High Geothermal Potential Research Articles

An assessment of prospects of geothermal energy in India for energy sustanability

The search for indigenous, renewable, environment-friendly, and sustainable energy resources has increased globally during the past few decades. Geothermal energy is one such ubiquitous source of energy, having the potential to become an alternate energy resource with a reduced carbon footprint. In this study, eight crucial characteristic parameters, i.e., heat flow, thermal gradient, Curie point depth, lithology, basement depth, crustal thickness, and seismicity, were integrated into a multi-criteria decision model framework to identify areas that may have the potential for geothermal energy in India. The weights of various parameters estimated using AHP are in the order of heat flow (∼ 0.252), followed by the Curie point depth (∼ 0.195), thermal gradient (∼ 0.173), and crustal thickness. Our analysis indicates that the geothermal province in the Himalayas (including the NW and NE regions), SONATA lineaments, central parts, and some parts of the west coasts and Mahanadi graben may have better prospects of geothermal energy compared to other tectonic provinces. We find that ∼14.86%, and ∼21.98 % of the study region have extremely high to high geothermal potential. About ∼ 27.18 % of the region have medium geothermal prospects, whereas ∼ 11.78 % and 24.20 % of the region have very low to low potential for geothermal energy.

A revised weight of evidence model for potential assessments of geothermal resources: a case study at western Sichuan Plateau, China

Efficient exploration of geothermal resources is the basis of exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources. In recent years, Geographic Information System (GIS) has been increasingly used for the exploration owing to its power ability to integrate and analyze multiple sources of data related to the formation of geothermal resources, such as geology, geophysics, and geochemistry. Correctly understanding the control effect of evidence factors on geothermal resources is the premise and basis of whether the prediction results of evidence weight model are accurate. Traditionally, the conventional weight of evidence model assume that each evidence factor exerts a uniform controlling effect on the formation and distribution of geothermal resources. However, recent research indicates significant variations in the controlling ability of factors such as faults and granites, influenced by factors like activity levels and crystalline ages. Yet, studies addressing this differential control are lacking. To address this gap, we propose a series of weight of evidence models using abundant geological, geophysical, and geothermal data from the western Sichuan plateau, a high-temperature geothermal hotspot in China. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying controlling abilities of evidence factors on the evaluation model, with faults and granites as a case. Performance metrics include prediction rate, success rate index, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and prediction rate of geothermal well. The findings of this research reveal that the weight of evidence model developed through the methodology outlined in this study exhibits superior performance compared to the conventional weight of evidence model. This superiority is evidenced by higher prediction rates, success indices, prediction rate of geothermal wells, and larger AUC values of ROC. Among these models, the weight of evidence model considering both fault and granite classification have the best performance in model evaluation indicators, with a prediction rate of 22.528 and a success index of 0.015408 in the very high potential area. The prediction rate and success index of the high potential area are 3.656 and 0.0025, respectively, and the prediction rate and success index of the middle potential area are 1.649 and 0.001128, respectively, and the AUC value is 0.808, indicating that the model has good accuracy. In terms of geothermal well prediction, the total prediction rate of geothermal favorable areas based on fault and granite classification evidence weight model is as high as 47.0526. Therefore, when constructing the weight of evidence model, the influence of the difference control of evidence factors on the formation of geothermal resources should be fully considered. These results underscore the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in enhancing the predictive accuracy and reliability of geothermal resource assessment in this study. Based on the prediction results of the weight of evidence model considering both fault and granite classification, four favorable geothermal areas with abundant surface heat display are identified in this paper, namely Kangding, Litang, Batang and Ganzi-Dege. In addition, the relatively weak surface heat display areas such as Jiulong, Daofu, Luhuo and Derong also show high geothermal potential. Some attention should be paid to geothermal exploration in the future.

Electrically anisotropic structure of the Rocky Mountain Trench near Valemount, British Columbia inferred from magnetotellurics: implications for geothermal exploration

Canoe Reach is a region of high geothermal potential on a segment of the Southern Rocky Mountain Trench fault (SRMTF) with highly metamorphosed and structurally complex wall rocks, near Valemount, British Columbia. This study contains analyses of magnetotelluric data collected at Canoe Reach accounting for electrical anisotropy, which is not often considered during geothermal exploration. Isotropic and anisotropic 3D inversions are used due to signs of electrical anisotropy in the Canoe Reach magnetotelluric data and the presence of visibly anisotropic geological structure. At Canoe Reach North, the anisotropic model is preferred for its simpler structure and consistency with the mapped geology. An anisotropic feature in the footwall of the steeply southwest-dipping SRMTF has a low resistivity in the fault-perpendicular direction and a high resistivity in the vertical direction, which is more easily explained by conductive minerals than by fluids in the highly metamorphosed gneiss. An exploration well in the SRMTF footwall encountered two graphite seams with thicknesses ≥1 m, supporting the interpretation of anisotropic resistivity due to conductive minerals. A strong resistivity contrast across the SRMTF suggests juxtaposition of different lithologies, challenging existing interpretations of SRMTF displacement at Canoe Reach. At Canoe Reach South, anisotropic features near the Canoe River thermal spring with a high resistivity in the fault-perpendicular direction and low resistivity in the vertical direction are consistent with fault core and damage zone models. Magnetotelluric data may be sensitive to permeability anisotropy of fault zones, and the use of electrically anisotropic inversions should be considered for these settings.

Challenge and Readiness to Implemented Geothermal Energy in Indonesia

Many countries have used various strategies in the effort toward transition to alternative energy as a solution in developing renewable energy. Indonesia is the second largest producer of geothermal energy in the world. The potential of Indonesia lies in the Ring of Fire along with 117 active volcanoes, giving Indonesia high geothermal potential. This research aims to reveal and formulate the potential of geothermal as renewable energy in Indonesia as an alternative energy to be used in the future. The methods in this research are qualitative and quantitative. Through the quantitative method, this research will present secondary data from various organizations as well as data from prior research on geothermal potential in the world. While qualitative method will formulate ideas of several geothermal usages from many countries by using comparison from prior research and literature from journals, books, and other publication sources. Qualitative research results will also come from in-depth interviews with stakeholders that have implemented geothermal energy in Indonesia. The result of this research will illustrate the importance of geothermal energy as an alternative renewable energy in Indonesia to replace crude oil resources as the main natural resource in Indonesia. This research recommends the mapping of resources, requiring technology as a breakthrough in processing geothermal energy to take it directly from the reservoir because of its unorthodox classification based on its source as well the cost and benefit impact on the economy related to consumer mapping to detect early the market changes of energy to geothermal.

Assessment of the geothermal potential zone of India utilizing GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis technique

India, with 80 % energy demand reliant on fossil fuels, is the world's third-largest greenhouse gas emitter, necessitating a shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy. While solar and wind production has grown, geothermal energy remains untapped despite enormous prospects in the country. In this regard, India's first regional-scale geothermal potential (GP) map has been prepared using a GIS based on a multi-criteria decision analysis technique. Five thematic layers (geology, fault, heat flow, thermal spring, and earthquake epicenter) have been used to calculate GP index, which is divided into high, moderate, and low categories. The result shows that most geothermal drilling sites are distributed in the high GP category zone, showing high efficacy. Further, a joint study of the geothermal surface and reservoir temperature with the present study shows that the northern and western parts of India have significant potential for geothermal exploration. Our result also reveals that the projected CO2 emissions are approximately 2.6 gigatons (which is lower than other energy sources) for an output of 10 GW using geothermal energy in the next 75 years. This study can enhance geothermal prospect identification, cutting exploration costs, and site selection, and contributing to multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Numerical modelling of flow and heat transport in closed mines. Case study Walsum drainage province in the Ruhr coal-mining area

High geothermal potential and multiple mine-water-based geothermal installations in Germany and other countries improve the relevance of detailed studies and modeling of promising sites. In this context, we developed a numerical model of water flow and heat transport in the Walsum mine drainage province in the west of the Ruhr coalmining area using the available data on geology, mining, water levels, pumping, and the temperatures of deep rocks and mine water. The model was validated by varying the parameters of groundwater recharge and hydraulic conductivity to achieve sufficient consistency with measured inflows and pumping rates from the central pumping facility located in the Walsum 2 shaft. The calculated mine water temperature of 30.3 ºC is close to the average of the measured temperature varied within the range of 29 – 33 ºC during the last years of mine maintenance. Using the numerical model, we evaluated the expected thermal capacity of a hypothetical open-loop circulation system and two closed-loop geothermal systems within the study area. The installation and operation of these systems would enable the generation of a thermal capacity from a few dozen kW to 1 MW sufficient for small-size to mid-size heat consumers with insignificant impact on the high thermal energy potential of the Walsum mine drainage province.

Characterizing facies and porosity-permeability heterogeneity in a geothermal carbonate reservoir with the use of NMR-wireline logging data

If they are to be economically and technically sustainable, geothermal projects require the production of hot fluid at high flow rates over a 30-year thermal lifetime. The combined use of multiple logging tools in making petrophysical assessments of reservoir quality helps to optimize drilling in areas of high geothermal potential. The present paper focuses on four geothermal wells intercepting Middle Jurassic (Dogger) carbonate rocks of the Paris Basin where for the first time Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) log data have been successfully used to investigate reservoir porosity-permeability heterogeneities. A total of ten facies have been identified from recovered cuttings and cores and grouped into four facies associations along a schematic carbonate ramp profile. From the wells studied, four reservoir units exhibiting porosities exceeding 15% and permeabilities of up to 1 Darcy (D) were traced in the Calcaires de Comblanchien, the Oolithe Blanche and the Calcaires marneux à Pholadomyes formations. The well's sub-horizontal trajectory and well-logs correlations between two wells, made it possible a priori to identify porous and permeable layers extending over at least 500 m and up to 2000 m within the Bathonian reservoir, providing useful pointers for further 3D reservoir geomodeling. Permeabilities derived from well testing proved to be overestimated when compared with NMR-derived permeabilities, illustrating the upscaling problem that is invariably a challenge in carbonate systems. NMR can be combined with production logging tool (PLT), that provides data on the distribution and thickness of productive layers, to give indications for example about continuous permeability record along the geothermal wells or about the proportion of micro and macroporosities in rocks. Based on the geological classification derived from examination of cores and cuttings, four rock-types (including mean T2 pore-size distributions) have been identified and attributed to a given sedimentary facies and depositional environment by extending a clustering method to NMR log distributions from wells.

Validation of Play Fairway Analysis of the geothermal potential of Camas Prairie, south-central Idaho, by an exploration well

Play Fairway Analysis (PFA) methodology was adapted for geothermal exploration at Camas Prairie, Idaho. Geophysical data, structural and geologic mapping, volcanic rock ages and vent locations, and the distribution of thermal springs and wells all indicated a relatively high geothermal potential along the southern margin of the Prairie. An exploration well (USU Camas-1) was drilled to a depth of 618.3 m to validate the PFA. A permeable zone was encountered at ~ 357.5 m with a maximum measured temperature of ~ 80 °C, which was suppressed following the injection of cold water. A moderate transmissivity of ~ 0.25–1 cm2/s estimated from an injection test as well a seasonal artesian flow at ~ 0.7 L/s corroborate the presence of a permeable zone. The existence of a lacustrine clay seal was confirmed near the bottom of the basin-fill sediment occupying the upper 314 m of the well. Geothermometers suggest the USU Camas-1 well water equilibrated at a reservoir temperature of ~ 120 °C. Based on the locations of both thermal and cold wells, geothermal fluids appear to be flowing upward along one or both of two fault systems. The presence of young basalts and elevated helium isotope ratios suggest that the heat source of Camas Prairie is magmatic. However, the faults may be acting as a conduit for geothermal fluids to rise from great depth without a shallow magmatic source being present. Camas Prairie is a promising area for geothermal development, but the relatively low reservoir temperatures indicate this resource may not be suitable for electric generation. Perhaps the best use would be for heating.

Appraisal of geothermal potentials of some parts of the Abakaliki Anticlinorium and adjoining areas (Southeast Nigeria) using magnetic data

The Abakaliki Anticlinorium and its adjoining areas were appraised with the object of delineating high geothermal potential zones. Spectral depth analysis involving an improved centroid technique was used to analyze high-quality magnetic data. The obtained geothermal parameters were gridded to map various geothermal features within the investigated area. The obtained results varied from 4.99–9.35 km, 2.31–6.15 km, 6.11–16.28 km, 35.63°C–94.93°C/km, and 89.07–237.32 mW/m2 for centroid depth, top depth, Curie point depth, geothermal gradient, and heat flow values, respectively. The delineated semioval structure in the central zone of the investigated region characterized by a shallow Curie point depth (< 8.5 km) correlates with the location of the high-heat flow (>191.0 mW/m2) and geothermal gradient (>74.0°C/km) region. The high geothermal potential of the region is triggered by the massive post-rift tectonic event of the Santonian period related to the Abakaliki Anticlinorium. Further geophysical exploration programs should be carried out before exploitation activities at anomalous geothermal regions.

Geothermal flow in Northern Morocco: A machine learning approach

To model the geothermal flow in northern Morocco, we apply a machine learning (ML) approach by analyzing the geological and geophysical data at boreholes, where direct heat flow data is available. The data includes geothermal flow, geothermal gradient, Bouguer gravity, aero-magnetic field, tectonic fracture density and the proximity level to the major faults, thermal spring data (location, temperature, density), geochronological age of formations, Earthquake data (density, magnitude, location), and the proximity level to the recent volcanism in Morocco. These data represent factors that generally control the spatial variation of geothermal flow. For this purpose, we used four ML techniques: Multi-Layer Perceptron, Support Vector Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Decision trees, and examined the impact of parameter settings for each ML technique on the performance results. In specifically, we examine two parameter tuning methods: Grid Search (GS) and the Python Tool's default parameters. To determine the significance of the performance differences and rank ML techniques according to their performances, the Skott-Knott test, and the Borda Count voting system were investigated. We identified the optimized MLP by means of GS as the best ML technique. The cartographic representation of predicted geothermal flow values, by the optimized MLP (GS + MLP) model over the northern Morocco, shows areas of high geothermal flow values. These areas often correspond to magmatic intrusions at depth connected to the regional geodynamic context. The lowest values of geothermal flow are less than 40 mW m−2 and are mainly predicted in the Anti-Atlas chain of Precambrian age and in which is part of the West African Craton. This method is a new approach that may help to identify areas with high geothermal potential based on geological and geophysical data.

Study of geothermal and volcanic activity at Mount Awu, the deadliest active volcano in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia using Optical Satellite Imagery

The history of the north part of Sangihe Island is the motivation for using the strengths of remote sensing methods to monitor the volcano activities and geothermal potential of Awu Volcano. We used the last 50 years of satellite image data composed by Landsat 1, Landsat 4, Landsat 5, Landsat 7, ASTER, and Landsat 8 to get the multi-temporal analysis and results. This study used the single-channel algorithm to derive land surface temperature (LST). We also used the band combination and ratio to understand the relationship between the Awu Volcano's geological condition and geothermal potential. The NDVI result as a component of the LST calculation shows that the vegetation is increasing when there is no eruption event. However, the amount of vegetation decreased after the 1994 and 2004 eruptions. The LST results show the 2004 eruption gave the highest surface temperature in the last 50 years, with a number of 318.69 °K as the mean value in the caldera. The multi-temporal nature of LST explained the activity of Awu Volcano, including the increased status announced by the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) in 2016 and 2021. The accuracy of LST results is seen by the same pattern in the LST provided from the Landsat and ASTER data and the R2 of time and LST with the values of 0.1529 and 0.2436 in the volcano slope and caldera, respectively. The long gap between the phreatic eruption in 1994 and the previous eruption in 1964 revealed that there was a caldera lake formed in Awu Volcano, which was detected by the natural color band combination from 1972 to 1996. The geothermal potential is centralized in the volcano slope around the caldera, with a value of almost 10 °K and some areas in the slope with a value of >5 °K. The first area that contains high geothermal potential is located in the basaltic andesite, with the alteration detected by the combination of bands 7/4, 6/3, and 5/7. Mount Awu's multiple eruptions have shown that multi-source optical satellites could be used to keep an eye on volcanic activity and could also be used as a first step in figuring out geothermal potential.

Investigating high permeable zones in non-volcanic geothermal systems using lineament analysis and fault fracture density (FFD): northern Konawe Regency, Indonesia

Indonesia has high geothermal potential comprising 40% of the world’s potential geothermal energy, volcanic and non-volcanic systems. Volcanic systems have witnessed more exploration activities for geothermal resources compared to non-volcanic systems. A high potential non-volcanic system in Indonesia is located in the northern part of Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi. Previous research had identified surface temperature anomaly (high temperature) and some surface manifestations for this area, specifically in the northeast part of Wawolesea. However, the source of surface manifestations and permeable zones as an implication of a good reservoir are still unknown. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the permeable zones and geothermal potential in the non-volcanic geothermal system of north Wawolesea by applying lineaments analysis and the fault fracture density (FFD) method. A total of 1694 major and minor lineaments were manually delineated using ArcGIS based on Digital Elevation Model Nasional (DEMNAS). FFD map and rose diagrams displayed the orientation of all lineaments and structures with the major lineaments trending NNE–SSW, whereas the minor lineaments showed irregular distribution and orientation. Field measurements also show the same azimuth orientation for the mapped fractures. Five zones were characterized by high FFD values (2.81–4.54 km/km2). One of the extensively fractured zones (Zone C) is located between Meluhu and Lembo, covering an area of around 19.39 km2. This area is interpreted to be highly permeable and suggestive of a recharge area that contributes to surface manifestation in the Wawolesea. Therefore, the area between Meluhu and Lembo in the northern part of Konawe shows high geothermal potential due to its planar morphology and high FFD values. This study allows an improved understanding of how fracture geometry, distribution and density control the permeability in geothermal reservoirs.

Modeling a fractured geothermal reservoir using 3-D AMT data inversion: Insights from Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, British Columbia, Canada

An audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) survey was conducted to explore for shallow geothermal resources in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, the location of which has the highest geothermal potential in Canada. The data cover the south Meager geothermal system, including Pylon Peak and Meager Creek which have proven borehole temperatures exceeding 250 °C. A dimensionality analysis of the AMT data suggests complex 3-D subsurface structure. The 3-D resistivity model of the area shows two high conductivity features near surface in the areas south of Pylon Peak and north of Meager Creek, both of which are related to hydrothermal alteration. These layers act as the caprock and connect close to the surface. The conductive zones reach surface near the locations of warm springs along Meager Creek. Clay cap layers are interpreted to consist mainly of smectite, illite and rare kaolinite with the resistivities below 15 Ωm in our model. The caprock overlays fractured quartz diorite permeated by hot water. This hot fluid reservoir is related to a higher resistivity feature coinciding with high temperature zones at a depth of approximately 1 km below sea level. This model illustrates possible conduits through which the hydrothermal fluids were transported to thermal springs at the surface. This research shows that integrating the AMT model, geology, and temperature data is crucial to build a conceptual model of the Mount Meager geothermal system to support targeted drilling by industry.

Potential assessment of renewable energy resources and their power plant capacities in Iran

AbstractToday, most developed and developing countries utilize renewable energy to meet their needs. The use of renewable energy prevents environmental pollution. A concern of the governments is to deal with environmental pollution. In this paper, the types of renewable energy used in electricity generation in Iran have been studied. Studies show that during the last 20 years, 1.5% of the amount of electricity produced in Iran is supplied by renewable energy. Iran also has a much greater potential for utilizing renewable energy. By 2020, Iran has a potential of 42000 MW use of renewable energies. However, the capacity of renewable power stations constructed in Iran is 800 MW. Different regions of Iran have high wind, solar and geothermal energy potential, which unfortunately has not been used enough to meet industrial needs.

Geothermal renewable energy prospects of the African continent using GIS

Geothermal energy potential is identified through the deep investigation of geological, geothermal, and geophysical information over a small area; however, this task is both expensive and complex. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can integrate different types of data (or thematic layers) over large regions and use them to identify zones of high geothermal potential. In this study, we use GIS as a tool to construct the first regional-scale geothermal potential map of Africa from different datasets. The key objective of this study is to estimate the geothermally promising areas within Africa by integrating geological thematic layers (rock units and faults), geophysical layers (heat flow derived from aeromagnetic data and seismicity), and geothermal layers (hot springs and volcanoes) within the GIS database. A weighted overlay technique within the GIS environment is applied to these data to generate the geothermal potential map. The result shows 14 regions with a high geothermal favorability index. The geothermal potential map of Africa is useful for targeting and exploring new geothermal renewable energy sites and can reduce exploration costs and pinpoint investigation areas during preliminary geothermal studies.

Geothermal Potential of the Brenner Base Tunnel—Initial Evaluations

Increasing demands on mobility and transport, but limited space above ground, lead to new traffic routes being built, even more underground in the form of tunnels. In addition to improving the traffic situation, tunnels offer the possibility of contributing to climate-friendly heating by indirectly serving as geothermal power plants. In this study, the geothermal potential of the future longest railway tunnel in the world, the Brenner Base Tunnel, was evaluated. At the Brenner Base Tunnel, warm water naturally flows from the apex of the tunnel towards the city of Innsbruck, Austria. In order to estimate its geothermal potential, hydrological data of discharge rates and temperatures were investigated and analyzed. The investigations indicated the highest geothermal potential in the summertime, while the lowest occurs during winter. It could be shown that these variations were a result of cooling during discharge through areas of low overburden (mid mountain range), where the tunnel atmosphere is increasingly influenced by the air temperatures outside the tunnel. Nevertheless, the calculations showed that there will be a usable potential after completion of the tunnel.

Plio-Quaternary Volcanism in Northeastern Morocco: Petrography and Geochemistry of Outcrops with High Geothermal Potential

Cenozoic volcanic activity in Morocco started in the Miocene and proceeded, after a short break, during Pliocene and Quaternary. Calc-alkaline magmatic activity occurred first and was accompanied by the eruption of transitional lavas, followed by Plio-Quaternary alkali basaltic activity, which was emplaced within Neogene sedimentary basins of the Rif belt and its foreland. From calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism, passing through a transitional term, volcanic activities in Morocco formed magnificent outcrops, very diversified in their affinities, their mineral compositions and their geochemistry. The petrographic study and geochemistry of Plio-quaternary volcanic rocks in the areas with high geothermal potential in northeast of Morocco show a dominance of Na-rich basaltic rocks (basanites, basalts, tephrites and basaltic trachy-andesites), followed by trachy-andesites. Most of the samples exhibit an enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) over high-field-strength elements (HFSEs). These results were used to test the global model of Circum-Mediterranean Anorogenic Cenozoic Igneous Province (CiMACI) and the regional model of [1].

Potential areas of interest for the development of geothermal energy in La Réunion Island based on GIS analysis

La Réunion Island has been considered an attractive target for geothermal exploitation since the 1970s. However, to date, the island's geothermal resources are not being used. Here we use for the first time, a Geographic Information System (GIS) as a decision-making tool to target the most favorable zones for exploitation of moderate and high temperature geothermal resources. All data acquired since the 1970s (geology, geophysics, geochemistry) in addition to environmental constraints such as protection of the National Park that was recently classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, were analyzed using the weighted overlay method to delineate favorable areas for local geothermal exploration. Three thematic maps were constructed: geological and structural indicators, thermal indicators, and geophysical indicators. Cross-analysis of these maps highlights two zones that have high geothermal potential; six zones with unconfirmed geothermal potential; and two zones located within the National Park protected area and thus subject to stringent exploitation regulations. It appears that, while thermal anomalies exist in several areas, permeability of the geological formations is low or insufficient for traditional geothermal utilization. Future exploration phases should assess the feasibility of using enhanced geothermal system (EGS) technologies to obtain a satisfactory economic return.

Exploration of geothermal potential using integrated fuzzy logic and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in Ağrı, Eastern Turkey

The demand for energy is increasing day by day worldwide due to population growth, industrialization and rising living standards. Geothermal energy, one of the alternative energy sources, is preferred in terms of providing environmentally friendly, quality and regular energy. Our country is rich in geothermal resource potential. However, there are still many unexplored geothermal resources. In this study, fuzzy-AHP method was used to determine the geothermal potential of Ağrı province. Five criteria such as geological formations, hot / mineral springs, lineaments, land surface temperature and hydrothermal alteration zones were evaluated to determine the having geothermal potential. The maps of lineament, land surface temperature and hydrothermal alteration zones were prepared using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite images. Each criterion was weighted with the fuzzy-AHP method, analyzed in the GIS environment, and the geothermal potential index (GPI) of the study area was calculated. As a result, areas with very high, high, medium and low geothermal potential were determined in the study area. According to the GPI map of the study area, Ağrı provincial center, Patnos, Eleşkirt, and Doğubayazıt regions have high geothermal potential. In addition, the known geothermal fields in the study area have been identified as areas with very high geothermal potential. These data reveal the accuracy of the study and used method.

Termal Turizm İşletmelerinde Sağlık Beklentileri ve Müşteri Memnuniyeti: Bolu Örneği

As a result of the quality of products and services offered by enterprises today, customer satisfaction is formed. Businesses that ensure customer satisfaction can win customer loyalty and adapt to competition in the market. The aim of the study is to measure the expectations and satisfaction of customers who come to thermal tourism enterprises in Bolu province. As a result of examining the data obtained, it is believed that the customers will determine their perceived satisfaction and provide a solution by identifying the shortcomings of thermal tourism enterprises in this direction. In the study, quantitative methods were applied to survey techniques. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS 22. The average degree of importance was found to be high, while the average degree of satisfaction remained below the specified degree of importance. As a result, it was determined that the average customer satisfaction of the thermal tourism facilities of Bolu province, which has high geothermal potential, is moderately satisfied.