High-fat Pattern Research Articles

Lifestyle patterns, nutritional, and metabolic syndrome determinants in a sample of the older Iranian population

BackgroundChronic diseases and metabolic disorders are prevalent health concerns that often escalate with increasing age and thus affect older individuals. The proportion of the elderly population in Iran increased from 7.22% in 2006 to 12.0% in 2023. The current study aimed to evaluate lifestyle patterns and lifestyle risk factors among patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) based on dietary, physical activity, and smoking, as well as MetS components.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 582 older people with MetS living in Yazd, Iran. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to determine the lifestyle behaviors of diet patterns, smoking, and physical activity. Dietary intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Clinical measurements of MetS components were examined using relevant guidelines.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 72.71 years (SD = 5.57). Using PCA, two dietary patterns were identified: traditional patterns (e.g., fruits, fish, poultry, vegetables, meats, salt, and sugar sweetened beverages) and high-fat patterns (e.g., high-fat dairy). Applying LCA identified two classes of lifestyle patterns. About 35% (n = 204) of the participants were categorized in a low-risk class (I) and characterized by physical activity (0.93%, n = 190), a traditional pattern for diet (61%, n = 122), and zero probability of smoking. About 65% (n = 378) of the patients were categorized in high-risk class (II) and characterized by low physical activity levels (69%, n = 261), cigarette smoking (71.6%, n = 271), and a high-fat dietary pattern (56.9%, n = 215).ConclusionThe results of our study indicated two distinct classes within the patients. In class I, aging patients with MetS exhibited characteristics such as engagement in physical activity and having a traditional pattern for diet. Class II, with a higher prevalence of lifestyle risk factors, included individuals who engaged in cigarette smoking, displayed low physical activity (69%), and having a high-fat diet. The combination of these lifestyle factors exposed them to a heightened risk of developing MetS. The findings could guide healthcare professionals to be aware of the associations between different lifestyle risk factors and to focus on multiple behaviors at the same time.

Dietary Patterns in Association with Sleep Duration in Iranian Adults: Results from YaHS-TAMYZ and Shahadieh Cohort Studies

Background:Little observational studies have been conducted on the association between diet and sleep. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the associations of dietary patterns with sleep duration in an Iranian population.Methods:This study was conducted on the baseline data of two population-based Iranian cohorts: the YaHS-TAMYS and Shahedieh studies. Dietary intakes were assessed in 10451 Yazdi people aged 20–75 years. Dietary habits were derived from answers to a food frequency questionnaire, and a factor analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify dietary patterns. The reported sleep duration was categorized as short (<6 h), normal (6–8 h) or long (>8 h). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between dietary patterns and the odds of short and long sleep duration.Results:Four major dietary patterns were identified: “healthy,” “western,” “traditional,” and “high-carbohydrate, high-fat.” In the Shahedieh study, participants in the top quartile of the western dietary pattern had greater odds of short (<6 h) and long (>8 h) sleep duration (OR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.90; P trend <0.001 and OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.90; P trend = 0.014, respectively) than those in the bottom quartile. Also, participants in the highest quartile of the high-carbohydrate, high-fat pattern had higher odds of long sleep duration compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.75; P trend = 0.005). Pooling the two studies revealed that the western dietary pattern was significantly associated with short sleep duration (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.59).Conclusions:The western dietary pattern might inversely be associated with sleep duration. Future prospective studies are recommended to confirm these results.

Dietary patterns in relation to gestational depression and sleep disturbance in Chinese pregnant women.

To investigate the association of dietary patterns with gestational depression and sleep disturbance. Women in early pregnancy were recruited from the Chinese Pregnant Women Cohort Study (CPWCS) through July 25th, 2017 to November 26th, 2018, and eventually 7615 participants were included in this study. The qualitative food frequency questionnaire (Q-FFQ), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were used to assess dietary, depression and sleep quality during pregnancy, respectively. Dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of each outcome according to quartiles of each dietary pattern. Five dietary patterns were identified. Participants with the highest quartile in plant-based pattern had a significantly lower likelihood of mental problems (OR: 95% CI for depression: 0.66, 0.55-0.79; sleep disturbance: 0.80, 0.68-0.93); Similar results were observed in vitamin-rich pattern (OR: 95% CI for depression: 0.46, 0.38-0.55; sleep disturbance: 0.76, 0.65-0.89); However, contrary results were found in high-fat pattern (OR: 95% CI for depression: 2.15, 1.25-1.85; sleep disturbance: 1.43, 1.22-1.67); In animal protein-rich pattern, participants with the highest quartile had a decreased likelihood of depression (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.67-0.96). As for bean products pattern, participants with the highest quartile had an increased risk of depression (OR: 1.28, 95% CI:1.06-1.53). Interactions of dietary patterns and lifestyles on mental disorders were observed. Dietary patterns were associated with gestational depression and sleep disturbance. Relevant departments and maternal and child health personnel should conduct health education for pregnant women and guide them to eat properly.

Dietary nutrient patterns and the risk of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomas: a case-control study.

Although the association between food patterns and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenomas (CRA) has been explored previously, a distinct paucity of studies has evaluated the association of nutrient pattern and the risk of CRC and CRA as precursors of CRC. Thus, the purpose of this case-control study was to investigate nutrient patterns and their relationship with CRC and CRA in Iran. Two hundred forty hospital control, 129 newly diagnosed CRC and 130 newly diagnosed CRA patients were asked about their dietary intakes using validated questionnaires. To define the major nutrient patterns, principal component analysis was applied based on preselected nutrients, and four explainable nutrient patterns were obtained: Factor 1 (mixed), factor 2 (the antioxidant), factor 3 (dairy) and factor 4 (the high fat). Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of CRC and CRA according to categories of nutrient patterns. After adjusting for confounders, factor 2 was significantly associated with lower risk for the CRC and CRA in the second category compared with the first, respectively (OR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.12-0.34, OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.21-0.56). Participants in the highest category of factor 4 showed an increase in the risk of CRC and CRA, respectively, than those in the low category, in both crude and multivariate analysis (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.57-2.95, OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.13-3.02). Among derived nutrient patterns, 'the antioxidant pattern' was inversely associated with CRC/CRA, whilst 'high fat pattern' showed a direct association with these diseases.

High Staple Food and Fat Dietary Patterns May Related to Obesity in Uygur Adults (P18-068-19)

ObjectivesDiet is a primary factor for obesity. Dietary pattern analysis examines the effects of overall diet, and possible to examine distinct dietary patterns reflecting different dietary habits which may be related to the development of obesity. Dietary patterns and obesity in Uygur population remain unclear. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and risk of obesity in 515 Uygur adults. MethodsDietary intakes were assessed by semi-quantitative frequency questionnaire (FFQ). All anthropometric measurements were obtained using standardized procedures. Dietary patterns were derived using the factor analysis and logistic regression was used to examine the association between dietary patterns and obesity with adjustment of potential confounding variables. ResultsFour dietary patterns were identified: coarse cereals pattern (grains other than wheat and rice, vegetables, fruits, etc.), nut pattern (beans and nut, dairy, eggs, etc.), staple food pattern (refined rice and wheat, eggs, tea, salt, etc.), high-fat pattern (fats, tea, salt, etc.). Further analysis found that the incidence of obesity was significantly higher in the highest tertile (Q3) group who tended to have higher intake of “staple foods” and “high-fat foods” compared to the lowest tertile (Q1), while coarse cereals pattern was lower in the Q3 than Q1 (P < 0.001) group. After adjustment for relevant confounders, logistic regression analysis showed that the “coarse cereals pattern” was negatively associated with obesity [OR = 0.619, 95%CI = (0.28∼0.96), P < 0.05], while “staple food pattern” [OR = 2.488, 95%CI = (2.25∼2.73), P < 0.05] and “high-fat pattern” [OR = 3.064, 95%CI = (2.79∼3.34), P < 0.05] were positively associated with obesity. ConclusionsIn our study, the staple food patterns and high-fat patterns could increase the risk of obesity, while coarse cereals patterns, a high consumption of coarse cereals, vegetables and fruits, may reduce the risk of obesity. Our results suggested that low dietary fiber maybe a risk factor of obesity in Uygur people. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings. Funding SourcesThis study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs▪▪

Relations among Plasma Ferritin, High Fat Dietary Pattern and Blood Lipids in Type 2 Diabetes: a cohort study

Several studies have found associations between iron overload as ferritin and risks of diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Limited studies have been conducted in Asian patients. We undertook this study to examine association between plasma ferritin and blood lipids using five years of repeated measures in type 2 diabetes. A cohort of 651 Taiwanese with type 2 diabetes was followed up at one‐year intervals over five years (2008‐2012). Average levels of ferritin measured in 2008 and 2009 were used. Repeated measures analysis was used to analyze relations between ferritin and lipid profile over the 5 years. Ferritin correlated significantly (p trend&lt;0.001) with high fat western dietary pattern generated using factor analysis in 2008. After adjusting for confounders, hyperferritinemia (ferritin &gt; 250ng/dl) correlated significantly with reduced levels of HDL‐C (45.0 vs. 47.0 mg/dl, p=0.035) and increased triglyceride (175.3 vs.146.9 mg/dl, p&lt;0.001), but not with LDL‐C. The highest quintile of high fat pattern also correlated with triglyceride (p=0.015). Blood ferritin may serve as dietary markers of frequent consumption of high meat and high fat foods. Future prospective studies with longer duration will be needed to confirm relations between iron overload as ferritin and development of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes.

Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Hip Fractures in Elderly Chinese: A Matched Case-Control Study

Many studies have investigated the effects of individual foods or nutrients on bone health, but limited research has focused on dietary patterns. We examined the association of dietary patterns with the risk of hip fractures in elderly Chinese. This 1:1 age- (±3 years) and gender-matched case-control study were performed between June 2009 and June 2012. The study was conducted in Guangdong Province, China. A total of 581 pairs of hip fracture incident cases and controls (71 ± 7 years) were studied. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to assess dietary intake using a 79-item food frequency questionnaire, whereas general information was collected using structured questionnaires. Dietary patterns were identified by a principal components factor analysis. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression were used to analyze the association. We identified 4 dietary patterns: healthy, prudent, traditional, and high-fat. Dose-dependent lower risks of hip fracture were observed in relation to higher scores in the healthy dietary pattern related to high fruit and vegetable intake and in the prudent pattern typified by a higher intake of nuts, mushrooms, algae, and seafood but lower in grains, whereas the same were associated with lower scores in the high-fat dietary pattern (all P trend < .05). The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for hip fractures, comparing the extreme tertiles of the 3 patterns, were 0.42 (0.24-0.73) for healthy, 0.51 (0.28-0.90) for prudent, and 2.25 (1.38-3.69) for high-fat. No significant association was found between the traditional dietary pattern (with a high intake of Chinese herbal tea, double stewed soup, processed meat and fish, and organ meat) and hip fracture risk. Our findings suggest that the consumption of a healthy or prudent dietary pattern can protect against hip fractures, whereas a high-fat pattern promotes the incidence of such fractures.

Food Pattern Analysis and Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Elderly People from Mediterranean Islands

The effect of various foods on the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has already been investigated. We performed a food pattern analysis and evaluated the association between the consumption of various patterns and the prevalence of CVD risk factors among elderly people from Mediterranean islands (the MEDIS study). During 2005-2006, 300 men and women from Cyprus, 142 from Mitilini, 100 from Samothraki, and 104 from Kefalonia islands (65-100 years old) were enrolled. CVD risk factors (i.e., hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity) were assessed through standard procedures. All participants were asked about their usual frequency of consumption of various foods through a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, and food pattern analysis using the principal components analysis (PCA) method was then performed. PCA extracted five components that explained the 56.53% of the total variation in intake: i.e., a food pattern (component 1) that was loaded mainly on low-fat products, a high glycemic index and high-fat pattern (component 2), a pattern that included consumption of cereals and sweets (component 3), a pattern that was characterized by the intake of dairy products and fruits (component 4), and a pattern that was characterized by the consumption of alcoholic beverages (component 5). Ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that component 1, component 3, and component 5 were associated with lower likelihood of having increased burden of CVD (P < .01), irrespective of various potential confounders. Food pattern analysis revealed the current nutritional status of our elderly participants, and provided a pathway for reducing the burden of CVD risk factors among these people.

Analysis of patterns of food intake in nutritional epidemiology: food classification in principal components analysis and the subsequent impact on estimates for endometrial cancer.

To assess the effect of different methods of classifying food use on principal components analysis (PCA)-derived dietary patterns, and the subsequent impact on estimation of cancer risk associated with the different patterns. Dietary data were obtained from 232 endometrial cancer cases and 639 controls (Western New York Diet Study) using a 190-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were generated using PCA and three methods of classifying food use: 168 single foods and beverages; 56 detailed food groups, foods and beverages; and 36 less-detailed groups and single food items. Classification method affected neither the number nor character of the patterns identified. However, total variance explained in food use increased as the detail included in the PCA decreased (approximately 8%, 168 items to approximately 17%, 36 items). Conversely, reduced detail in PCA tended to attenuate the odds ratio (OR) associated with the healthy patterns (OR 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35-0.84 and OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.49-1.20, 168 and 36 items, respectively) but not the high-fat patterns (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.57-1.58 and OR 0.85, 0.51-1.40, 168 and 36 items, respectively). Greater detail in food-use information may be desirable in determination of dietary patterns for more precise estimates of disease risk.

Patterns in food use and compliance with NCI dietary guidelines

We developed multidimensional measures of diet by identifying seven gender-specific patterns among 1,475 male and 780 female subjects selected as neighborhood controls in a case-control study of cancer at various sites. The purpose of this study was to examine these patterns for compliance with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Dietary Guidelines. Diets were scored and each subject assigned tertile ranks for each pattern. Mean values for indicators of compliance were compared across tertiles for each pattern. No one pattern signified compliance with all guidelines. High-fat patterns in both genders and the low-cost pattern in women were the best indicators of poor compliance with NCI guidelines.

Genetic traits related to hypertension and electrolyte metabolism.

The genetic and cultural heritability and intercorrelation of traits related to hypertension have been carried out in 98 Utah pedigrees (2,500 person) and 58 sibships with two or more hypertensive persons (131 hypertensive persons). Although none of these traits has been established as a marker for "sodium-sensitive hypertension," many of them are related at least indirectly to both electrolyte metabolism and risk of hypertension. Significant recessive monogenic effects and high total heritability (52-84%) were found for urinary kallikrein, high fat pattern index, intraerythrocytic sodium, Na-Li countertransport, and ouabain binding sites. Familial correlations more strongly attributable to shared environment than to genetic effects were found for Na,K-ATPase pump activity, intraerythrocytic magnesium, plasma digoxin-like factor, plasma renin activity, and plasma sodium concentration. All anthropometric variables tested showed highly significant genetic heritability with low and insignificant shared family environmental effects. Several of the genetically determined cellular cation tests also correlated with other genetic traits including plasma lipids, anthropometric measurements, and other cellular cation tests. Among hypertensive individuals with familial dyslipidemic hypertension, plasma insulin levels correlated with obesity and lipid abnormalities and with several cellular cation flux tests associated with hypertension.