High-energy Electromagnetic Pulses Research Articles

Development of energy storage for high voltage electromagnetic pulse generator

Recently, much attention has been paid to electromagnetic stability in the development of energy storage devices, which makes it possible to maintain operating parameters during exposure to electromagnetic pulses and the consequences of their interaction. The issue of ensuring the electromagnetic stability of electronic equipment, due to the fact that under the influence of electromagnetic pulses in electronic and electrical circuits are overvoltage pulses, depending on the origin of electromagnetic pulses, distance from electromagnetic pulses source to hardware components amplitude, rise time and pulse duration can change. That is why the task of creating high-energy electromagnetic pulse generators remains extremely important for modern research. The main use of such generators is to study the interaction of thin-film layers of semiconductor materials with high-energy electromagnetic pulses and the development of elements to protect electronic equipment from the effects of electromagnetic pulses. A set of electromagnetic pulses generators has been created, the use of which will allow studying the properties of the protection elements of electronic equipment in a wide range of electromagnetic pulses capacities. In combination with the previously developed design of the electromagnetic pulses generator, this will affect the studied samples of electronic equipment and protection elements through the integrated operation of the electromagnetic pulses, which will have both high time and high energy. To ensure comfortable and safe research work, the device has a visual indication of operating modes, including modes of high DC voltage generation. The developed control device and power supply for the high-energy electromagnetic pulse generator meets the requirements established during its development and can be used to study the interaction of semiconductor thin-film layers with high-energy electromagnetic pulses.

A Chart Review to Assess the Response of Veterans Suffering from Tinnitus to Alpha Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.

The purpose of this chart review was to assess the response of veterans suffering from tinnitus to Magnetic EEG/EKGguided resonance therapy and Alpha Burst Stimulation (ABS), while also investigating the safety profile of this therapy combination. EEG/EKG-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) delivers high-energy electromagnetic pulses to induce current flow in the neocortex. ABS provides rTMS pulses in short, high-frequency bursts. All equipment used to evaluate and treat participants are either FDA-cleared or are exempt from clearance and listed with the United States FDA. Stimulation was delivered with a MagPro R30 and an MCF-B65 butterfly coil. Charts were reviewed from patients who had received a combination of EEG/EKG-guided rTMS and ABS therapy to relieve symptoms of tinnitus. Paired samples t-tests were performed on the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) and Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) scales. Treatment logs and therapy notes were reviewed for safety data. Adverse events or side effects were extracted from therapy notes. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between number of therapy sessions, and reported patient symptoms. Eighteen of the 23 patients reported significant improvements in tinnitus symptoms. For patients reporting improvements, there was an average 44% reduction in tinnitus symptoms and a 60% reduction in NSI scores following intervention. No patients experienced adverse side effects. The most common side effects were headache and fatigue. Based on the results from this study, noninvasive neuromodulation holds promise as a potential treatment for tinnitus. Additional investigation in controlled studies may be warranted.

Influence of High Energy Electromagnetic Pulses on the Dynamics of the Seismic Process Around the Bishkek Test Area (Central Asia)

Investigation of dynamical features of the seismic process as well as the possible influence of different natural and man-made impacts on it remains one of the main interdisciplinary research challenges. The question of external influences (forcings) acquires new importance in the light of known facts on possible essential changes, which occur in the behavior of complex systems due to different relatively weak external impacts. Seismic processes in the complicated tectonic system are not an exclusion from this general rule. In the present research we continued the investigation of dynamical features of seismic activity in Central Asia around the Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) test area, where strong electromagnetic (EM) soundings were performed in the 1980s. The unexpected result of these experiments was that they revealed the impact of strong electromagnetic discharges on the microseismic activity of investigated area. We used an earthquake catalogue of this area to investigate dynamical features of seismic activity in periods before, during, and after the mentioned man-made EM forcings. Different methods of modern time series analysis have been used, such as wavelet transformation, Hilbert Huang transformation, detrended fluctuation analysis, and recurrence quantification analysis. Namely, inter-event (waiting) time intervals, inter-earthquake distances and magnitude sequences, as well as time series of the number of daily occurring earthquakes have been analyzed. We concluded that man-made high-energy EM irradiation essentially affects dynamics of the seismic process in the investigated area in its temporal and spatial domains; namely, the extent of order in earthquake time and space distribution increase. At the same time, EM influence on the energetic distribution is not clear from the present analysis. It was also shown that the influence of EM impulses on dynamical features of seismicity differs in different areas of the examined territory around the test site. Clear changes have been indicated only in areas which, according to previous researches, have been characterized by anomalous increase of average rates of strain release and thus can be regarded as close to the critical state.

Influence of strong electromagnetic fields on the seismotectonic strain rate

This paper discusses the influence of high-energy electromagnetic pulses of magnetohydrodynamic generators used as transmitters when carrying out deep electrical sounding of the crust in the Garm region, Tajikistan, and North Tian Shan on the rate of seismotectonic strains in these two most seismically active regions of Central Asia. Variations of seismotectonic strains in the Garm region for 36 years of observations and in the North Tian Shan region for 22 years are considered. It has been shown for both regions that the impact of electromagnetic pulses increases the rate of seismotectonic strains 10–20 times, which leads to additional release of elastic stresses in the crust by 0.4–1.7 bar, thereby reducing the probability of the occurrence of strong earthquakes. Spatial variations of the strain rate during irradiation have been studied, and the correlation between the variations and the level of the stress in the crust has been identified. It has been shown that the variation of the strain rate during irradiation can be used as a criterion for active monitoring of the strained condition of the environment in order to forecast the locations and times of strong earthquakes.

Spatial-temporal structure of seismicity of the North Tien Shan and its changeunder effect of high energy electromagnetic pulses

The effect of high-energy electromagnetic pulses emitted by a magnetohydrodynamic generator used as a source for deep electrical sounding of the crust on spatial-temporal structure of seismicity of the North Tien Shan is explored. Five-six years periodicity of changes in spatial distribution of seismicity was revealed. The effect of electromagnetic pulses increases the stability of the spatial distribution of seismicity over time and simultaneously speeds up cycles of its transformations, which develop on stabilization background. Increasing of seismic energy release after electromagnetic impacts is observed basically in most active zones. Periodic variation of efficiency of earthquakes triggering on the distance to the MHD-generator was detected. It was shown that electromagnetic pulses give rise to an appreciable increase in the rate of local earthquakes, occurring around 2-6 days after the pulses. Total earthquakes energy released after start-ups was by 2.03·1015 J greater than the energy released before them. At the same time, the total energy transmitted by the MHD-generator was 1.1·109 J, i.e. six orders of magnitude smaller. Consequently, the electromagnetic pulses initiated the release of the energy that had been stored in the crust due to activity of natural tectonic processes in the form of comparatively small earthquakes, which leads to an additional release of tectonic stresses.

Electric field sensor array from cavity resonance between optical D-fiber and multiple slab waveguides

We develop an electric field sensor array based on optical fiber interrogation with electro-optic crystals to measure high energy electromagnetic pulses. D-shaped optical fiber provides the platform for resonant coupling with multiple electro-optic crystals, allowing an array of sensing points on a single strand of optical fiber. Because of its small size, flexibility, and dielectric composition, this sensor array is suitable for performing electric-field analysis at multiple points within an electronic device. Using lithium niobate and potassium titanyl phosphate crystals, the sensor array is sensitive to fields as low as 100 V/m.

Are we observing Lorentz violation in gamma ray bursts?

From recent observations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), it appears that spectral time lags between higher-energy gamma rays photons and lower-energy photons vary with energy difference and time (distance) traveled. These lags appear to be smaller for the most luminous (close) bursts but larger for the fainter (farther away) bursts. From this observation, it has been suggested that it might be possible to determine the distance ( L) these bursts have traveled from these time lags alone, without performing any red-shift measurements. These observed spreads (dispersion) of high-energy electromagnetic pulses of different energies with time contradict the special theory of relativity (STR). However, extended theories (ET) of the STR have been developed that contain a dispersive term, predicting the above observations. An example of such an ET is presented, allowing us to derive a relationship between time lags of gamma rays of different energies and distance L traveled from their origin. In addition, this theory predicts the origin of X-ray flashes.

Pulse power heating of the D-region

The effects of propagating high-energy electromagnetic pulses into the D-region of the ionosphere are predicted using the high-frequency approximation to Maxwell's equations in retarded time, coupled with the moments of the Boltzmann equation including the effects of the Earth's magnetic field. It is predicted that energy is transferred to the plasma from frequency components up to 22 MHz even for a minimum night time D-region electron profile. This is well above the quiescent collision frequencies (200 kHz) and is caused by the energy dependence of the electron collision frequencies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>