High-energy Resolution Fluorescence-detected X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Research Articles

Tantalum in hydrothermal fluids

Understanding the behaviour of tantalum (Ta) in hydrothermal systems is pivotal for understanding its geochemical enrichment processes and economic extraction via hydrometallurgy. Yet, its behaviour in hydrothermal systems remains poorly characterised. This study investigates the coordination chemistry, speciation, and solubility of pentavalent Ta(V) in fluoride (F) − and chloride (Cl) −rich hydrothermal solutions up to 413 °C and 800 bar, utilising in-situ High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detected X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS). The results reveal the stability of high order fluoridotantalate complexes in fluoride-rich fluids solutions up to the highest investigated temperature, highlighting fluoride’s paramount role in enhancing Ta solubility through the formation of stable complexes in aqueous solutions. A transition from nonafluoridotantalate tetraanion (TaF94−) to heptafluoridotantalate dianion (TaF72−) complexes was observed as a function of temperature in solutions containing ≥1 m fluoride. Conversely, our findings indicate a negligible role for chloride in Ta complexation even in high Cl (∼6 m) aqueous solutions, suggesting that Ta chloride complexes do not contribute significantly to Ta transport in hydrothermal systems. Existing solubility data were reinterpreted based on an updated speciation model that integrates the in-situ XAS results. This confirms that Ta(OH)5(aq) predominates in solutions containing <0.02 m fluoride; oxyfluoridotantalate anions such as [TaF3(OH)3−] dominate in solutions containing intermediate fluoride concentrations (0.02–1 m), and the fluoridotantalate anions [TaF94− to TaF72−] occur in more concentrated fluoride solutions (>1 m) at hydrothermal conditions (∼100–400 °C). Derived thermodynamic data for these species enable better understanding and geochemical modelling of Ta transport in hydrothermal fluids, highlighting the potential of F-rich fluids to transport significant amounts of Ta.

In-Situ Observation of Adsorption Species on Platinum Catalyst in Oxygen Reduction Reaction Using High Energy Resolution XAFS

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Pt surfaces, for examples, Pt single crystals, polycrystalline Pt electrodes, Pt nanoparticles (NPs), Pt-based alloys, and core–shell Pt nanostructures, has been discussed in the last few decades.In polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), hydrogen peroxide and its radicals are known to be fatal attacking species not only for electrode catalysts but also for carbon materials and polymer membranes.A thorough understanding of ORR schemes has led to the development of seamless four-electron reduction cathodes, contributing to improved endurance reliability of both anion-exchange membrane (AEM) and proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells.In this study, the reaction pathway, and intermediate species such as molecular oxygen, in the ORR were investigated in alkaline and acidic environments, respectively.In this work, High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detection X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) at the Pt L III-edge, which enhances resolution by partially collecting fluorescent X-ray was employed.X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) can detect the electronic structure of Pt, and its high energy resolution makes it possible to distinguish between different adsorption species on the surface of Pt nanoparticles.In addition, photon-in photon-out experiments using hard X-ray with high penetrating ability make it relatively easy to perform in-situ/operando measurements in potential controlled solutions.Carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles as powder catalysts were used for measurement as more realistic conditions, and the species adsorbed on the Pt nanoparticles were analyzed while controlling under the potentials both in acidic and basic electrolyte solutions with N2 or O2 gas bubbling.In N2-saturated solutions, the XANES spectra of the Pt LIII-edge reflected the presence of the adsorption species such as Pt-O (*O), Pt-OH (*OH), Pt-H (*H), as well as PtO2 oxide and Pt metallic states without any adsorption, during the ORR with the potential change.In O2-saturated solutions, one additional adsorption species of molecular oxygen was observed in both acidic and basic electrolyte solutions. It was analyzed that the intermediate species adsorbed to platinum in a side-on configuration as a superoxide anion in an alkaline environment.This intermediate species is identified as hydrogen superoxide, also known as hydroperoxyl radical, with the chemical formula HO2 by being protonated in an acidic environment.The results of research on adsorption species using HERFD-XAS have provided important knowledge for designing catalysts that enable seamless four-electron reduction.The preferred cathode catalyst design will be discussed in detail in an oral presentation at the 244th ECS Meeting. Acknowledgments: The synchrotron radiation experiments were performed at the BL11XU in the SPring-8 with the approval of the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) (Proposal Numbers of 2012B3506, 2013A3506, 2014A3506, 2014B3506, 2015B3506, 2016A3556 2019A3508, 2019B3508, 2020A3508, 2021A3508, 2021B3508, 2022A3508 and 2022B3597 at BL11XU). This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP22H02188). Figure 1

Operando High-Energy-Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of Evolving Cu Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction.

Advances in electrocatalysis research rely heavily on building a thorough mechanistic understanding of catalyst active sites under realistic operating conditions. Only recently have techniques emerged that enable sensitive spectroscopic data collection to distinguish catalytically relevant surface sites from the underlying bulk material under applied potential in the presence of an electrolyte layer. Here, we demonstrate that operando high-energy-resolution fluorescence detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) is a powerful spectroscopic method which offers critical surface chemistry insights in CO2 electroreduction with sub-electronvolt energy resolution using hard X-rays. Combined with the high surface area-to-volume ratio of 5 nm copper nanoparticles, operando HERFD-XAS allows us to observe with clear evidence the breaking of chemical bonds between the ligands and the Cu surface as part of the ligand desorption process occurring under electrochemical potentials relevant for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In addition, the dynamic evolution of oxidation state and coordination number throughout the operation of the nanocatalyst was continuously tracked. With these results in hand, undercoordinated metallic copper nanograins are proposed to be the real active sites in the CO2RR. This work emphasizes the importance of HERFD-XAS compared to routine XAS in catalyst characterization and mechanism exploration, especially in the complicated electrochemical CO2RR.

Unraveling the Dynamic Structural Evolution of Phthalocyanine Catalysts during CO2 Electroreduction

Understanding the atomic and electronic changes of active sites promotes the whole new sight into electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), which provides a feasible strategy to achieve carbon neutrality. Here we employ operando high-energy resolution fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) to track the structural evolution of Ni(II) phthalocyanine (NiPc), considered as the model catalysts with uniform Ni-N4-C8 moiety, during the CO2RR. The HERFD-XAS method is in favor of elucidating the interaction of the reactant/catalyst interface from the atomic electronic structure dimension, facilitating the establishment of the catalytic mechanism and the dynamic structure changes. Based on operando measurement, surface sensitive difference spectra (Δµ) and spectroscopy simulation, the interfacial interactions between the active sites of NiPc and reactants are monitored and the Ni species gradually reduced by increasing the applied potential is discovered. HERFD-XAS method offers an advanced and powerful tool for elucidating the complex catalytic mechanism in further various systems.

Bacterial Metabolites and Particle Size Determine Cerium Oxide Nanomaterial Biotransformation.

Soil is a major receptor of manufactured nanomaterials (NMs) following unintentional releases or intentional uses. Ceria NMs have been shown to undergo biotransformation in plant and soil organisms with a partial Ce(IV) reduction into Ce(III), but the influence of environmentally widespread soil bacteria is poorly understood. We used high-energy resolution fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) with an unprecedented detection limit to assess Ce speciation in a model soil bacterium (Pseudomonas brassicacearum) exposed to CeO2 NMs of different sizes and shapes. The findings revealed that the CeO2 NM's size drives the biotransformation process. No biotransformation was observed for the 31 nm CeO2 NMs, contrary to 7 and 4 nm CeO2 NMs, with a Ce reduction of 64 ± 14% and 70 ± 15%, respectively. This major reduction appeared quickly, from the early exponential bacterial growth phase. Environmentally relevant organic acid metabolites secreted by Pseudomonas, especially in the rhizosphere, were investigated. The 2-keto-gluconic and citric acid metabolites alone were able to induce a significant reduction in 4 nm CeO2 NMs. The high biotransformation measured for <7 nm NMs would affect the fate of Ce in the soil and biota.

Metal-insulator transition in CuIr2S4 observed by Cu Kα resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy

We have investigated the Cu-derived electronic structure of iridium spinel compound ${\mathrm{CuIr}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ with a metal-insulator transition (MIT) at ${T}_{\mathrm{MIT}}\ensuremath{\sim}230$ K by means of high-energy resolution fluorescence-detected x-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) and Cu $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy (RXES) around the Cu $K$ absorption edge. The Cu $K$ HERFD-XAS spectrum in the metallic phase exhibits a peak in the pre-edge region at an incident photon energy of $h{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{in}}=8981$ eV. The peak is ascribed to the Cu $1s--3d$ quadrupole transition and is abruptly shifted to higher energy by about 0.5 eV on going from metallic to insulating phases. The energy shift of the unoccupied Cu $3d$ states is related to the insulator gap formation of ${\mathrm{CuIr}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ via the hybridization with the Ir $5d$--S $3p$ bands. A hysteresis behavior is observed in the Cu $1s--3d$ peak intensity between cooling and heating processes around ${T}_{\mathrm{MIT}}$, consistent with those observed in the transport properties. The abrupt change in the unoccupied Cu $3d$ states across MIT is also clearly detected in the Cu $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ RXES spectra.

Operando High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detected (HERFD) X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopic Study of Toyota Mirai Gen.1 Catalysts

The development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received increasing attention for its potential to get rid of dependence on fossil fuels and curb carbon emissions. However, the application of PEMFC has been limited by the consumption of platinum due to the sluggish kinetics of the cathode reaction and limiting platinum resources. It is well-known that the oxygen species generated on the Pt surface hiders ORR reaction at high potential region. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the interaction between the oxygen species and the catalyst based on the electronic structure. However, the differences in XAFS spectra due to the presence of oxygen species are relatively small, and conventional detection methods, such as transmittance and total fluorescence yield, have difficulty distinguishing differences in electronic structure because the fine structure of the spectra is filled in by the lifetime width of the Pt 2p 3/2 core hole. In contrast, the new high-energy-resolution fluorescence-detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) monochromatized fluorescence lines (e.g., Pt Lα1), which are broadened only by Pt 3d 5/2 (~2.4 eV) rather than by Pt 2p 3/2 (~5.2 eV) core hole lifetime, are used to monitor core High-resolution X-ray absorption spectra with extended hole lifetimes can now be extracted. The present study covers conventional platinum catalysts supported on Vulcan carbon and TOYOTA MIRAI Gen.1 catalysts. The HERFD-XAS method was applied to elucidate the cause of the superior electrochemical properties of the TOYOTA MIRAI Gen.1 catalyst. o perando Pt LIII edge HERFD-XAS measurements were performed on Pt/C and TOYOTA MIRAI Gen.1 catalysts under oxygen reduction conditions, and the high energy resolution revealed the interaction of oxygen species with the Pt surface.Pt/C (29.1 wt %; TEC10V30E, average particle size of 3 nm, observed by TEM) catalyst was purchased from TKK Co. Ltd., Japan. The Pt/C catalyst ink contained water and 2-propanol in a 3:2 ratio (99.99%, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Japan), and the amount of Pt/C was adjusted to form a 20 μg carbon cm–2 catalyst layer after dropping 10 μL on a glassy carbon RDE (GC RDE, HOKUTO DENKO, Japan; 0.196 cm2 area). TOYOTA MIRAI Gen.1 catalyst was also prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method. operando XAS measurements for Pt LΙΙΙ-edge of the catalysts were carried out at BL39XU of SPring-8, Hyogo, Japan. Prior to the experiments, the samples were electrochemically cleaned by CV in the range 0.0–1.1 V (vs. RHE). The electrode potential was swept cathodically from 0.5 to 1.1 V (vs. RHE).Figure 1 shows the results for in situ HERFD-XAS spectra of Pt and MIRAI Gen.1 catalyst. For both samples, the white line intensity changes depending on the adsorption conditions. The obtained HERFD-XAS spectra were decomposed into oxidized (Pt-OH) and reduced (Pt metal) components. The ratio of the peak area intensity of the two components is proportional to the surface coverage assuming similar charge transfer among the catalysts. It is noted that enhancement of oxidation is significantly suppressed on MIRAI Gen.1 catalysts. Figure 1. operando HERFD-XAS spectra for (a) TOYOTA MIRAI Gen.1 catalyst. (b) Pt/C (TEC10V30E) Acknowledgement This work was supported by a NEDO FC-Platform project commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). Figure 1

Spin-orbit coupling controlled ground states in the double perovskite iridates A2BIrO6 ( A= Ba, Sr; B= Lu, Sc)

Iridates with the $5{d}^{4}$ electronic configuration have attracted recent interest due to reports of magnetically ordered ground states despite longstanding expectations that their strong spin-orbit coupling would generate a $J=0$ electronic ground state for each ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{5+}$ ion. The major focus of prior research has been on the double perovskite iridates ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{YIrO}}_{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{YIrO}}_{6}$, where the nature of the ground states (i.e., ordered vs nonmagnetic) is still controversial. Here, we present neutron powder diffraction, high-energy-resolution fluorescence-detected x-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS), resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS), magnetic susceptibility, and muon spin relaxation data on the related double perovskite iridates ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{LuIrO}}_{6}, {\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{LuIrO}}_{6}, {\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{ScIrO}}_{6}$, and ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{ScIrO}}_{6}$ that enable us to gain a general understanding of the electronic and magnetic properties for this family of materials. Our HERFD-XAS and RIXS measurements establish $J=0$ electronic ground states for the ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{5+}$ ions in all cases, with similar values for Hund's coupling ${J}_{\mathrm{H}}$ and the spin-orbit coupling constant ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{SOC}}$. Our bulk susceptibility and muon spin relaxation data find no evidence for long-range magnetic order or spin freezing, but they do exhibit weak magnetic signals that are consistent with extrinsic local moments. Our results indicate that the large ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{SOC}}$ is the key driving force behind the electronic and magnetic ground states realized in the $5{d}^{4}$ double perovskite iridates, which agrees well with conventional wisdom.

Valence transition of the intermetallic compound Ce2Rh2Ga probed by resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy

We have investigated the Ce valence of an intermetallic compound ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{2}{\mathrm{Rh}}_{2}\mathrm{Ga}$ with a phase transition at ${T}_{t}=128.5$ K by means of high-energy resolution fluorescence-detected x-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) and resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy (RXES) around the Ce ${L}_{3}$ edge. The HERFD-XAS spectra in the whole temperature range from 300 to 3 K exhibit weak ${f}^{0}({\mathrm{Ce}}^{4+})$ and ${f}^{2}({\mathrm{Ce}}^{2+})$ peaks as well as the ${f}^{1}({\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+})$ main peak, indicating that the Ce $4f$ electrons hybridize with the conduction electrons. With decreasing temperature from 125 to 100 K across ${T}_{t}$, the ${f}^{1}$ peak is reduced, while the ${f}^{0}$ peak is enhanced. Concomitantly, the Ce $L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ RXES intensity taken at the ${f}^{2}$ peak of the HERFD-XAS spectrum decreases. These spectroscopic results indicate that the phase transition at ${T}_{t}$ of ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{2}{\mathrm{Rh}}_{2}\mathrm{Ga}$ is driven by a valence transition of the Ce ions.

5f states in UGa2 probed by x-ray spectroscopies

The $5f$-based ferromagnet $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}$ with the Curie temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}=125\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ was investigated by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) experiments at the $\mathrm{U}--{M}_{4,5}$ and Ga--K edges. The position of the $\mathrm{U}--{M}_{4}$ white line, determined in the high-energy resolution fluorescence detection XAS, suggests that $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}$ is neither a localized $5{f}^{2}$ nor an itinerant system with $5f$ occupancy close to ${n}_{5f}=3$. The analysis of the acquired ${M}_{4,5}$ XANES and XMCD spectra indicates the $5f$ occupancy close to 2.5 and a large orbital magnetic moment of the uranium $5f$ states (3.18 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$) that is partly compensated by the antiparallel spin moment (1.31 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$). Thus, the total $5f$ magnetic moment of 1.87 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ is obtained, which is smaller than the known bulk magnetization of 3.0 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ per formula unit, while the magnetic moments of the Ga atoms are negligible. Several methods based on density-functional theory were applied and the obtained results were compared with XAS spectral features, the Sommerfeld coefficient of the electronic specific heat, and the size of the U moments and $5f$ occupancies. A clear correlation is revealed between the $\mathrm{U}--{M}_{4}$ white-line position of three metallic uranium compounds and the calculated uranium ionicity. It is demonstrated that only electronic structure methods taking appropriate care of orbital magnetism and related atomic multiplet effects can successfully describe all considered properties.

Gold speciation in hydrothermal fluids revealed by in situ high energy resolution X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Gold mobilization, transfer, and concentration in the Earth’s crust are controlled by hydrothermal sulfur- and chloride-bearing fluids. Yet the exact chemical identity, structure, and stability of Au-bearing species and, in particular, the respective contributions of the sulfide (HS−) and trisulfur ion (S3⋅−) ligands to Au transport lack direct in situ evidence. Here we employed high energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) on aqueous sulfate/sulfide/S3⋅−-bearing solutions at typical hydrothermal temperatures and pressures (T = 350 °C, P = 600 bar) to reveal differences in dissolved Au spectral signatures indicative of contrasting fluid-phase Au speciation as a function of acidity and redox conditions. Combined with in situ Au solubility measurements and quantum-chemical and thermodynamic modeling, our spectroscopic data provide direct evidence for the Au(HS)S3− and Au(HS)2− complexes predominant at acidic-to-neutral and alkaline conditions, respectively. Our findings thus directly confirm a recent speciation scheme for Au in aqueous S-bearing fluids established using less direct methods, and highlight an important role of the trisulfur ion in gold mobilization and concentration in hydrothermal-magmatic deposits associated with subduction zones. More generally, our results show that HERFD-XAS enables the identification of structural and coordination features in metal complexes virtually unresolvable using classical XAS techniques. By avoiding limitations of less direct techniques, our integrated high-resolution spectroscopic approach opens perspectives for studies of the speciation and solubility of gold and other metals in high T-P fluids, and potentially silicate melts, inaccessible to direct observation in nature.

High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detected X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy: An Analytical Method for Selenium Speciation.

Selenium is in many ways an enigmatic element. It is essential for health but toxic in excess, with the difference between the two doses being narrower than for any other element. Environmentally, selenium is of concern due to its toxicity. As the rarest of the essential elements, its low levels often provide challenges to the analytical chemist. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) provides a powerful tool for in situ chemical speciation but is severely limited by poor spectroscopic resolution arising from core-hole lifetime broadening. Here we explore selenium Kα1 high energy resolution fluorescence detected XAS (HERFD-XAS) as a novel approach for chemical speciation of selenium, in comparison with conventional Se K-edge XAS. We present spectra of a range of selenium species relevant to environmental and life science studies, including spectra of seleno-amino acids, which show strong similarities with S K-edge XAS of their sulfur congeners. We discuss strengths and limitations of HERFD-XAS, showing improvements in both speciation performance and low concentration detection. We also develop a simple method to correct fluorescence self-absorption artifacts, which is generally applicable to any HERFD-XAS experiment.

Photon-in/photon-out spectroscopy at the I20-scanning beamline at diamond light source

A scanning multi-crystal x-ray emission spectrometer to perform photon-in/photon-out spectroscopy at the I20-Scanning beamline at Diamond Light Source is described. The instrument, equipped with three analyzer crystals, is based on a 1 m Rowland circle spectrometer operating in the vertical plane. The energy resolution of the spectrometer is of the order of 1 eV, having sufficient resolving power to overcome the core-hole lifetime broadening of most of the transition metals K-edges. Examples showing the capability of the beamline for performing high energy resolution fluorescence detection x-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS), non-resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy are presented. The comparison of the Zn and Mn K-edge HERFD–XANES of ZnO and MnO with ab initio calculations shows that the technique provides enhanced validation of the models by making subtle spectral features more visible.

New insights on Br speciation in volcanic glasses and structural controls on halogen degassing

Abstract The volcanic degassing of halogens, and especially of the heavier Br and I, received increased attention over the last 20 years due to their significant effect on atmospheric chemistry, notably the depletion of stratospheric ozone. While the effect of melt composition on halogen diffusion, solubility, or fluid-melt partitioning in crustal magma chambers has been thoroughly studied, structural controls on halogen incorporation in silicate melts remain poorly known, with only few studies available in simplified borosilicate or haplogranite compositions. Here, we demonstrate that high-energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) with a crystal analyzer spectrometer (CAS) is well-suited for the study of Br speciation in natural volcanic glasses which can contain lower Br concentrations than their laboratory analogs. Especially, HERFD-XAS results in sharper and better-resolved XANES and EXAFS features than previously reported and enables detection limits for EXAFS analysis down to 100 ppm when previous studies required Br concentrations above the 1000 ppm level. XANES and EXAFS analyses suggest important structural differences between synthetic haplogranitic glass, where Br is surrounded by Na and next-nearest oxygen neighbors, and natural volcanic glasses of basaltic to rhyodacitic compositions, where Br is incorporated in at least three distinct sites, surrounded by Na, K, or Ca. Similar environments, involving both alkali and alkaline earth metals have already been reported for Cl in Ca-bearing aluminosilicate glass and our study thus underlines that the association of Br with divalent cations (Ca2+) has been underestimated in the past due to the use of simplified laboratory analogs. Overall, similarities in Cl and Br structural environments over a large array of compositions (46–67 wt% SiO2) suggest that melt composition alone may not have a significant effect on halogen degassing and further support the coupled degassing of Cl and Br in volcanic systems.

Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering using a miniature dispersive Rowland refocusing spectrometer.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) beamlines worldwide are steadily increasing their emphasis on full photon-in/photon-out spectroscopies, such as resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy (RXES) and high energy resolution fluorescence detection XAS (HERFD-XAS). In such cases, each beamline must match the choice of emission spectrometer to the scientific mission of its users. Previous work has recently reported a miniature tender X-ray spectrometer using a dispersive Rowland refocusing (DRR) geometry that functions with high energy resolution even with a large X-ray spot size on the sample [Holden et al. (2017). Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88, 073904]. This instrument has been used in the laboratory in multiple studies of non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy using a conventional X-ray tube, though only for preliminary measurements at a low-intensity microfocus synchrotron beamline. This paper reports an extensive study of the performance of a miniature DRR spectrometer at an unfocused wiggler beamline, where the incident monochromatic flux allows for resonant studies which are impossible in the laboratory. The results support the broader use of the present design and also suggest that the DRR method with an unfocused beam could have important applications for materials with low radiation damage thresholds and that would not survive analysis on focused beamlines.

Ni5Ga3 catalysts for CO2 reduction to methanol: Exploring the role of Ga surface oxidation/reduction on catalytic activity

A δ-Ni5Ga3/SiO2 catalyst, which is highly active and stable for thermal CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, was investigated to understand its surface dynamics during reaction conditions. The catalyst was prepared, tested and characterized using a multitude of techniques, including ex-situ XRD (X-ray Diffraction), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), H2-TPR (Temperature Programmed Reduction), CO chemisorption, along with in-situ ETEM (Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy), APXPS (Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) and HERFD-XAS (High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detected X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy). Upon air exposure Ga migrates from the subsurface region to the surface of the nanoparticles forming a Ga-oxide shell surrounding a metallic core. The oxide shell can be reduced completely only at high temperatures (above 600 °C); the temperature of the reducing activation treatment plays a crucial role on the catalytic activity. HERFD-XAS and APXPS measurements show that an amorphous Ga2O3 shell persists during catalysis after low temperature reductions, promoting methanol synthesis.

New insights into the mechanism of graphene oxide and radionuclide interaction

The sorption of radionuclides by graphene oxides synthesized by different methods was studied through a combination of batch experiments with characterization by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), high-energy resolution fluorescence detected X-Ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).

The nature and partitioning of invisible gold in the pyrite-fluid system

The most characteristic feature of hydrothermal deposits of gold is its intimate association with pyrite. Microscopically visible gold occurs in pyrite ore as metal particles of >0.1 µm in size, together with so called “invisible” gold, undetectable by conventional microscopic methods. The chemical, redox and structural state of this invisible gold and the mechanisms of its incorporation into pyrite remain both inconsistent and controversial since the dawn of economic geology. To clarify these issues, we performed laboratory experiments to simulate interactions of gold-bearing sulfur-rich hydrothermal fluids with arsenic-free pyrite at temperatures from 350 to 450 °C and pressures from 400 to 700 bar, typical of the formation conditions of many types of gold deposits. Gold solubility was measured in these fluids as a function of sulfur speciation and acidity. Gold redox and structural state in pyrite was characterized by high-energy resolution fluorescence-detected x-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS), together with more traditional analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Results show that dissolved Au in sulfide-sulfate solutions forms complexes with hydrogen sulfide, and tri- and di-sulfur radical ions whose amounts depend mostly on the fluid pH and total sulfur concentration. Invisible gold in pyrite occurs as Au metal submicron- to nano-sized particles and chemically bound Au(I) in the form of (poly)sulfide clusters composed on S-Au-S linear units, similar to those in aqueous complexes. Our findings contest the common belief that Au(I) substitutes for Fe and/or S in the structure of As-poor pyrite. The partition coefficient of Au(I) between pyrite and the fluid, Dpy/fl, is determined to be 0.15 ± 0.07 at 450 °C in a wide range of Au fluid phase concentrations (10–1000 ppm), but much higher Dpy/fl values, between 10 and 50, are found at 350 °C. These Au partitioning trends coupled with the new data on Au molecular environment in pyrite suggest a control of Au(I) incorporation in the mineral by a chemisorption step. Extrapolated to Au contents of hydrothermal fluids of the Earth’s crust which are typically below 1 ppm, our Dpy/fl values reproduce fairly well the natural Au tenors in As-poor pyrites (∼0.1–1 ppm Au), which are 100–1000 times lower than those typically observed in arsenian pyrites and arsenopyrites (10–1000 ppm Au at As tenors of 0.01–10 wt%). Our results thus indirectly highlight a key role played by arsenic in gold enrichment in As-bearing iron sulfide ore, a role that yet remains to be fully understood and quantified.

Temperature-induced valence transition in EuNi2(Si1–xGex)2 investigated by high-energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Electronic structures of the temperature-induced valence transition system EuNi2(Si1–xGex)2 with x = 0.70, 0.79, 0.82 have been investigated by means of high-energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS). The HERFD-XAS spectra clearly change their intensities of Eu2+ and Eu3+ components which directly reflect the temperature-induced valence transition. For x = 0.70, gradual spectral change exhibits a continuous valence transition, while drastic changes for x = 0.79 and 0.82 indicate first-order valence transitions. High-energy resolution measurements made it possible to observe additional fine structures which are recognized more clearly below the transition temperature. Existence of these fine structures suggests that many-body effect plays an important role in the temperature-induced valence transition of this system. The variation of Eu mean valence estimated from the HERFD-XAS spectra for each x correlates with that of magnetic susceptibility.

Identification of Stabilizing High-Valent Active Sites by Operando High-Energy Resolution Fluorescence-Detected X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for High-Efficiency Water Oxidation.

Composite electrocatalysts have exhibited high activities toward water electrolysis, but the catalytically active sites really in charge of the reaction are still debatable while the conventional in situ X-ray spectroscopies are not capable of conclusively identifying the interaction of these materials with the electrolyte because of the complexity of catalysis. In this work, by utilization of operando Kβ1,3 high-energy resolution fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) with a small incident angle, the operando quadrupole transition obviously showed that oxygen directly interacted with 3d orbitals of Co ions rather than that of Fe ions. Most importantly, Fe ions can promote the stabilization of the Co ions under a higher valent state during water oxidation, which may lead to a stable intermediate of reactant and its superior intrinsic activity. Accompanied by the first-principle calculations, the intermediates between 3d orbitals for surface Co ions and O 2p orbitals for the attaching hydroxide ions were ascribed to this orbital hybridization. Because of the unvaried structural features in conventional in situ techniques, operando HERFD-XAS revealed the remarkable change of chemical status to correlate with the orbital interaction rather than with the structural variation. This operando HERFD-XAS approach corresponding to the local orbital interaction in reactant/catalyst interface can potentially offer synergetic strategies toward realizing the chemical reactions or reaction pathways in various fields.