High Energy Nuclear Physics Experiments Research Articles

Design of detectors at the electron ion collider with artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) for design is a relatively new but active area of research across many disciplines. Surprisingly when it comes to designing detectors with AI this is an area at its infancy. The electron ion collider is the ultimate machine to study the strong force. The EIC is a large-scale experiment with an integrated detector that extends for about ±35 meters to include the central, far-forward, and far-backward regions. The design of the central detector is made by multiple sub-detectors, each in principle characterized by a multidimensional design space and multiple design criteria also called objectives. Simulations with Geant4 are typically compute intensive, and the optimization of the detector design may include non-differentiable terms as well as noisy objectives. In this context, AI can offer state of the art solutions to solve complex combinatorial problems in an efficient way. In particular, one of the proto-collaborations, ECCE, has explored during the detector proposal the possibility of using multi-objective optimization to design the tracking system of the EIC detector. This document provides an overview of these techniques and recent progress made during the EIC detector proposal. Future high energy nuclear physics experiments can leverage AI-based strategies to design more efficient detectors by optimizing their performance driven by physics criteria and minimizing costs for their realization.

Radiation hardness of semiconductor avalanche detectors for calorimeters in future HEP experiments

During the last years, semiconductor avalanche detectors are being widely used as the replacement of classical PMTs in calorimeters for many HEP experiments. In this report, basic selection criteria for replacement of PMTs by solid state devices and specific problems in the investigation of detectors radiation hardness are discussed. The design and performance of the hadron calorimeters developed for the future high energy nuclear physics experiments at FAIR, NICA, and CERN are discussed. The Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) for the CBM experiment at the future FAIR facility, the Forward Calorimeter for the NA61 experiment at CERN and the Multi Purpose Detector at the future NICA facility are reviewed. Moreover, new methods of data analysis and results interpretation for radiation experiments are described. Specific problems of development of detectors control systems and possibilities of reliability improvement of multi-channel detectors systems are shortly overviewed. All experimental material is based on the investigation of SiPM and MPPC at the neutron source in NPI Rez.

The importance of e+A collisions at an Electron-Ion Collider

Despite decades of high-energy nuclear physics experiments, relatively little is known about the structure of nuclei outside of the valence region. In order to explore this region, nuclear Deep Inelastic Collisions are required. The proposal to build an electron accelerator at RHIC (to form eRHIC) will be able to answer some of these outstanding questions. This paper will outline a couple of measurements that could be made at the new accelerator.

Dielectric resistive plate chamber—the first step in new high-resolution TOF technology

Abstract Modern high-energy nuclear physics experiments, in which many thousands of particles are produced, require qualitatively new detectors for particle identification (PID). Dielectric Resistive Plate Chamber (DRPC) is one of the first options of a new high-resolution time-measuring technology. It was invented and studied during the initial stage of R&D for the ALICE/LHC PID system based on Time-of-Flight measurements. In this article, the main DRPC features are described.

FROM BEVALAC TO AGS

We describe some research efforts and results in high energy nuclear physics experiments in which the University of California, Riverside Heavy Ion Physics Group was involved. The Group was formed in 1974 by the late Robert T. Poe and the author. The pre-RHIC research spanned an energy range from 1 GeV A at the BEVALAC in LBNL to 10 GeV A at the AGS in BNL.

Discussion

High energy nuclear physics experiments started about a decade ago with the aim of studying quark gluon plasmas (QGP) in the laboratory. Statistical QCD predicts that in nuclear collisions at ultra-relativistic energies the quarks and gluons in hadrons will be momentarily deconfined into a phase of matter containing free quarks and gluons in the form of a plasma. This quark gluon plasma is also thought to have existed in the very early history of the evolution of the Universe, some 10 microseconds after the Big Bang when the extremely hot blob of energy started to cool and be converted into matter. Thus the study of ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions is important from the point of view of nuclear and high energy physics, astrophysics and cosmology. In these studies new detectors are required.

A computer program to control the electronic acquisition of digitized information in nuclear experiments, “ELAINE”

We present an on line data acquisition computer program for use in high energy nuclear physics experiments.

A fast pulse train generator

Abstract A pulse train generator capable of giving trains of fast pulses is described. The instrument, that may be used in testing electronic circuits to be used in high energy nuclear physics experiments, gives an output formed by trains of pulses of both polarity 10 V amplitude and 3.5 ns rise time, whose time separation may be changed between 60 ns and 300 ns. The diagram of the circuit is reported, together with long term and temperature tests.

Nuclear Interactions of Cosmic Rays as the Source of the Synchrotron Radiating Particles of Our Galaxy.

Abstract : A detailed analysis is presented of the production of secondary electrons and positrons in our galactic disk by cosmic radiation. The calculations employ data from high-energy nuclear physics experiments. The object of this analysis is to determine how well these particles can explain the spectrum and intensity of the meter-wavelength radio noise from the halo and disk of our Galaxy. The calculated spectrum and intensity do not agree exactly with the measured values, but are very useful in trying to understand the existing situation with respect to highenergy particles in the Galaxy. Independent of the origin of the synchrotron-radiating particles, the complete diffusion of relativistic cosmic-ray electrons and positrons throughout the Galaxy is demonstrated, and information on the magnetic-field intensity in the disk and halo is obtained. Methods by which the secondary origin of the synchrotron radiating particles can be tested are examined, and in particular the positron-to-electron ratio in cosmic rays is predicted as a function of energy. (Author)