High-fat Red Meat Research Articles

Dietary pattern association with CD4 cells count in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus: A cross-sectional study

Background:Considering contradictory reports about the impact of dietary pattern on CD4 cell count in previous studies and the potential importance of diet on the immune system, this study aimed to assess the association between dietary patterns and CD4 count among HIV-infected patients.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-infected patients aged 18–60 who registered in the referral Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center of Shiraz, Iran. The principal component analysis identified nutritional patterns and factors. The association between the score of the dietary patterns and CD4 count was considered in two categories of CD4 more/less than 500 and using backward logistic regression after adjusting for confounders.Results:A total of 226 participants were included in the analysis. CD4 was significantly lower in males ( p < 0.001). Participants with illegal drug use ( p < 0.001), HCV ( p = 0.001), and HBV ( p < 0.001) had lower serum CD4. Four extracted dietary patterns were a Plant-rich diet, Healthy animal-based proteins, a Western diet, and Affordable calorie and protein patterns. There was an association between CD4 and Western diet patterns in the best model in which age, gender, weight, and HBV were included. Each unit increase in Western diet score increased the odds of CD4 less than 500 by 57% (OR = 1.57; CI 95% 1.06–2.34, p = 0.02).Conclusion:Among the four dietary patterns, the Western diet comprising a high intake of refined sugar and grain, saturated and trans fats, and animal protein sources, especially high-fat red meat, had a statistically significant relationship with a decrease in CD4 cell count.

Feelings reported by adolescents after food ingestion: a comparative study

Introduction: Food is closely linked with emotions in a complex relationship. The imaginary and symbolic meaning attributed to food has been little studied and the act of eating needs to be better understood. Objective: To analyze the association of adolescents´ feelings to selected foods. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 995 adolescents from public and private schools in Teresina, PI, Brazil. It was a Supplementary Project to the Brazilian national survey ERICA (Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes). Adolescents had to choose one of the following feelings to selected food: well-being/satisfaction, malaise, no feeling, aversion. For the option aversion, the participant had to indicate if it was related to smell, color, appearance, or taste. Adolescents´ feelings to foods were analyzed by type of school, sex, and age range, using Pearson's chi-square (c²) or Fisher's exact tests. Results: There was significant differences regarding the type of school for the feeling to chocolate (p=0.015); vegetables (p=0.003); leafy greens (p=0.005); healthy sandwich/natural fruit juice (p≤0.001); high fat red meat (p=0.046); fruit/natural fruit juice (p≤0.001). For sex, there was significant difrerences for healthy sandwich/natural fruit juice (p=0.001); beans and rice (p=0.021) and high fat red meat (p=0.005). There was significant differences between age groups for sandwich, chips, soda and ice cream (p=0.018); pasta (p=0.047) and high fat red meat (p=0.021). Well-being predominated in almost all foods and aversion was poorly reported. Conclusion: The results suggest that adolescents' feelings are not directed to specific foods.

N-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation increase oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in ApoE mice fed with chronic Western diet. Prevention strategy by apple polyphenols

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of mortality associated with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. One of the main risk factors is a Western diet rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA) which are sensitive to oxidation by heme iron of red meat in the gastrointestinal tract. This oxidation may increase 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) formation, a cytotoxic aldehyde generated from n-6PUFA. Moreover, coupling of 4-HNE to LDL can lead to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis development. By contrast, a diet rich in proanthocyanidins (PCs) (polyphenols, flavonoid class) is known to reduce oxidative stress as well as coronary artery disease. Evaluate chronic in Western diet effects and the potential protective capacity of PCs on vascular function and atherosclerosis development in an ApoE-/- mouse model. ApoE-/- mice were fed with: high-fat/red meat (HF-RM); HF-RM + n-6PUFA; HF-RM + n-6PUFA supplemented with apple puree or a phenolic extract (0.06% w/w) for 12 weeks. We reported an increase in fecal 4-HNE formation associated with a rise in plasmatic 4-HNE and oxLDL concentrations in n-6PUFA group. Moreover, adding oxidizable n-6PUFA to high fat diet was associated with ROS production (anion superoxide), worsened endothelial dysfunction, blood pressure and atheromatous plaque formation (136 vs. 166mm 2 in HF-RM). However, necrotic core size, fibrosis and lipid accumulation in atheromatous plaque were not affected. Interestingly, both polyphenol supplementations prevented the exacerbation of oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis impairments as well as an increase in eNOS activity ( Table 1 ). Apple polyphenols limit the formation of absorbable 4-HNE during digestion and consequently protect vascular integrity against the damages of oxidative stress. Consumption of PC-rich fruits should thus be encouraged within the Western diet.

Apple polyphenols decrease endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in ApoE mice fed with chronic Western diet

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of mortality in industrialized countries and is associated with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. One of the main risk factors is a pro-oxidant Western diet rich in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-6 PUFA) which are sensitive to oxidation by heme iron of red meat in the gastrointestinal tract. This oxidation may increase 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) formation, a cytotoxic aldehyde generated from ω-6 PUFA. Moreover, coupling of 4-HNE to LDL is a key step in atherosclerosis development. By contrast, a diet rich in proanthocyanidins (PCs) (polyphenols, flavonoid class) is known to reduce oxidative stress as well as coronary artery disease. Evaluate chronic pro-oxidant Western diet effects and the potential protective capacity of PCs on vascular function and atherosclerosis development in an ApoE-/- mouse model. ApoE-/- mice were fed with: high-fat/red meat (HF-RM); HF-RM + ω-6 PUFA; HF-RM + ω-6 PUFA supplemented with apple puree or a phenolic extract (0.06% w/w) for 12 weeks. We reported an increase in fecal 4-HNE formation associated with a rise in plasmatic 4-HNE and LDLox concentrations in ω-6 PUFA group. This increase was prevented by apple polyphenols supplementation. Moreover, adding oxidizable ω-6 PUFA to high fat diet worsens endothelial dysfunction, blood pressure and atheromatous plaque formation (136 vs. 166mm 2 in HF-RM). However, necrotic core size, fibrosis and lipid accumulation in atheromatous plaque were not affected. Interestingly, both polyphenol supplementations prevented the exacerbation of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis impairments which was associated with an increase in eNOS activity. Apple polyphenols limit the formation of absorbable lipid oxidation products during digestion (4-HNE) and consequently protect vascular integrity. Consumption of PC-rich fruits should thus be encouraged within the Western diet.

Substitution of red meat with poultry or fish and risk of type 2 diabetes: a Danish cohort study.

We examined associations between substitution of red meat (total, processed and unprocessed, low fat and high fat) with poultry or fish and substitution of processed red meat with unprocessed red meat and the risk of type 2 diabetes. A cohort of 53,163 participants from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health study were followed for incident type 2 diabetes (6879 cases; median follow-up time 15.4years). Diet was assessed by a validated 192-item food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for type 2 diabetes associated with specified food substitutions of 150g/week. Replacing total red meat with fish was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes [HR 0.96 (95% CI 0.94, 0.99)] as was replacement of processed red meat with poultry or fish [HR poultry 0.96 (95% CI 0.93, 0.99)]; HR fish 0.94 [(95% CI 0.91, 0.97)]. Replacing low fat red meat or high fat red meat with fish was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes whereas similar substitutions, with poultry, were not. Replacing processed red meat with unprocessed red meat was also associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes [HR 0.96 (95% CI 0.93, 0.99)]. Replacing processed red meat with poultry, replacing total or processed red meat with fish, and replacing processed red meat with unprocessed red meat were all associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes.

Patterns of Change in Food Consumption and Dietary Fat Intake in Chinese Adults, 1989–1993

Dietary and socio-economic data were collected from over 5,600 Chinese adults aged 20 to 45 in 1989, 1991, and 1993. Adults were categorized by income and other socio-economic variables, and dietary changes between 1989 and the subsequent two periods were studied. the quantities and proportions of animal foods and edible oils consumed increased dramatically, while daily consumption of grains and potatoes decreased by about 41 to 77 g. This decrease was greatest among coarse grains (corn, millet, and sorghum). the largest contributors to increased fat intake were edible oils, high-fat red meat, and lard and butter. Those eating more grain consumed less fat. Among high-income persons in 1993, 58% had a higher fat intake than recommended (> 30% of calories from fat), 31% had a high intake of saturated fat (> 10% of calories from saturated fat), and 40% had a cholesterol intake exceeding 300 mg/day. the corresponding figures were 27%, 15%, and 21% among low-income persons. This study raises important concerns about some long-term adverse consequences of economic change in China.