High-functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders Research Articles

高機能広汎性発達障害児のニーズ理解と9,10歳の発達の節( 9,10歳の節をめぐって)

高機能広汎性発達障害児のニーズ理解と9,10歳の発達の節( 9,10歳の節をめぐって)

不登校を示した高機能広汎性発達障害児への登校支援のための行動コンサルテーションの効果 : トークン・エコノミー法と強化基準変更法を使った登校支援プログラム

不登校を示した高機能広汎性発達障害児への登校支援のための行動コンサルテーションの効果 : トークン・エコノミー法と強化基準変更法を使った登校支援プログラム

Quality of life in mothers of preschoolers with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders.

Parents of children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are likely to experience serious distress. The aims of this study were to (i) assess distress among mothers of preschoolers with high-functioning PDD (HFPDD); and (ii) examine its relation to the child's behavioral characteristics. Participants were 30 mothers of preschoolers with HFPDD, and 30 mothers of a matched control group. Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (version 2), and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were used for assessment. The children's autistic traits were assessed using the total number of items for the DSM-IV-TR autistic disorder diagnosis. Mothers in the HFPDD group were more distressed mentally than physically. Neither physical nor mental distress in the group was related to the child's autistic traits, while their mental distress was significantly related to the child's behavior problems. Mothers in the HFPDD group were at increased risk of impaired mental wellbeing. Maternal mental distress in the group was significantly related to general behavior problems, but not to autistic traits in the child.

A failure to confirm the effectiveness of a brief group psychoeducational program for mothers of children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders: a randomized controlled pilot trial.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of group psychoeducation to relieve the psychological distress of mothers of children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders (HFPDD) and to improve the behaviors of the children.MethodsSeventy-two mothers of preschool outpatients with HFPDD were randomly assigned to a four-session brief group psychoeducational program (GP). The sessions were held every second week in addition to the usual treatment (GP + treatment as usual [TAU] group), or to a TAU-alone group. The primary outcome was self-reported symptoms of maternal mental health as assessed using the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) at 21 weeks post-randomization (week 21). The GHQ-28 at the end of the intervention (week 7), Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) for the behavior of the children, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were carried out at weeks 7 and 21. We tested the group effects with the interaction between the intervention and the evaluation points.ResultsThe GHQ-28 score at week 21 was significantly higher in the GP + TAU group as compared to that in the TAU-alone group, indicating a greater improvement in the TAU-alone group. There was no evidence that GP + TAU led to a greater improvement of maternal mental health than TAU-alone at week 7. Similarly, no evidence was obtained to indicate that GP + TAU led to a reduction in the ABC or ZBI scores by week 7 or 21. The adjusted scores for the RF (role emotional) and MH (mental health) subscales of the SF-36 at week 21 were also significantly lower in the GP + TAU group, indicating a similar tendency to that of the change of the GHQ-28 score at week 21.ConclusionThe psychoeducational program did not alleviate maternal distress, aberrant behaviors of the children, or caregiver burden.

Inhibition of Automatic Semantic Processing in Children With High-Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders Having Reading Difficulty

Inhibition of Automatic Semantic Processing in Children With High-Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders Having Reading Difficulty

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults with High-Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Japan

Aims: This study was designed to verify the proportion of Japanese adults with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) who met the diagnostic criteria (other than E) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Furthermore, we examined to what extent adults with PDD think that they exhibit ADHD symptoms. Methods: We developed an original Japanese self-report questionnaire to determine the presence or absence of 18 symptoms from the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in the DSM-IV-TR. We administered the questionnaire to 64 adults with high-functioning PDD (45 men and 19 women) and 21 adults with ADHD (10 men and 11 women), aged 18 to 59 years, with a full-scale intelligence quotient ≥75. Target patients were evaluated for ADHD by their psychiatrists. Results: Twenty-nine (45.3%) adults with PDD also had ADHD. The percentage of these adults who had over six perceived inattention symptoms from the DSM-IV-TR was 96.6%. The percentage of these adults who had over six perceived hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms was 65.5%. Thirty-five (55.6%) adults with PDD responded that they were aware of having ADHD symptoms at the level of the relevant diagnostic criteria. Conclusions: The present study is the first to examine the frequency of objective and perceived ADHD symptoms in adults with PDD in Japan. Our results show that both objective and perceived ADHD symptoms frequently appear in a large number of adults with PDD. This suggests that it is necessary to attend to concomitant ADHD symptoms in the medical care of adults with PDD.

The feature of high reading ability in high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders of childhood: Analysis of the K-ABC and WISC-3rd assessment

We aimed to examine whether children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders (HFPDD) have higher reading ability and how their reading ability relates to other cognitive components. Our participants were a HFPDD group (N=35) and a non-PDD clinical group (N=25). We assessed reading ability with the “Reading/Decoding” and “Reading/Understanding” subtests of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) Japanese version. To investigate the relationship with other cognitive components, we calculated correlation coefficients between the each subtest and the other K-ABC and WISC-3rd subtests scores. Analysis with a general linear model revealed significantly higher standard scores on the two subtests of the HFPDD group than the non-PDD. Pearson's correlation coefficients showed different patterns between the two groups (the two subtests significantly related to “Word order” and, “Mazes” in the HFPDD group). These results suggest that HFPDD children have higher reading ability, but read words like symbols without adapting for inferring and comprehending contexts through semantic application of the words.

Dysfunction of orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices in children and adolescents with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders

BackgroundSeveral lines of evidence suggest that dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) contributes to the pathophysiology of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). The purpose of this study was to investigate neuropsychological dysfunctions in both the DLPFC and OFC of children and adolescents with high-functioning PDD.MethodsThe Iowa gambling task (IGT), which reflects OFC function, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), which reflects DLPFC function, were assigned to 19 children and early adolescents with high-functioning PDD and 19 healthy controls matched for gender, age, and intelligence.ResultsCompared to healthy controls, patients with high-functioning PDD displayed poorer performance on the IGT and the WCST.ConclusionsThese results indicate that both the DLPFC and OFC could be impaired in children and early adolescents with high-functioning PDD.

Unscorable response in Picture-Frustration Study to adults with High-Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Unscorable response in Picture-Frustration Study to adults with High-Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders

高機能広汎性発達障害児の階層的情報処理に対する拡大刺激、縮小刺激の効果

高機能広汎性発達障害児の階層的情報処理に対する拡大刺激、縮小刺激の効果

高機能広汎性発達障害者に対する就労に関するソーシャルスキルの形成におけるSSTとシミュレーション訓練の効果の検討

高機能広汎性発達障害者に対する就労に関するソーシャルスキルの形成におけるSSTとシミュレーション訓練の効果の検討

Loneliness in Children With High Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Loneliness in Children With High Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Cognitive profiles of adults with Asperger's disorder, high-functioning autism, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified based on the WAIS-III

Little is known about the cognitive profiles of high-functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) in adults based on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III). We examined cognitive profiles of adults with no intellectual disability (IQ > 70), and in adults with Asperger's disorder (AS; n = 47), high-functioning autism (HFA; n = 24), and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS; n = 51) using the WAIS-III. Verbal Intelligence (VIQ)–Performance Intelligence (PIQ) differences were detected between the three groups. Full Intelligence (FIQ) and VIQ scores were significantly higher in AS than in HFA and PDDNOS. Vocabulary, Information, and Comprehension subtest scores in the Verbal Comprehension index were significantly higher in AS than in the other subgroups, while Digit-Symbol Coding and Symbol Search subtest scores in the Processing Speed index were significantly lower in HFA. The findings demonstrated cognitive profiles characteristic of adults with high-functioning PDD.

Theory of mind and social inetractions in children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders

Theory of mind and social inetractions in children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders

Development of a screening scale for high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders using the Tokyo Child Development Schedule and Tokyo Autistic Behavior Scale

This study aimed to compile a screening scale for high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), using the Tokyo Child Development Schedule (TCDS) and Tokyo Autistic Behavior Scale (TABS). The 72 participants (IQ ≥ 70) were divided into 3 groups after IQ matching depending on their diagnoses: i.e., PDD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), or other than PDD or AD/HD. Among the items of TCDS and TABS, correlation with PDD diagnosis was confirmed in 3 items. A screening scale consisting of these 3 items (TCDS/TABS-3) had a sensitivity of 0.75 and a specificity of 0.84 at 2 cutoff points. We consider that the TCDS/TABS-3 encompasses and adequately reflects the autism diagnostic criteria and would be a useful auxiliary scale for PDD diagnosis.

The drawing characteristics of the Baum test of children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders

The drawing characteristics of the Baum test of children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders

高機能広汎性発達障害にともなう語用障害:特徴,背景,支援

高機能広汎性発達障害にともなう語用障害:特徴,背景,支援

Smaller insula and inferior frontal volumes in young adults with pervasive developmental disorders

Enlarged head circumference and increased brain weight have been reported in infants with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), and volumetric studies suggest that children with PDD have abnormally enlarged brain volumes. However, little is known about brain volume abnormalities in young adults with PDD. We explored gray matter (GM) volume in young adults with PDD. T1-weighted volumetric images were acquired with a 3-T magnetic resonance scanner from 32 males with high-functioning PDD (23.8±4.2 years; Full Scale Intelligence Quotient [FSIQ]=101.6±15.6) and 40 age-matched normal male control subjects (22.5±4.3 years; FSIQ=109.7±7.9). Regional GM volumes were compared between the two groups using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) with the Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration using Exponentiated Lie algebra (DARTEL). Compared with the control group, the high-functioning PDD group showed significantly less GM in the right insula, the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the right inferior parietal lobule. A conservative threshold confirmed considerably smaller volumes in the right insula and inferior frontal gyrus. In these areas, negative correlations were found between Autism Spectrum Quotient scores and GM volume, although no significant correlations were found between each subject's FSIQ and GM volume. No regions showed greater GM volumes in the high-functioning PDD group. The insular cortex, which works as a relay area for multiple neurocognitive systems, may be one of the key regions underlying the complex clinical features of PDD. These smaller GM volumes in high-functioning PDD subjects may reflect the clinical features of PDD itself, rather than FSIQ.

Behavioral characteristics of children with high functioning pervasive developmental disorders during a game.

BackgroundTo evaluate children’s sociability through their behavior, we compared the motion features of children with high functioning pervasive developmental disorders (HFPDD) and typical development (TD) during a game. We selected ‘Jenga’ as the game because this is an interactive game played by two people.MethodsWe observed the behavior of 7 children with HFPDD and 10 children with TD. An optical motion capture system was used to follow the movement of 3-dimensional position markers attached to caps worn by the players.ResultsThe range of head motion of the children with HFPDD was narrower than that of the control group, especially in the X-axis direction (perpendicular to the line connecting the two players). In each game, we calculated the range of motion in the X-axis of each child and divided that figure by the matched adult player’s range. The average ratios of children with HFPDD and TD were 0.64 and 0.89 (number of games are 61 and 18), and the difference of these two ratios is significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThis ratio has sensitivity to identify HFPDD children and could be useful in their child care.

High‐functioning pervasive developmental disorders in adults

High-functioning pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) have only recently been widely recognised; they are diagnosed mainly in children. Key features are impaired social cognition and communication; obsessive interests, routines or activities; and social or occupational dysfunction. There are scant data about the prevalence of high-functioning PDDs in adults, and it is possible that many Australian adults with these conditions are undiagnosed. A specialist multidisciplinary approach is used for both children with PDDs and adults with other neuropsychiatric disabilities, and has the potential to help adults with high-functioning PDDs. Increased awareness and diagnosis of these conditions should not limit career or personal goals of individuals with PDDs but should aid them in finding happy and productive careers and lives.