High-efficiency 3D Research Articles

Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing of Hydrogels Embedding Metal-Organic Frameworks for Photodynamic Antimicrobial Therapy.

Given the variability in wounds based on the underlying causes, personalized medicine and tailored care for patients with wounds are required to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes. With the emergence of high-precision and high-efficiency photocuring 3D printing technology, there is the potential for its use in customizing precise shapes that can match complex wound sites, thereby providing better treatment for patients with wound infections. In this work, porphyrinic metal-organic framework (MOF) crystals, serving as the functional filler, were incorporated into gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) as a photocurable composite resin to investigate the capabilities of producing customizable wound dressings through vat photopolymerization 3D printing. The embedded MOF crystals allow for better control of the photopolymerization process due to photon competition with the photoinitiator, enabling the precise printing of complex structures. In addition, these crystals impart photothermal and photodynamic capabilities to the printed object. The antibacterial assay confirms the potent photothermal and photodynamic bactericidal properties of the printed GelMA/MOF hydrogels. The hydrogel with the highest MOF content exhibited over 99.99% antibacterial efficiency against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli after 30 min of light exposure (∼30 mW/cm2, λ ≥ 420 nm). Simultaneously, hemolysis and cytotoxicity evaluations validated their excellent biocompatibility. The findings presented here introduce a strategy for integrating photosensitive MOF and 3D printing to fabricate size-adjustable photothermal/photodynamic monoliths and patches, opening perspectives toward personalized treatment for wound management.

High-Performance Wearable Joule Heater Derived from Sea-Island Microfiber Nonwoven Fabric.

A three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical microfiber bundle-based scaffold integrated with silver nanowires (AgNWs) and porous polyurethane (PU) was designed for the Joule heater via a facile dip-coating method. The interconnected micrometer-sized voids and unique hierarchical structure benefit uniform AgNWs anchored and the formation of a high-efficiency 3D conductive network. As expected, this composite exhibits a superior electrical conductivity of 1586.4 S/m and the best electrothermal conversion performance of 118.6 °C at 2.0 V compared to reported wearable Joule heaters to date. Moreover, the durable microfiber bundle-PU network provides strong mechanical properties, allowing for the stable and durable electrothermal performance of such a composite to resist twisting, bending, abrasion, and washing. Application studies show that this kind of Joule heater is suitable for a wide range of applications, such as seat heating, a heating jacket, personal thermal management, etc.

High-efficiency, broadband, and low-crosstalk 3D holography by multi-layer holographic-lens integrated metasurface

High-efficiency, broadband, and low-crosstalk 3D holography by multi-layer holographic-lens integrated metasurface

A Comprehensive Review of Vision-Based 3D Reconstruction Methods.

With the rapid development of 3D reconstruction, especially the emergence of algorithms such as NeRF and 3DGS, 3D reconstruction has become a popular research topic in recent years. 3D reconstruction technology provides crucial support for training extensive computer vision models and advancing the development of general artificial intelligence. With the development of deep learning and GPU technology, the demand for high-precision and high-efficiency 3D reconstruction information is increasing, especially in the fields of unmanned systems, human-computer interaction, virtual reality, and medicine. The rapid development of 3D reconstruction is becoming inevitable. This survey categorizes the various methods and technologies used in 3D reconstruction. It explores and classifies them based on three aspects: traditional static, dynamic, and machine learning. Furthermore, it compares and discusses these methods. At the end of the survey, which includes a detailed analysis of the trends and challenges in 3D reconstruction development, we aim to provide a comprehensive introduction for individuals who are currently engaged in or planning to conduct research on 3D reconstruction. Our goal is to help them gain a comprehensive understanding of the relevant knowledge related to 3D reconstruction.

Flower-like NiCo2O4 spinel microspheres for efficient chlorine evolution under neutral conditions

Dimensional stability anodes (DSA), constructed using noble metal oxides like RuO2 and IrO2, is widely used in industrial chlorine production. The DSA electrode demonstrates exceptional chlorine evolution capabilities in acidic solutions and high-chloride concentrations. However, under neutral conditions, its chlorine evolution efficiency diminishes significantly. In this paper, a low-cost, high-efficiency 3D flower-like NiCo2O4 catalyst was fabricated that exhibits high catalytic activity in neutral sodium chloride solutions. The 3D flower-like NiCo2O4 catalyst exhibits good chlorine evolution efficiency, achieving 90 % at 30 mA/cm2 in NaCl solutions. Furthermore, it's chlorine evolution efficiency of the electrocatalyst surpasses that of commercial DSA electrode at various current densities, making it a highly promising candidate for electrocatalytic applications.

Design and Optimization of a High-Efficiency 3D Multi-Tip Edge Coupler Based Lithium Niobate on Insulator Platform

Fiber-chip edge couplers can minimize mode mismatch in integrated lithium niobate (LiNbO3) photonics via facilitating broad optical bandwidth coupling between optical fibers and waveguide circuits. We designed a high-efficiency multi-tip edge coupler utilizing the lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) platform for achieving superior fiber-to-chip coupling. The device comprises a bilayer LN inversely tapered waveguide, three 3D inversely tapered waveguides, and a silicon oxynitride (SiON) cladding waveguide (CLDWG). Finite difference method (FDM) and eigenmode expansion (EME) simulations were utilized to simulate and optimize the edge coupler structure specifically within the 1550 nm band. This coupler demonstrates a low fiber-chip coupling loss of 0.0682/0.0958 dB/facet for TE/TM mode at 1550 nm when interfaced with a commercially cleaved single-mode fiber (SMF) with a mode field diameter (MFD) of approximately 8.2 μm. Moreover, the 1 dB bandwidth of the coupler is 270 nm for the TE mode and 288 nm for the TM mode. Notably, the coupler exhibits a relatively large tolerance for optical misalignment owing to its large mode spot size of up to 4 μm. Given its ultra-low loss, high-efficiency ultra-broadband capabilities, and substantial tolerance features, this proposed device provides a paradigm for fiber-to-chip edge coupling within lithium niobate photonics.

High Accurate and Efficient 3D Network for Image Reconstruction of Diffractive-Based Computational Spectral Imaging

High Accurate and Efficient 3D Network for Image Reconstruction of Diffractive-Based Computational Spectral Imaging

High Efficient 3D Convolution Feature Compression

In this paper, a high efficient 3D convolution feature compression method is proposed. This method is mainly used to compress the three-dimensional convolution deep features extracted by video analysis. Gather the compressed features to the cloud server instead of all video features. This method can solve the problem that the data aggregation of video big data analysis requires a large amount of network bandwidth. Quantization is a common method for feature compression, but the existing quantization-based methods often carry out model training and quantization in stages, which makes the robustness of quantization results poor. To solve this problem, the method proposed in this paper is to apply the feature quantization operation directly to the network and train it with the analysis task, and use the parameter iterative optimization method to solve the non-differentiable problem of quantization operation. Different from the deep features extracted from images or single objects, the 3D convolution features extracted from video clips have high time-domain redundancy. In this paper, by serializing the three-dimensional convolution features, the time-domain prediction coding method is used to remove the time-domain redundancy of the three-dimensional convolution features, to improve the feature compression ratio. The experimental results show that this method can only use 1 bit to represent the elements in the three-dimensional convolution deep feature. When the analysis accuracy loss is no more than 1%, the feature compression ratio can reach 4500 times compared with the original feature data, and the data transmission can be reduced by 96%.

Efficient 3D imaging and pathological analysis of the human lymphoma tumor microenvironment using light-sheet immunofluorescence microscopy.

Rationale: The composition and spatial structure of the lymphoma tumor microenvironment (TME) provide key pathological insights for tumor survival and growth, invasion and metastasis, and resistance to immunotherapy. However, the 3D lymphoma TME has not been well studied owing to the limitations of current imaging techniques. In this work, we take full advantage of a series of new techniques to enable the first 3D TME study in intact lymphoma tissue. Methods: Diverse cell subtypes in lymphoma tissues were tagged using a multiplex immunofluorescence labeling technique. To optically clarify the entire tissue, immunolabeling-enabled three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs (iDISCO+), clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis (CUBIC) and stabilization to harsh conditions via intramolecular epoxide linkages to prevent degradation (SHIELD) were comprehensively compared with the ultimate dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs (uDISCO) approach selected for clearing lymphoma tissues. A Bessel-beam light-sheet fluorescence microscope (B-LSFM) was developed to three-dimensionally image the clarified tissues at high speed and high resolution. A customized MATLAB program was used to quantify the number and colocalization of the cell subtypes based on the acquired multichannel 3D images. By combining these cutting-edge methods, we successfully carried out high-efficiency 3D visualization and high-content cellular analyses of the lymphoma TME. Results: Several antibodies, including CD3, CD8, CD20, CD68, CD163, CD14, CD15, FOXP3 and Ki67, were screened for labeling the TME in lymphoma tumors. The 3D imaging results of the TME from three types of lymphoma, reactive lymphocytic hyperplasia (RLN), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), were quantitatively analyzed, and their cell number, localization, and spatial correlation were comprehensively revealed. Conclusion: We present an advanced imaging-based method for efficient 3D visualization and high-content cellular analysis of the lymphoma TME, rendering it a valuable tool for tumor pathological diagnosis and other clinical research.

Review of Multi-dimensional Rut Index Threshold Method Based on Driving Comfort and Safety

Rutting, one of the typical distresses in asphalt pavement, is known to be a potential hazard to driving comfort and safety when considering driving performance. The cost of different treatment plans varies greatly, which directly affects the allocation and use of maintenance funds and the formulation of maintenance investment plans. The safety and comfort evaluation and maintenance threshold of rutting have an important role in determining the timing of rutting maintenance and the allocation of maintenance funds. At present, the research on rutting based on driving safety/comfort only considers the one-dimensional rut depth. It is difficult to carry out in-depth discussion on the influence of traverse and longitudinal features from the three-dimensional perspective, thus cannot establish a vehicle driving safety/comfort theory system based on real multi-dimensional rut morphological features. With the introduction of high-efficiency, high-density and high-precision advanced 3D laser technology, it is possible to break through the bottleneck of effective extraction and construction/reconstruction of high-resolution three-dimensional rutting features. This paper gives a detailed overview of the rut maintenance threshold standard and multi-dimensional rut indexes, rut comfort and safety evaluation, and maintenance threshold methods; and finally discuss the current problems and proposes future research recommendations. Future research will not only construct the multi-dimensional morphological of the rut with high resolution and with the cross and vertical slopes of the road considered, but also establish a multi-dimensional rut evaluation method and maintenance standard considering driving safety/comfort with comprehensive high precision, which can be used for the refining and revising of rut maintenance specification.

A high efficiency 3D surface topography model for face milling processes

Predicting the 3D surface topography in milling is the basis of analyzing its surface contact properties. However, most studies have been devoted to improving the accuracy of models and ignoring the efficiency of models, which has resulted in predicting the surface topography of large-size face milling becoming a time-consuming task. In this paper, a high efficiency 3D surface topography prediction model was proposed for face milling processes. The high efficiency of the proposed model was demonstrated by reducing the data volume and optimizing algorithms. First, a traditional 3D surface topography model was developed. Then, a high efficient 3D surface topography model was proposed based on the optimization of the data volume and algorithms. Next, the validity of the proposed model was verified by face milling experiments. Finally, compared with traditional models and other models, the proposed model had the highest computational efficiency. The proposed model provides a method for surface topography analysis of large-size face milling and an insight for optimizing other models.

Hierarchical AgNi Alloy@NiO/Ni(OH)2 nanosheets on Ni foam as 3D electrode towards methanol and formate oxidation

Direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) are regarded as promising technologies for clean energy conversion. However, the high cost of platinum-group-metal catalysts and the unsatisfactory performance of electrodes still limit their applications in DLFCs. Developing robust and low-cost electrode is highly desired for DLFC applications. In this paper, hierarchical NiO/Ni(OH)2 with the anchor of AgNi alloy is constructed on Ni foam through hydrothermal and annealing procedures. The constructed electrode is used for both formate oxidation reaction (FOR) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in alkaline media. The electrochemical measurements suggest that the as-prepared electrodes exhibit high net oxidation current densities of 37.6 and 41.6 mA/cm2 at 1.5 V toward FOR and MOR, respectively, and show a satisfactory stability through chronoamperometric tests. These results demonstrate that the constructed electrodes through a facile pathway are promising to serve as high-efficient 3D binder-free electrodes for practical applications.

Construction of gigantic highly-porous microcarriers as a three-dimensional cell culture platform

3D cell carriers with porous structures have the potential to promote cellular interactions and extracellular matrix remolding, making it a promising strategy to investigate the complex mechanisms behind drug treatments for tumors. Nevertheless, the applicability of currently reported porous microcarriers is still limited by the relatively small size and poor pore interconnectivity. Herein, a well-defined gigantic highly-porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere (named LPMs) fabrication platform is reported. Utilizing this “LPMs” platform, arrays of well-uniform particles with sizes up to approximately 1000 µm are prepared in an orderly and controlled manner. The preparation matrix and crucial parameters affecting the particle size and pore size were established through extensive single-factor screening. It was also found that the loading of human gastric cancer cells MGC-803 to the LPMs cell carriers was facilitated not only by the increased pore size, but the particle size should also be enlarged along with the increased pore size. Through surface modification of gelatin on LPMs, cell loading could be dramatically enhanced, and microtissue-like structures were formed through cross-linking LPMs under extended 3D culture time. Under the guidance of these findings, we successfully constructed massive tumor cell carriers with 1000 µm LPMs, a preliminary prototype of a massive tumor tissue mimic. Together, the fabrication of these gigantic highly-porous microcarriers possibly allows for the high-efficiency 3D cell culture and represents the attractive potential of the construction of artificial tumor tissue models with massive and multiple-type cells.

Single chip simultaneous chiral and achiral imaging based on high efficiency 3D plasmonic metalens

Abstract We propose and experimentally demonstrate a single chip metasurface for simultaneous chiral and achiral imaging and polarimetric detecting using a high efficiency three dimensional plasmonic metalens (3D-PM) with capability of designed separation of different circular polarizations. The proposed 3D-PM combines both propagating and geometric phases so that two orthogonal circular polarization components of the incidence can be precisely separated and imaged into two channels and the incident polarization state can be detected with differentiation of the two channels. One single set of an array of Au layer covered anisotropic polymethyl methacrylate elliptical nanopillars is employed, in which height of each nanopillar is added as a new design degree of freedom to realize both full phase manipulation (0–2π) and high efficiency (>0.85) with coupled equivalent Fabry–Pérot cavity and localized surface plasmons. At design wavelength of 1550 nm, experimental results show that optical resolution of both chiral and achiral images approaches the diffraction limit, extinction ratio of circular polarizations in two channels is ∼33:1, and the energy efficiency reaches ∼63 %. The proposed 3D-PM provides a new and simple way for chiral/achiral imaging and polarimetric measurement, and can be applied in integrated optics, optical communication, and biomolecule detection.

High-efficiency 3D black-blood thoracic aorta imaging with patch-based low-rank tensor reconstruction.

Three-dimensional (3D) black-blood (BB) vessel wall imaging is a promising noninvasive imaging technique for assessing thoracic aortic diseases. We aimed to develop and evaluate a fast thoracic aorta vessel wall imaging method with patch-based low-rank tensor (Pt-LRT) reconstruction using the 3D-modulated variable flip angle fast-spin echo (vFA-FSE) sequence. The Pt-LRT technique adopts a low-rank tensor image model with regularization to explore the local low-rankness and nonlocal redundancies of the images to assess the thoracic aorta vessel wall. It uses high-order tensors to capture correlations between data in multiple dimensions and reconstructs images from highly undersampled data. For this study, 12 healthy participants and 2 patients with thoracic aortic diseases were evaluated at 3T magnetic resonance (MR). The reconstruction results were compared to the traditional generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) and ℓ1-SPIRiT reconstruction to assess the feasibility of the proposed framework. Quantitative analyses of the vessel wall thickness (VWT), internal diameter (ID), lumen area (LA), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the lumen and vessel wall were performed on all healthy participants. Results demonstrated no significant differences between the GRAPPA and the proposed Pt-LRT in VWT, ID, or LA of the aorta (P<0.05). A higher mean CNR was attained with 3D patch-based low-rank tensor reconstruction than with ℓ1-SPIRiT reconstruction (49.4±10.8 vs. 38.9±8.2). The proposed 3D BB thoracic aorta vessel wall imaging method can reduce the scan time and produce an image quality that is in good agreement with the conventional GRAPPA acquisition, which takes approximately more than 8 min. This study also shows that the proposed Pt-LRT method substantially improves the visualization and sharpness of the vessel wall and the definition of the tissue boundary compared to the imaging obtained with ℓ1-SPIRiT.

Tailoring aligned and densified carbon nanotube@graphene coaxial yarn for 3D thermally conductive networks

3D efficient heat dissipation is essential and critical to the high-performance thermal management systems. However, challenges remain pertaining to manufacturing controllability and consistency, as well as 3D interconnected highly thermally conducive networks. Herein, a novel heat conduction architecture featuring high uniformity and condensity was constructed by tailoring aligned and densified carbon nanotube (CNT)@graphene oxide (GO) coaxial yarn assembled via a facile and controllable roll-dip-coating strategy into an integral whole, with extraordinary 3D interconnection of aligned highly crystalline graphene nanosheets. The unique architectural features of the resulting CNT-graphene film (CGF) guaranteed adequate pathways acting as “superhighways” for rapid 3D heat transfer, thereby enabling a high-efficiency 3D heat dissipation behavior, with the in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivities reached as high as 804.9 and 63.8 W m−1 K−1, respectively. This work has shed light on new strategies for designing and fabricating 3D highly thermally conducive microstructures toward high-efficiency thermal management systems.

Differentiating the reaction mechanism of three-dimensionally electrocatalytic system packed with different particle electrodes: Electro-oxidation versus electro-fenton

Recently, there are still some controversial mechanisms of the 3D electrocatalytic oxidation system, which would probably confound its industrial application. From the conventional viewpoint, the Ti4O7 material may be the desired particle electrodes in the 3D system since its high oxygen evolution potential favors the production of •OH via H2O splitting reaction at the anode side of Ti4O7 particle electrodes. In fact, the incorporation of Ti4O7 particles showed phenol degradation of 88% and COD removal of 51% within 120 min, under the optimum conditions at energy consumption of 0.668 kWh g−1 COD, the performance of which was much lower than those in many previous literatures. In contrast, the prepared carbon black-polytetrafluoroethylene composite (CB-PTFE) particles with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups could yield considerable amounts of H2O2 (200 mg L−1) in the 3D reactor and achieved a complete degradation of phenol and COD removal of 80% in the presence of Fe2+, accompanying a low energy consumption of only 0.080 kWh g−1 COD. It was estimated that only 20% of Ti4O7 particles near the anode attained the potential over 2.73 V/SCE at 30 mA cm−2 based on the potential test and simulation, responsible for the low yield of •OH via the H2O splitting on Ti4O7 (1.74 × 10−14 M), and the main role of Ti4O7 particle electrodes in phenol degradation was through direct oxidation. For the CB-PTFE-based 3D system, current density of 10 mA cm−2 was sufficient for all the CB-PTFE particles to attain cathodic potential of −0.67 V/SCE, conducive to the high yield of H2O2 and •OH (9.11 × 10−14 M) in the presence of Fe2+, and the •OH-mediated indirect oxidation was mainly responsible for the phenol degradation. Generally, this study can provide a deep insight into the 3D electrocatalytic oxidation technology and help to develop the high-efficiency and cost-efficient 3D technologies for industrial application.

High-Efficiency 3D DNA Walker Immobilized by a DNA Tetrahedral Nanostructure for Fast and Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection of MiRNA.

Herein, by directly limiting the reaction space, an ingenious three-dimensional (3D) DNA walker (IDW) with high walking efficiency is developed for rapid and sensitive detection of miRNA. Compared with the traditional DNA walker, the IDW immobilized by the DNA tetrahedral nanostructure (DTN) brings stronger kinetic and thermodynamic favorability resulting from its improved local concentration and space confinement effect, accompanied by a quite faster reaction speed and much better walking efficiency. Once traces of target miRNA-21 react with the prelocked IDW, the IDW could be largely activated and walk on the interface of the electrode to trigger the cleavage of H2 with the assistance of Mg2+, resulting in the release of amounts of methylene blue (MB) labeled on H2 from the electrode surface and the obvious decrease of the electrode signal. Impressively, the IDW reveals a conversion efficiency as high as 9.33 × 108 in 30 min with a much fast reaction speed, which is at least five times beyond that of typical DNA walkers. Therefore, the IDW could address the inherent challenges of the traditional DNA walker easily: slow walking speed and low efficiency. Notably, the IDW as a DNA nanomachine was utilized to construct a sensitive sensing platform for rapid miRNA-21 detection with a limit of detection (LOD) of 19.8 aM and realize the highly sensitive assay of biomarker miRNA-21 in the total RNA lysates of cancer cell. The strategy thus helps in the design of a versatile nucleic acid conversion and signal amplification approach for practical applications in the areas of biosensing assay, DNA nanotechnology, and clinical diagnosis.

Photonic integrated circuit with multiple waveguide layers for broadband high-efficient 3D OPA.

The traditional photonic integrated circuit (PIC) inherits the mature CMOS fabrication process from the electronic integrated circuit (IC) industry. However, this process also limits the PIC structure to a single-waveguide-layer configuration. In this work, we explore the possibility of the multi-waveguide-layer PIC by proposing and demonstrating a 3D optical phased array (OPA) device, with the light exiting from the edge of the device, based on multi-layer Si3N4/SiO2 stacks. This device is in a multi-waveguide-layer configuration at every single position of the device. This configuration offers the possibility of using edge couplers at both the input and the emitting ends to achieve broadband high efficiency, and its uniqueness provides the potential for a more extended detection range in the lidar application. The device has been studied by numerical simulation, and proof-of-concept samples have been fabricated and tested.

In situ induced growth strategy of Co2P nanocrystals encapsulated into stable 3D carbon network as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for Zn-air battery

Rational design of inexpensive and robust carbon-based bifunctional catalysts is of considerable interest for practical application of rechargeable Zn-air battery (ZAB) technology. Herein, a facile in-situ induced growth strategy is developed to construct Co2P nanocrystals encapsulated into a stable 3D carbon nanotube-modified graphene network (Co2P@NPCNG). Specifically, cobalt tetranitrophthalocyanine (CoPc(NO2)4) is employed not only as the coupling agent to form and complex Co2P nanocrystals with graphene, but also as the inducer to catalyze the graphitization of melamine to grow the uniform Co2P nanocrystal-encapsulated CNTs on graphene in situ. Encouragingly, the as-synthesized Co2P@NPCNG exhibits favorable bifunctional oxygen electrocatalytic activity, fast reaction kinetics and excellent stability. Impressively, both liquid ZAB and all-solid-state ZABs used Co2P@NPCNG as air-cathode catalysts display considerable open-circuit voltage, charge-discharge property and long lifetime. Significantly, density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the superior properties of Co2P@NPCNG originate to the synergetic contributions between the stable configuration of 3D conductive carbon network and high metallic density of Co2P. This work may provide feasible and facile avenues to strategically construct high-efficient 3D carbon-based bifunctional electrocatalysts for portable and even wearable devices.