High-fat Diet-induced Obese Mouse Model Research Articles

Amelioration of Insulin Resistance by Whey Protein in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Pediatric Obesity Male Mouse Model.

This study examined whey protein's impact on insulin resistance in a high-fat diet-induced pediatric obesity mouse model. Pregnant mice were fed high-fat diets, and male pups continued this diet until 8 weeks old, then were split into high-fat, whey, and casein diet groups. At 12 weeks old, their body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood insulin level (IRI), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), liver lipid metabolism gene expression, and liver metabolites were compared. The whey group showed significantly lower body weight than the casein group at 12 weeks old (p = 0.034). FBG was lower in the whey group compared to the high-fat diet group (p < 0.01) and casein group (p = 0.058); IRI and HOMA-IR were reduced in the whey group compared to the casein group (p = 0.02, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively). The levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and hormone-sensitive lipase were upregulated in the whey group compared to the casein group (p < 0.01, p = 0.03). Metabolomic analysis revealed that the levels of taurine and glycine, both known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, were upregulated in the whey group in the liver tissue (p < 0.01, p < 0.01). The intake of whey protein was found to improve insulin resistance in a high-fat diet-induced pediatric obesity mouse model.

Comparative analysis of anti-obesity effects of green, fermented, and γ-aminobutyric acid teas in a high-fat diet-induced mouse model

Obesity, a prevalent disease associated with numerous chronic conditions, including hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, remains a major global health challenge. This study investigated the potential of green tea (GT), fermented tea (FT), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) tea (GBT), which are rich in phytonutrients and polyphenols, for the management of obesity. Using a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model (C57BL/6N), we explored the effect of these teas on various obesity-related parameters. The mice were categorized into five groups: normal diet with water, high-fat diet with water, and high-fat diet supplemented with GT, FT, or GBT. Over 13 weeks, we monitored body weight, perirenal and liver fat, adipocyte lipid accumulation, and key metabolic indicators, such as serum cholesterol, leptin, insulin, and fasting blood glucose. These teas contain beneficial phytochemicals such as GABA, theanine, and caffeine, and have demonstrated an enhanced antioxidant capacity, which increases the scavenging of free radicals and may reduce oxidative stress. The animal study indicated a decrease in feeding efficiency and significant reductions in body weight liver fat, epididymal fat, and perirenal fat, as well as in adipocyte lipid accumulation. Additionally, notable improvements were observed in metabolic health indicators, including reductions in serum cholesterol, leptin, insulin, and fasting blood glucose levels. Our findings revealed that GT, FT, or GBT significantly counteracted the negative effects of a high-fat diet, suggesting their potential in combating obesity and related metabolic disorders.

Sipyimigwanjung-tang, a traditional herbal medication, alleviates weight gain in a high-fat diet-induced obese mice model

Obesity leads to the development of metabolic syndrome and comorbidities. Overweight and obesity continue to be a relentless global issue. Sipyimigwanjung-tang (SGT), a traditional herbal medication, was first mentioned in Dongui Sasang Shinpyun and has been used to treat edema, meteorism, and jaundice, which are common findings associated with obesity. The main physiological feature of obesity is expanded adipose tissue, which causes several impairments in liver metabolism. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of SGT in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and livers of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. SGT significantly blocked HFD-induced weight gain in C57BL/6N mice. In addition, SGT effectively reduced the increased weight and adipocyte size in eWAT of HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 N mice. Moreover, SGT significantly decreased the elevated gene expression of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, and Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 in the eWAT of HFD-induced obese mice. Furthermore, SGT significantly decreased lipid accumulation in the livers of HFD-induced obese mice and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Hence, the present study provides substantial evidence that SGT has potential therapeutic effects on obesity.

The impact of high polymerization inulin on body weight reduction in high-fat diet-induced obese mice: correlation with cecal Akkermansia.

Obesity presents a significant public health challenge, demanding effective dietary interventions. This study employed a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model to explore the impacts of inulin with different polymerization degrees on obesity management. Our analysis reveals that high-degree polymerization inulin (HDI) exhibited a significantly higher oil binding capacity and smaller particle size compared to low-degree polymerization inulin (LDI) (p < 0.05). HDI was more effective than LDI in mitigating body weight gain in high-diet induced obese mice, although neither LDI nor HDI affected blood sugar levels when compared to the high-fat diet control group (p < 0.05). Both HDI and LDI administrations reduced liver weight and enhanced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis compared to the high-fat diet induced control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, HDI suppressed hepatic lipogenesis, resulting in a further reduction in liver triglycerides compared to the high-fat diet-induced obese mice (p < 0.05). Notably, HDI improved gut health by enhancing intestinal morphology and modulating gut microbiota structure. HDI administration notably increased the relative abundance of cecal Akkermansia, a gut microbe associated with improved metabolic health, while LDI showed limited efficacy (p < 0.05 and p > 0.05, respectively). These findings underscore the importance of the structural properties of inulin in its potential to combat obesity and highlight the strategic use of inulin with varying polymerization degrees as a promising dietary approach for obesity management, particularly in its influence on gut microbiota composition and hepatic lipid metabolism regulation.

Validating the Health Benefits of Coffee Berry Pulp Extracts in Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Diabetes.

The effects of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) berry pulp extracts (CBP extracts) on the improvement of diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were evaluated using various in vitro antioxidant activity assays and through a high-fat diet-induced mild diabetic obese mouse model. After an 84-day oral administration of CBP extracts (400-100 mg/kg), bioactivities were evaluated. The in vitro analysis showed the highest DPPH● scavenging activity of 73.10 ± 4.27%, ABTS● scavenging activity of 41.18 ± 1.14%, and SOD activity of 56.24 ± 2.81%, at a CBP extract concentration of 1000 µg/mL. The in vivo analysis of the CBP extracts showed favorable and dose-dependent anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, NAFLD, nephropathy, and hyperlipidemia refinement effects through hepatic glucose enzyme activity, 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) up-regulation, antioxidant activity, lipid metabolism-related gene expression, and pancreatic lipid digestion enzyme modulatory activities. This study shows that an appropriate oral dosage of CBP extracts could function as a potent herbal formulation for a refinement agent or medicinal food ingredient to control type 2 diabetes and related complications.

Novel Lauric Acid-Butyric Structural Lipid Inhibits Inflammation: Small Intestinal Microbes May Be Important Mediators.

Butyric acid (C4) and lauric acid (C12) are recognized as functional fatty acids, while the health benefits of the structural lipids they constitute remain unclear. In this study, lauric acid-butyric structural lipid (SLBL ) is synthesized through ultrasound-assisted enzyme-catalyzed acidolysis and its health benefits are evaluated in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. SLBL and its physical mixture (MLBL ) do not significantly inhibit obesity in mice. However, SLBL treatment increases the ratio of n3/n6 fatty acids in the liver and improves obesity-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorders. Furthermore, the expression of liver pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) are significantly suppressed by SLBL , while the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) is increased. Moreover, SLBL ameliorates the dysbiosis of small intestinal microbes induced by high-fat diet and regulates microbial community structure to be close to the control group. Especially, SLBL significantly alleviates the high-fat diet-induced decrease in Dubosiella and Bifidobacterium abundance. Correlation analysis reveals that SLBL treatment increases the abundance of microorganisms with potential anti-inflammatory function and decreases the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria. In all, small intestinal microbes may be a significant bridge for the positive anti-inflammatory effects of SLBL , while the exact mechanism remains to be clarified.

Short term effect of tetrahydrocurcumin on adipose angiogenesis in very high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model.

Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) has been shown to possess anti-angiogenic activities. This study aims to investigate the effects of THC on adipose angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors that occurs in 60% high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Male ICR mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: mice fed with a low-fat diet (LFD group); mice fed with very high fat diet (VHFD group), and mice fed with VHFD supplemented with THC (300 mg/kg/day orally) (VHFD+THC treated group) for 6 weeks. Body weight (BW), food intake, fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profiles and visceral fats weight (VF) were measured. The microvascular density (MVD), TNF-α, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expressions were evaluated. The VHFD group had significantly increased total cholesterol, triglyceride, food intake, BW, VF, VF/BW ratio, adipocyte size and the number of crown-liked structures as compared to LFD group. THC supplementation markedly reduced these parameters and adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation in white adipose tissues. MVD, TNF-α, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were over-expressed in the VHFD group. However, THC supplementation decreased MVD and reduced expression of TNF-α, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9. In conclusion, THC suppressed angiogenesis in adipose tissue by the downregulation of TNF-α, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9. With its effects on lipid metabolism as well as on food consumption, THC could contribute to lower visceral fat and body weight. Overall, our study demonstrated the potential benefit of THC in mitigating obesity and associated metabolic disorders along with elucidated the suppression of adipose angiogenesis as one of its underlying mechanisms.

Malonate induces the browning of white adipose tissue in high-fat diet induced obesity model

Obesity increases the risk of various diseases, and many studies have examined prevention and treatment strategies. Browning of white adipocytes promotes triglyceride (TG) metabolism and is the new focus for treating obesity. This study investigated the role of malonate—a modulator of mitochondrial function—in adipocyte browning, and its potential as a therapeutic agent in obesity. Our findings revealed that malonate increased oxygen consumption without inhibiting ATP synthesis. Malonate induced expression of PRDM16—an important transcription factor for browning—and uncoupling protein 1 (beige adipocyte marker), suggesting that malonate induces browning in white adipocytes. In an obesity mouse model induced by a high-fat diet, malonate significantly reduced body weight and white adipose tissue weight, as well as improved insulin resistance. Importantly, malonate stimulated browning in white adipose tissue and maintained the mass of brown adipose tissue in the high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. We propose that manipulation of mitochondrial function by malonate is a promising therapeutic approach for obesity.

Dihydro-Resveratrol Attenuates Oxidative Stress, Adipogenesis and Insulin Resistance in In Vitro Models and High-Fat Diet-Induced Mouse Model via AMPK Activation.

Management of obesity has become a prevalent strategy for preventing the diseases closely integrated with excess body weight such as diabetes over the last half century. Searching for therapeutic agents acting on oxidative stress, adipogenesis and insulin resistance is considered as an efficient approach to control obesity-related diseases. The present study was designed to examine the in vitro and in vivo effects of dihydro-resveratrol (DR2), a naturally occurring compound from Dendrobium medicinal plants, on oxidative stress aggravation, adipogenesis, lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity. We utilized an in vitro 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation model to show that DR2 could reduce pre-adipocyte maturation by activation of AMPK/SIRT1 signaling proteins to inhibit p38MAPK proteins. With the use of in vitro oxidative-stress-induced hepatocytes and myoblasts models, DR2 was also shown to be able to reduce oxidative stress aggravation through mediation of Nrf2-related antioxidative cascade, reduce intracellular lipid accumulation through phosphorylation of ACC protein, reduce lipid peroxidation in hepatocytes and promote insulin sensitivity via activation of AKT protein in the insulin-resistant HepG2 cells and C2C12 cells. The effects of DR2 on adipogenesis, lipid accumulation, insulin resistance and blood glucose clearance were further demonstrated in the high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Our in vitro and in vivo studies determined that DR2 could contain therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Fecal fermentation and high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model confirmed exopolysaccharide from Weissella cibaria PFY06 can ameliorate obesity by regulating the gut microbiota

Obesity associated with diet and intestinal dysbiosis is a worldwide public health crisis, and exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have prebiotic potential to ameliorate obesity. Therefore, the present study obtained LAB with the ability to produce high EPS, examined the structure of EPS, and explained its mechanism of alleviating obesity by in vivo and in vitro models. The results showed that Weissella cibaria PFY06 with a high EPS yield was isolated from strawberry juice, and pure polysaccharide (PFY06-EPS) was purified by Sephadex G-100. The structural characteristics of PFY06-EPS showed that the molecular weight was 8.08 × 106 Da and composed of α-(1,6)-D glucosyl residues. An in vitro simulated human colon fermentation test demonstrated that PFY06-EPS increased the abundance of Prevotella and Bacteroides. Cell tests confirmed that PFY06-EPS after fecal fermentation inhibited fat accumulation by promoting the secretion of endogenous gastrointestinal hormones and insulin and inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors. Notably, PFY06-EPS reduced weight gain, fat accumulation, inflammatory reactions and insulin resistance in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model and improved glucolipid metabolism. PFY06-EPS intervention reversed obesity-induced microflora disorders, such as reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio and increasing butyrate-producing bacteria (Roseburia and Oscillibacter), and reduced endotoxemia to maintain intestinal barrier integrity. Therefore, in vivo and in vitro models showed that PFY06-EPS had potential as a prebiotic that may play an anti-obesity role by improving the function of the gut microbiota.

Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase promotes adipocyte commitment and insulin resistance via p38 MAPK/Smad signaling.

Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (Bhmt) belongs to the family of methyltransferases and is involved in the one-carbon metabolic cycle, which is associated with the risk of diabetes and adiposity. This study aimed to explore whether Bhmt participated in the development of obesity or its associated diabetes, as well as the mechanism involved. The expression levels of Bhmt were examined in stromal vascular fraction cells and mature adipocytes in obesity and nonobesity. Knockdown and overexpression of Bhmt in C3H10T1/2 cells were used to investigate Bhmt's function in adipogenesis. Bhmt's role in vivo was analyzed using an adenovirus-expressing system and a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Bhmt was highly expressed in stromal vascular fraction cells rather than mature adipocytes of adipose tissue and was upregulated in adipose tissue in obesity and C3H10T1/2-commited preadipocytes. Overexpression of Bhmt promoted adipocyte commitment and differentiation in vitro and exacerbated adipose tissue expansion in vivo, with a concomitant increase in insulin resistance, whereas Bhmt silencing exhibited opposite effects. Mechanistically, Bhmt-induced adipose expansion was mediated by stimulating the p38 MAPK/Smad pathway. The findings of this study highlight the obesogenic and diabetogenic role of adipocytic Bhmt and propose Bhmt as a promising therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related diabetes.

Whey protein hydrolysates improve high-fat-diet-induced obesity by modulating the brain-peripheral axis of GLP-1 through inhibition of DPP-4 function in mice.

Obesity is a growing global health concern. Recent literature indicates a prominent role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in glucose metabolism and food intake. The synergistic action of GLP-1 in the gut and brain is responsible for its satiety-inducing effect, suggesting that upregulation of active GLP-1 levels could be an alternative strategy to combat obesity. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is an exopeptidase known to inactivate GLP-1, suggesting that its inhibition could be a crucial strategy for effectively extending the half-life of endogenous GLP-1. Peptides derived from partial hydrolysis of dietary proteins are gaining traction due to their inhibitory activity on DPP-4. Whey protein hydrolysate from bovine milk (bmWPH) was produced using simulated in situ digestion, purified using RP-HPLC, and characterized for DPP-4 inhibition. The antiadipogenic and antiobesity activity of bmWPH was then studied in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obesity (HFD) mice model, respectively. The dose-dependent inhibitory effect of bmWPH on the catalytic activity of DPP-4 was observed. Additionally, bmWPH suppressed adipogenic transcription factors and DPP-4 protein levels, leading to a negative effect on preadipocyte differentiation. In an HFD mice model, co-administration of WPH for 20weeks downregulated adipogenic transcription factors, resulting in a concomitant reduction in whole body weight and adipose tissues. Mice fed with bmWPH also showed a marked reduction in DPP-4 levels in WAT, liver, and serum. Furthermore, HFD mice fed with bmWPH exhibited increased serum and brain GLP levels, which led to a significant decrease in food intake. In conclusion, bmWPH reduces body weight in HFD mice by suppressing appetite through GLP-1, a satiety-inducing hormone, in both the brain and peripheral circulation. This effect is achieved through modulation of both the catalytic and non-catalytic activity of DPP-4.

Single-cell hemoprotein exerts a modulatory effect on lipid metabolism in a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model

Single-cell hemoprotein exerts a modulatory effect on lipid metabolism in a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model

Inhibition of fatty acid synthase protects obese mice from acute lung injury via ameliorating lung endothelial dysfunction

BackgroundObesity has been identified as a risk factor for acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the role of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI under obesity.MethodsA high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse model was established and lean mice fed with regular chow diet were served as controls. LPS was intratracheally instilled to reproduce ALI in mice. In vitro, primary mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs), treated by palmitic acid (PA) or co-cultured with 3T3-L1 adipocytes, were exposed to LPS. Chemical inhibitor C75 or shRNA targeting FASN was used for in vivo and in vitro loss-of-function studies for FASN.ResultsAfter LPS instillation, the protein levels of FASN in freshly isolated lung endothelial cells from DIO mice were significantly higher than those from lean mice. MLECs undergoing metabolic stress exhibited increased levels of FASN, decreased levels of VE-cadherin with increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation and NLRP3 expression, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired endothelial barrier compared with the control MLECs when exposed to LPS. However, these effects were attenuated by FASN inhibition with C75 or corresponding shRNA. In vivo, LPS-induced ALI, C75 pretreatment remarkably alleviated LPS-induced overproduction of lung inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and lung vascular hyperpermeability in DIO mice as evidenced by increased VE-cadherin expression in lung endothelial cells and decreased lung vascular leakage.ConclusionsTaken together, FASN inhibition alleviated the exacerbation of LPS-induced lung injury under obesity via rescuing lung endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, targeting FASN may be a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating LPS-induced ALI in obese individuals.

Single-cell hemoprotein exhibits an anti-obesity effect in a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model

Single-cell hemoprotein exhibits an anti-obesity effect in a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model

Single-cell hemoprotein exhibits an anti-obesity effect in a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model

Single-cell hemoprotein exhibits an anti-obesity effect in a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model

Cardiovascular and lipid-lowering effects of a marine lipoprotein extract in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model.

Obesity is a major health challenge worldwide, with implications for diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Regular consumption of dark-meat fish is linked to a lower incidence of CVD and associated metabolic disorders due to the presence of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters in fish oils. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a marine compound like a sardine lipoprotein extract (RCI-1502), regulates fat accumulation in the heart of a high-fat diet-induced (HFD) mouse model of obesity. To investigate its effects in the heart and liver, we conducted a randomized, 12-week placebo-controlled study in which we analyzed the expression of vascular inflammation markers, obesity biochemical patterns and related CVD pathologies. Male HFD-fed mice treated with a RCI-1502-supplemented diet showed reduced body weight, abdominal fat tissue and pericardial fat pad mass density without systemic toxicity. RCI-1502 significantly reduced triacylglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and total-cholesterol concentrations in serum, but increased HDL-cholesterol levels. Our data show that RCI-1502 is beneficial for reducing obesity associated with a long-term HFD, possibly by exerting a protective effect on lipidic homeostasis, indicated also by histopathological analysis. These results collectively indicate that RCI-1502 acts as a cardiovascular therapeutic nutraceutical agent, which modulates fat-induced inflammation and improves metabolic health.

Adipocytolytic Polymer Nanoparticles for Localized Fat Reduction.

The demand for body fat reduction is increasing. However, conventional lipolytic approaches fail to control adipose tissue reduction and cause severe side effects in adjacent nonadipose tissues. A strategy to specifically reduce subcutaneous fat using adipocytolytic polymer nanoparticles in a minimally invasive manner is reported here. The polymer nanoparticles are designed to generate carbon dioxide gas when selectively absorbed by adipocytes. The carbon dioxide gas generated within late endosomes/lysosomes induces adipocytolysis, thereby reducing the number of cells. Localized injection of the adipocytolytic nanoparticles substantially reduces subcutaneous fat in a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model, without significant changes in hematological or serum biochemical parameters. The adipocytolytic efficacy of the nanoparticles is also evaluated in a porcine model. This strategy addresses the need to develop safe and effective adipocytolytic agents using functional polymer nanoparticles.

Supplement of Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharide by pre-prandial gavage and free feeding demonstrates differences to prevent obesity and gut microbiota disturbance in mice.

Caulerpa lentillifera has received extensive attention regarding expansion of its farming and increasing consumption. In our previous study, the structure of C.lentillifera polysaccharide (CLP) was elucidated. However, little information is available about its health effects. In this study, the anti-obesity effect of CLP was investigated by using a high-fat diet-induced obese mice model with two different supplementation methods. In vitro simulated digestion results showed that CLP significantly decreased the lipid digestibility and induced the lipid droplets aggregation in the intestinal stage to inhibit the absorption of lipids. As revealed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics, supplement of CLP by both pre-prandial gavage and free feeding patterns effectively prevented mice obesity via ameliorating intestinal flora disturbance and regulating bile acids circulation metabolism. Of note was that CLP administration had no effect on short-chain fatty acids production, suggesting the anti-obesity effect was uncorrelated with their production. Moreover, pre-prandial administration of CLP had a better anti-obesity effect in lowering body weight and serum lipid levels, but the free feeding resulted in a higher α-diversity of gut microbiota. The findings of this study indicate that CLP could be a potential anti-obesity nutraceutical and that pre-prandial supplement of CLP may be a better intake method to exhibit its hypolipidemic effect. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

GPR92 activation in islet macrophages controls β cell function in a diet-induced obesity model.

The molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-induced increases in β cell mass and the resulting β cell dysfunction need to be elucidated further. Our study revealed that GPR92, expressed in islet macrophages, is modulated by dietary interventions in metabolic tissues. Therefore, we aimed to define the role of GPR92 in islet inflammation by using a high-fat diet-induced (HFD-induced) obese mouse model. GPR92-KO mice exhibited glucose intolerance and reduced insulin levels - despite the enlarged pancreatic islets - as well as increased islet macrophage content and inflammation level compared with WT mice. These results indicate that the lack of GPR92 in islet macrophages can cause β cell dysfunction, leading to disrupted glucose homeostasis. Alternatively, stimulation with the GPR92 agonist farnesyl pyrophosphate results in the inhibition of HFD-induced islet inflammation and increased insulin secretion in WT mice, but not in GPR92-KO mice. Thus, our study suggests that GPR92 can be a potential target to alleviate β cell dysfunction via the inhibition of islet inflammation associated with the progression of diabetes.