aged men

Effects of high-intensity intermittent training on some inflammatory and muscle damage indices in overweight middle-aged men