High Information Intensity Research Articles

Deep-learning-enhanced digital twinning of complex composite structures and real-time mechanical interaction

Digital twins are undergoing growth that enables highly informative and scaleable interaction between physical objects and virtual twins, which is of great significance to the life cycle analysis of composites. Real-time fine evolution is challenging due to vast combinations of input features and high-resolution calculated variables. Here, we systematically demonstrate an AI-based methodology for digital twinning of complex composite structures. First, three types of deep neural networks are created with optionally used autoencoders as surrogate models, with architectures and data processing inspired by the rule-of-mixture of composites. Second, the prediction accuracy and efficiency are evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively, demonstrating the feasibility of predicting 3D displacement and stress fields directly from sensing data of temperature, pressure and loading displacement, and the optimal architecture is selected to be the evolving digital twin. Finally, the real-time interactive experiments are relayed to the digital twin and demonstrated that it can interact with physical objects and evolve online with high accuracy. These results indicate that the computational time can be reduced by 3∼6 orders of magnitude with high information intensity and scalability compared with conventional numerical and experimental methods, which opens up the avenues for the cost-effective and efficient development of digital twin services for composites.

Industry characteristics, stages of E-commerce communications, and entrepreneurs and SMEs revenue growth

This paper empirically examines the role of industry characteristics portrayed by information intensity of value chain or product in the relationship between the stages of E-commerce development and revenue growth for a large representative sample of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and other entrepreneurs who operate in the United Kingdom. The results indicate that SMEs characterised by (A) high information intensity of value chain or product of industry that (B) have their own business website, a third-party website and/or a social profile, on average more often report increases in revenue growth versus their counterparts in either (A) other industries or that (B) do not have the E-commerce development. However, the likelihood of improved performance does not vary significantly among SMEs which are at different development stages of E-commerce. This finding holds regardless of whether the business is in a high value chain information intensive industry or a product information intensive industry. In short, business performance appears to improve as entrepreneurial organizations adopt information technology to facilitate greater market communication and increased exposure to online shoppers. Furthermore, this is irrespective of the level of sophistication of the interface, the design of the E-commerce technology and the high information intensity types of the industry. To conclude, this paper presents some discussions and recommendations for entrepreneurial research and practice that are implied by the results.

Market Making, Liquidity Provision, and Attention Constraints: An Experimental Study

This paper uses an experimental electronic market to investigate the effect of limited attention on the market maker’s ability to provide liquidity and, thus, on aggregate market liquidity. I find that higher demands on the market maker’s attention worsen her ability to provide liquidity but do not reduce the aggregate level of market liquidity. This effect is only significant in less active markets. Furthermore, the aggregate level of market liquidity remains unaltered across both highly active and inactive markets, suggesting a reactive strategy by informed traders who step in to compete with market makers during high information intensity periods when their attention allocation efforts are compromised. In fact, in markets with a higher information value, the effect of attention constraints on the liquidity provision ability of market makers is greater. This implies that informed traders may not only exploit their informational advantage against uninformed traders but they may also use it to reap a higher share of liquidity-based profits. Finally, the market maker’s trading performance measured by her profit share and ability to manage her inventory worsens when demands on her attention are greater.

CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES IN CONTROL LIFECYCLE OF TRANSPORT

Because of its high information intensity, strong consistency and convenient visualization features, transport dispatching informational support system has received widespread attention. However, due to large amounts of information, high integration, the need for resource sharing between various departments, the long time-span, challenges relating to data interoperability, security and cost all slow down the adoption of such systems. This paper constructs a cloud storage concept system using cloud storage, an advanced computer technology, to solve the problem of mass data processing, information security, and cost problems in the existing application of informational support systems to full life-cycle management. This system takes full advantage of the cloud storage technique. Achievements are reached in four areas of information management, involving security and licensing management, file management, work process management and collaborative management. The system expands the time and space scales, improves the level of participation, and reduces the cost. The construction of the cloud storage system is one of the most important directions of the development of informational support systems, which benefits the promotion and further development to better serve its users.

Application of Cloud Storage on BIM Life-Cycle Management

Because of its high information intensity, strong consistency and convenient visualization features, building information modelling (BIM) has received widespread attention in the fields of construction and project management. However, due to large amounts of information, high integration, the need for resource sharing between various departments, the long time-span of the BIM application, challenges relating to data interoperability, security and cost all slow down the adoption of BIM. This paper constructs a BIM cloud storage concept system using cloud storage, an advanced computer technology, to solve the problem of mass data processing, information security, and cost problems in the existing application of BIM to full life-cycle management. This system takes full advantage of the cloud storage technique. Achievements are reached in four areas of BIM information management, involving security and licensing management, file management, work process management and collaborative management. The system expands the time and space scales, improves the level of participation, and reduces the cost of BIM. The construction of the BIM cloud storage system is one of the most important directions of the development of BIM, which benefits the promotion and further development of BIM to better serve construction and engineering project management.

Comovement in Investment

This paper examines the propensity of firms to comove in investment decisions. Although stock return comovement and herding among investors received considerable attention in existing work, little is known about correlated investment behavior of firms. After controlling for the similarity of firm characteristics, investments are expected to comove more when firms imitate other firms and rely on public information rather than on firm specific private information about investment opportunities. We consider the effects of agency conflicts on comovement and find evidence in support of managerial shirking of information acquisition effort. Weakly governed managers rely less on private information acquisition and comove more in their investment decisions. Our results also show that the effect is strongest for firms in industries with high information intensity and specialized assets. Further, comovement in investment is decreasing in shareholder rights and property rights protections and increasing in the degree of information asymmetry. The results are obtained after controlling for similarity in firm investment opportunities, correlation in cash flows, fraction of tangible assets, and industry concentration. Critically, we find that comovement in investment has a negative effect on firm and industry performance and productivity growth, after controlling for other factors.

Is the World Flat or Spiky? Information Intensity, Skills, and Global Service Disaggregation

Which service occupations are the most susceptible to global disaggregation? What are the factors and mechanisms that make service occupations amenable to global disaggregation? This research addresses these questions by building on previous work by Apte and Mason (1995) and Rai et al. (2006) that focuses on the unbundling of information and physical flows. We propose a theory of service disaggregation and argue that high information intensity makes an occupation more amenable to disaggregation because the activities in such occupations can be codified, standardized, and modularized. We empirically validate our theoretical model using data on more than 300 service occupations. We find that at the mean skill level, the information intensity of an occupation is positively associated with the disaggregation potential of that occupation, and the effect of information intensity on disaggregation potential is mediated by the modularizability of an occupation. We also find that skills moderate the effect of information intensity on service disaggregation. Furthermore, we study the patterns in U.S. employment and salary growth from 2000 to 2004. Contrary to popular perception, we do not find any adverse effect in terms of employment growth or salary growth for high information-intensity occupations at the mean skill level. Our findings show that high-skill occupations have experienced higher employment and salary growth than low-skill occupations at the mean level of information intensity. Notably, high information-intensity occupations that require higher skill levels have experienced higher employment growth, though this employment growth is accompanied by a decline in salary growth. Occupations with a higher need for physical presence have also experienced higher employment growth and lower salary growth. Overall, these results imply that firms and managers need to consider the modularizability of occupations as they reallocate global resources to pursue cost and innovation opportunities. For individual workers, our results highlight the importance of continuous investments in human capital and skill acquisition because high information-intensity and high-skill occupations appear to be relatively less vulnerable to global disaggregation.

Modeling Internet Operations Using Initial Public Offerings

In this research we test the generalizability of an existing model for classifying information‐intensive services that can be globally disaggregated to Internet services. This categorization allows us to judge which types of Internet Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) are likely to have superior performance. Specifically, we hypothesize that Internet firms with higher information intensity, lower physical presence and lower customer contact needs will have a greater probability of generating larger risk‐adjusted returns. We test these hypotheses on 340 Internet IPOs and find partial support for the model. In particular, Internet firms with high information intensity and low customer contact need yield superior performance. However, firms with low physical presence underperform in our sample.

Information diffusion in electronic and floor trading

The attractiveness of floor trading versus anonymous electronic trading systems for traders is analysed. We hypothesize that in times of low information intensity, the insight into the order book of the electronic trading system provides more valuable information than floor trading, but in times of high information intensity, this is not true. Thus, the electronic system's market share in trading volume should decline when information intensity increases. This hypothesis is tested by DTB and LIFFE data on Bund-Future trading in the period 1991 to 1995. In the first years of trading, the DTB's market share is inversely related to price volatility and trading volume as proxies for information intensity. In recent years, this relation fades away; this can be explained by the high frequency of transactions which implies a steady flow of information on transactions.

Food engineering and information non-intensive calculi

Information intensity is defined as the amount of information which is needed for the realistic application of a corresponding formal tool. A high information intensity is desirable because it influences the model accuracy. A low information intensity is preferred when a high information intensity requires more information items than are available and this is usually the case in food engineering. Fuzzy models seem to be a useful extension of formal tools used in food engineering. However, even fuzzy sets could be prohibitively information intensive. Therefore the range of available formal tools must be considerably broader. This paper introduces qualitative and semiqualitative models and rough sets. Each formal tool is briefly characterised and its potential reasoning and discriminative power are demonstrated by examples.