High Depression Group Research Articles

Negative impact of maternal depressive symptoms on infancy neurodevelopment: a moderated mediation effect of maternal inflammation.

Maternal depression promotes maternal inflammation and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorder in offspring, but the role of inflammation on the association between depression and neurodevelopment in offspring has not been extensively studied in humans. This study aims to examine the mediating role of maternal inflammation on the relationship between maternal depression and neurodevelopment in infants. 146 mother-child pairs were identified from Tianjin Maternal and Child Health Education and Service Cohort (Tianjin MCHESC). Maternal depression was investigated by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and depressive trajectories were identified by latent class growth analysis. Inflammatory biomarkers in the three trimesters were assessed with enzyme-linked immunoassay. The Children Neuropsychological and Behavior Scale-Revision 2016 was used to measure neurodevelopment in infants. Principal component analysis was performed to identify inflammatory condition. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis and mediation analysis were used to identify association among maternal depression, maternal inflammation and neurodevelopment in infants. Offspring in the low and moderate maternal depression groups exhibited higher adaptive behavior development quotient than those in the high maternal depression group. Higher maternal c-reactive protein level and higher inflammatory level in acute-phase of inflammation in the first trimester, and moderate maternal depression were associated with lower adaptive behavior quotients of infants. Inflammatory level in acute-phase of inflammation in the first trimester significantly mediated the association between maternal depression and adaptive behavior development of infants, with explaining 11.85% of the association. Maternal depression could impair adaptive behavior development in infants by inflammation.

1인 노인가구의 우울 유형과 삶의 만족과의 관계

The purpose of this study is to classify the types of depression in single-personelderly households, analyze the personal characteristics of the elderly and predictive variablessuch as drinking, smoking, and social relationships that affect this, and then determine howthe types of depression and predictors affect life satisfaction. For this purpose, data from the 8th (2020) KLoSA Research Panel Survey was used. As a result of the analysis, first, thedepression types of single-person elderly households were classified into ‘low depressiongroup’ (56.6%), ‘moderate depression group’ (35.3%), and ‘high depression group’ (8.1%). Second, among the sub-factors of depression, the factors ‘depressed feelings’, ‘interpersonalrelationships’, and ‘physical behavior’ were high in the order of ‘low depression group’ <‘moderate depression group’ < ‘high depression group’, and positive emotions were ‘highdepression group’. It was significantly higher in the order of ‘highly depressed group’ <‘moderately depressed group’ < ‘lowly depressed group’. Positive emotions, a positivedepression subfactor, were significantly higher in the ‘low depression group’. Third, when the‘highly depressed group’ is set as the reference group and the ‘low depressed group’ is thecomparison group, the better the health status and the more encounters with close people, the‘low depressed group’ rather than the ‘highly depressed group’. There was a high probabilityof belonging to. Fourth, It was analyzed that the better the economic status of single elderlyhouseholds, the better their health, and the more they met with close people, the morepositive (+) they had on life satisfaction, and the more they belonged to the “middledepression group” and “high depression group” had a negative (-) effect on life satisfactioncompared to the “low depression group”. Based on these analysis results, policy and practicalimplications were presented.

Characteristics of higher depressive tendency in the patients with olfactory disorder.

Most patients with olfactory dysfunction experience stress and anxiety because of the inconvenience and changes caused by the loss of olfaction. However, psychological assessment is not performed routinely in patients with olfactory dysfunction, and the characteristics of these patients with psychological depression are unclear. In this study, we used the Self-rating Depression Scale to evaluate the degree of depression in patients who visited our clinic with olfactory dysfunction and examine the characteristics of these patients with strong depressive tendencies. Patients who visited our clinic between April 2019 and March 2020 with complaints of olfactory dysfunction were included in the study. A total of 180 patients (79 male and 101 female) underwent olfactory examination and completed the Self-rating Depression Scale. Eighty-six and 94 patients were included in the low depression and high depression groups, respectively. Binomial logistic regression analysis showed significant positive associations of Self-rating Depression Scale scores with female sex and the presence of parosmia/phantosmia (p < 0.05). In our study, approximately half of the patients with olfactory dysfunction had depressive tendencies especially in female and parosmia/phantosmia patients. We believe that psychological assessments, such as that with the SDS, can help identify patients with olfactory dysfunction who may be at a greater risk of developing depression.

Trajectories of anxiety and depression among Chinese men who have sex with men on pre-exposure prophylaxis: a group-based trajectory model approach

BackgroundAnxiety and depression can influence adherence to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). However, there is limited research on the temporal dynamics of anxiety and depression among men who have sex with men (MSM) using PrEP.MethodsFrom December 2018 to November 2020, we administered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to participants in the China Real-World Oral Intake of PrEP (CROPrEP) to measure their anxiety and depression levels. The group-based trajectory model (GBTM) depicted the dynamic changes of anxiety and depression scores over time.ResultsA total of 1023 MSM were included, with 4523 follow-up assessments. The GBTM categorized the trajectories into three distinct patterns: consistently low (54.8% for anxiety, 60.7% for depression), consistently moderate (39.3% for anxiety, 31.4% for depression), and high but bell-shaped (5.9% for anxiety, 7.9% for depression). Higher anxiety levels were associated with being aged 18–30 years old, earning less than US$619 per month, female-identifying, adopting the bottom sexual role with men, and having two or more anal sex partners in the past three months; similarly, higher depression levels correlated with a monthly income under US$619, female-identifying, sexual behavior as bottom and a positive syphilis at baseline. PrEP adherence was notably lower in the high but bell-shaped anxiety and depression group compared to the other groups, particularly at the 12th-month follow-up.ConclusionsClose monitoring of anxiety and depression levels in MSM on PrEP is crucial. Provision of targeted mental health support is essential to enhance PrEP effectiveness.

Stress and mental health symptoms in early pregnancy are associated with the oral microbiome

BackgroundResearch has revealed associations between microbes of the gastrointestinal tract and stress, anxiety and depression in pregnant or postpartum women. While these studies suggest a gut-brain-behaviour axis, no studies have...

Prevalence of depression in junior and senior adolescents.

Depression affects the development of adolescents and makes it difficult for them to adapt to future life. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the population characteristics of adolescent depression. This study measured depression based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items and sociodemographic questionnaire. A total of 8,235 valid questionnaires were collected from six schools in Haikou and Qionghai, Hainan Province, covering the ages of 13 to 18. The questionnaires included high schools with multiple levels, including general high schools, key high schools, and vocational high schools. Latent category analysis (LCA) was used to identify potential categories of depressive symptoms among adolescents. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used for determining depressive symptom latent categories and their proportional distribution among adolescents. LCA analysis divided the data into 3 categories, namely no depression, low depression, and high depression groups. The percentage of the high depression group was 10.1%, and that of the low depression group was 48.4%. The Jorden index was greatest for a PHQ-9 score of 14.5. The 1st grade of junior middle school students entered the high and low depression groups 1.72 and 1.33 times more often than seniors. The number of the 1st grade of high school students included in the high and low depression groups was 1.55 and 1.42 times of the 3rd grade of high school students group. The detection rate of the high depression group of vocational school adolescents was 13.5%, which was significantly higher than that of key high schools (9.6%) and general high schools (9.0%). This study found that 1st grade of junior middle school students and the 1st grade of high school students were more likely to fall into depressive conditions. Moreover, Adolescent girls require more attention than boys. Vocational school students need more psychological guidance.

Characterization of sleep efficiency transitions in family caregivers.

Family caregivers are at high risk of psychological distress and low sleep efficiency resulting from their caregiving responsibilities. Although psychological symptoms are associated with sleep efficiency, there is limited knowledge about the association of psychological distress with variations in sleep efficiency. We aimed to characterize the short- and long-term patterns of caregivers' sleep efficiency using Markov chain models and compare these patterns between groups with high and low psychological symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, and caregiving stress). Based on 7-day actigraphy data from 33 caregivers, we categorized sleep efficiency into threestates, < 75% (S1), 75-84% (S2), and ≥ 85% (S3), and developed Markov chain models. Caregivers were likely to maintain a consistent sleep efficiency state from one night to the next without returning efficiently to a normal state. On average, it took 3.6-5.1days to return to a night of normal sleep efficiency (S3) from lower states, and the long-term probability of achieving normal sleep was 42%. We observed lower probabilities of transitioning to or remaining in a normal sleep efficiency state (S3) in the high depression and anxiety groups compared to the low symptom groups. The differences in the time required to return to a normal state were inconsistent by symptom levels. The long-term probability of achieving normal sleep efficiency was significantly lower for caregivers with high depression and anxiety compared to the low symptom groups. Caregivers' sleep efficiency appears to remain relatively consistent over time and does not show rapid recovery. Caregivers with higher levels of depression and anxiety may be more vulnerable to sustained suboptimal sleep efficiency.

Trajectories of depressive symptoms 10 years after stroke and associated risk factors: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundPrevious studies have investigated the risk factors for post-stroke depression at only one timepoint, neglecting its dynamic nature. We aimed to identify trajectories of post-stroke depression from multiple assessments and explore their risk factors. MethodsWe did a population-based cohort study with the South London Stroke Register (1995–2019). All stroke patients with three or more measurements of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were included. We identified trajectories of post-stroke depression over a 10-year follow-up using group-based trajectory modelling. We determined the optimal number and shape of trajectories based on the lowest Bayesian information criterion, average posterior probability of assignment of each group over 0·70, and inclusion of at least 5% of participants within each group. We used multinomial logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidity, physical disability, stroke severity, history of depression and cognitive impairment to explore associations with different trajectories. FindingsThe analysis comprised 1968 participants (mean age 64·9 years [SD 13·8], 56·6% male and 43·4% female, 65·1% white ethnicity, 30·7% severe disability and 32·7% severe stroke). We identified four patterns of symptoms: no depressive symptoms (14·1%, n=277), low symptoms (41·7%, n=820), moderate symptoms and symptoms worsening early and then improving (34·6%, n=681), and high and increasing symptoms (9·7%, n=190). Compared with no depressive symptom trajectory, patients with severe disability, severe stroke, pre-stroke depression, and cognitive impairment were more likely to be in the moderate and high symptom groups (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] 2·26 [95% CI 1·56–3·28], 1·75 [1·19–2·57], 2·20 [1·02–4·74], and 2·04 [1·25–3·32], respectively). Female sex was associated with high depression (OR 1·65 [1·13–2·41]), while older age (≥65 years) was associated with moderate depression (OR 1·82 [1·36–2·45]). In men, the ORs for patients with severe disability, severe stroke, pre-stroke depression, and cognitive impairment being in the high depression group were 1·91 (1·01–3·60), 2·41 (1·26–4·60), 2·57 (0·84–7·88), and 2·68 (1·28–5·60), respectively. In women, the ORs were 1·08 (0·52–2·23), 1·30 (0·60–2·79), 19·2 (2·35–156·05), and 3·80 (1·44–10·01), respectively. InterpretationFemale sex and older age were associated with distinct courses of depressive symptoms. In men, high depressive symptom trajectory was associated with severe stroke and severe disability, which was not the case in women. These findings were limited to patients with three or more assessments, who tended to have less severe disabilities than excluded patients and might not generalise to all stroke survivors. FundingNational Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR).

Study on the trajectory of depression among middle-aged and elderly disabled people in China: Based on group-based trajectory model

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that middle-aged and elderly adults with disabilities are at higher risk for depressive symptoms. However, there are few studies on the long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms in the Chinese middle-aged and elderly disabled population. ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify the different development trajectories of depressive symptoms and their influencing factors in middle-aged and elderly people with disabilities in China. MethodsUsing data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018, a longitudinal cohort was formed for the study. A total of 2053 participants underwent at least two measures of depressive symptoms, assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D10), a depression symptom assessment scale. We constructed a Group-Based Trajectory Model (GBTM) to identify the development trajectory of depressive symptoms in 2053 middle-aged and elderly disabled individuals, screened the potential predictors using lasso regression, and analyzed the factors affecting the development trajectory of depression through multivariate logistic regression. ResultsWe identified four depression symptom trajectories throughout the follow-up process: “low depressive symptom group”, “worsening depressive symptom group”, “relieved depressive symptom group”, and “high depressive symptom group”. We found that there were differences in basic characteristics among different subgroups of depression trajectory. However, middle-aged and elderly disabled women living in rural areas, with limited ADL or IADL, physical pain, poor self-reported health and self-reported memory, short sleep time, and no relatives and friends to take care of them were the key groups for the prevention and treatment of depressive symptoms. ConclusionThere is heterogeneity in the trajectories of depressive symptoms in the Chinese middle-aged and elderly disabled population, it is necessary to focus on the characteristics of the trajectories of different subgroups.

The effect of problem-solving skills on blood glucose regulation and disease management in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between problem-solving skills, glucose regulation, and disease management in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) as well as the role of depression in this association. The participants (n=54) were recruited from adiabetes camp. Problem-solving inventory (PSI), Beck depression inventory (BDI), and diabetes self-management profile (DSMP) were administered as tests. Forty-six participants who have been diagnosed with T1DM for at least a year and completed the survey were included in the analyses. Participants were categorized into high and low depression groups based on the median split. Student's t-test was used to detect demographic differences in groups. Linear regression models were used to examine the association between PSI, HbA1c, and DSMP. Regressions for PSI and DSMP were repeated in low and high-depression groups. Of the 46 participants with T1DM, 52 % were female, with a mean age of 13.96 ± 1.94 (range 10-17). Avoidant and monitoring style of problem solving as well as the total score of PSI significantly predicted HbA1c levels. Impulsive and avoidant style of problem solving, problem-solving confidence, and total scores of PSI significantly predicted DSMP (p<0.05). The high depression group had a significantly higher DSMP score than the low depression group (p=0.001), with no difference in HbA1c levels (p=0.968). When the DSMP regressions were repeated, no significant associations were seen in the low depression group. Avoidant style of problem solving, problem-solving confidence, and the total score of PSI significantly predicted DSMP in the high depression group (p<0.005). Problem solving-skills are essential in children with T1DM for a successful disease management. Depression modulates the association between the problem-solving and self-management profile.

Maternal and infant touching behaviours during perturbed interactions: Associations with maternal depressive symptomatology and infant crying

Touch is an important means through which mothers and infants co-regulate during periods of stress or perturbation. The present study examined the synchrony of maternal and infant touching behaviours among 41 mother-infant dyads, some of whom were deemed at-risk due to maternal depressive symptomatology. Mothers and their 4-month-old infants participated in the Still-Face (maternal emotional unavailability; SF) and Separation (maternal physical unavailability; SP) procedures. Infant crying was examined across procedures and investigated as a brief period of perturbation. Results revealed that mothers and infants displayed a positive pattern of tactile synchrony (coordinated, analogous changes in touch) during infant crying episodes. However, dyads in the high depression group displayed significantly less affectionate touch during instances of infant crying. Furthermore, more depressive symptoms were associated with less maternal and infant touch and lower rates of infant crying. This group of dyads may be less expressive via touch, be less affected by disruptions in their interactions, have impaired regulatory abilities, or simply require minimal amounts of touch to mutually regulate following social stressors and during brief perturbation periods. These findings enrich our limited knowledge about the dynamic interplay of maternal and infant touch and inform preventative intervention programs for at-risk groups.

Study on anxiety and depression of men who have sex with men: An application of group-based trajectory model.

[http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=5716], identifier [ChiCTR-TRC-13003849].

Relationship between Depression and Cognitive Inhibition in Men with Heroin or Methamphetamine Use Disorder in First-Time Mandatory Detoxification

Previous studies have shown that males with substance use disorder (SUD) in their first mandatory detoxification experience high rates of depression. It is unknown whether this high depression incidence contributes to impaired inhibition. In this work, two studies were undertaken to examine the role of depression in cognitive inhibition in heroin and methamphetamine withdrawal. We used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the self-control scale (SCS) to explore the relationship between depression and impulse inhibition in patients participating in mandatory drug treatment for the first time (Study 1). The results showed that depression negatively predicted impulse inhibition. The Stroop color-word interference task was used to explore the role of patients' depression in their inhibitory abilities (Study 2). The results showed that the high-depression group had weaker inhibition performances in the Stroop color-word interference task compared to the low-depression group. This study shows that cognitive inhibition is weaker in people with high-depression addiction than in those with low depression. This result suggests that attention should be paid to the role of depressive comorbidity when conducting working memory training treatment for substance addiction.

Replication of distinct trajectories of antidepressant response to intravenous ketamine

BackgroundThe goal of this study was to replicate previous findings of three distinct treatment response pathways associated with repeated intravenous (IV) ketamine infusions among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). MethodsWe conducted growth mixture modeling to estimate latent classes of change in depression (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report, QIDS-SR) across six treatment visits in 298 patients with MDD treated with IV ketamine in an outpatient community clinic. Mean age was 40.36 and patients were primarily male (58.4 %). The sample had relatively severe depression (QIDS-SR = 16.61) at pre-treatment and the majority had not responded to at least two prior medications. ResultsBest-fit indices indicated three trajectory groups to optimally demonstrate non-linear, quadratic changes in depressive symptoms during ketamine treatment. Two groups had severe depression at baseline but diverged into a group of modest improvement over the treatment course (n = 78) and a group of patients with rapid improvement (n = 103). A third group had moderate depression at baseline with moderate improvement during the treatment course (n = 117). Additional planned trajectory comparisons showed that suicidality at entry was higher in the high depression groups and that change in suicidality severity followed that of depression. LimitationsThis was a retrospective analysis of a naturalistic sample. Patients were unblinded and more heterogenous than those included in most controlled clinical trial samples. ConclusionsThis replication study in an independent community-based ketamine clinic sample revealed similar response trajectories, with only about a third of depressed patients benefitting substantially from an acute induction course of ketamine infusions.

Effects of COVID-19 on Adolescent Mental Health and Internet Use by Ethnicity and Gender: A Mixed-Method Study.

Evidence suggests that mental health problems in young people have been exacerbated by COVID-19, possibly related to a lack of social connection. Young people report using the internet for connecting with their peers and mental health support. However, how they may have used the internet for support during COVID-19 is not clear. We wanted to know how mood and internet use may have changed in young people during COVID-19 and if this was different for those with and without depression symptoms. 108 adolescents were recruited. Participants with high and low levels of depressive symptomatology answered questions about their mood, internet use, loneliness and life satisfaction during July and August 2020. We found that the high depression group reported significantly more loneliness and less life satisfaction than the low depression group. We found that most young people used the internet for mental health information during COVID-19 but that the high depression group used the internet more for mental health information than the low depression group. The high depression group also had a worsening of mood compared to the low depression group during COVID-19. We found that Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic participants reported increased use of the internet compared to White participants during COVID-19 and that the role of the family facilitated coping during COVID-19 for some adolescents, but for others, it made the lockdown more difficult. Finally, we found that adolescents perceived school anxiety as stressful as COVID-19. To conclude this study supports the use of the internet as a way to help young people with mental health challenges. It also suggests that the internet is a way to help young people from ethnic minorities, who otherwise might be hard to reach, during challenging times. This study also shows that supportive family units can be important during times of stress for young people and that school anxiety is a major issue for young people in today’s society even outside of the pandemic.

Daily Life Patterns, Psychophysical Conditions, and Immunity of Adolescents in the COVID-19 Era: A Mixed Research with Qualitative Interviews by a Quasi-Experimental Retrospective Study.

Background: This study investigated the daily lifestyle changes, prevalence of psychological depression, physical health status, and immunity of adolescents in Korea resulting from increased isolation and social restriction due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: All subjects included 17-year-old male adolescents. A total of 117 subjects were assigned to one of four groups according to the degree of depression based on item #6 in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) questionnaire as follows: no-depression group (NDG, n = 71; 61.0%), low-depression group (LDG, n = 23; 19.0%), moderate-depression group (MDG, n = 15; 13.0%), and high-depression group (HDG, n = 8; 7.0%). This study analyzed the data using quantitative and qualitative methods to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic affects adolescents’ daily lives, psychophysiological conditions, and immune function. Results: This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affects the daily lifestyle pattern, psychophysical condition, and immunocytes of adolescents. In terms of depression, 39.0% of adolescents felt depressed, and 7% of them felt depressed almost every day. Overall, HDG considered themselves unhealthy and felt prone to immune diseases, such as colds. HDG were prone to sleep late, eat more frequently, and work out less. Regarding physical fitness factors, the cardiorespiratory endurance, strength, and power of HDG were significantly lower than those of NDG, LDG, and MDG. Moreover, HDG had the worst body composition, including the lowest muscle mass. Finally, natural killer (NK) cells and T cells were significantly different among groups, with the levels in HDG being significantly lower than those of the other three groups. Conclusions: Since the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affects the daily lives, psychophysical conditions, and immunocytes of adolescents, there is an urgent need to create and provide solutions to adolescents with depression though the number of subjects is few.

The Impact of Self-Esteem, Parent-Child and Teacher-Student Relationships on Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms from Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood

&lt;p&gt;憂鬱症狀的發展是心理與教育界甚為重要的議題，但從青少年到成年初顯期的軌跡卻少被探討。本研究 藉由「臺灣青少年成長歷程研究」資料庫中2002至2009年間三波次(國三、高三、大四)共992位固定 樣本採用二因子潛在成長曲線模式之隨機截距隨機斜率模型，來探討自尊、親子與師生關係對憂鬱症狀 之發展軌跡。研究發現憂鬱症狀除穩定下降的一組外，另還有上升的一組。有以下四個重要結果: (1)自尊、親子與師生關係的國三分數皆負向影響後續變化幅度。另，高憂鬱組在此三變項的平均分 數皆較低憂鬱組低，且波動也較大。(2)自尊的重要性相對高於親子與師生關係;不論高低憂鬱組， 國三自尊分數皆負向影響憂鬱症狀分數，自尊的變化幅度也負向影響憂鬱症狀的變化幅度。但在高憂鬱 組，國三自尊分數卻對憂鬱症狀之變化幅度有正向影響，顯示過高自尊可能的問題。(3)低憂鬱組的 國 三親子關係負向影響憂鬱症狀分數，但高憂鬱組之親子關係變化幅度會負向影響憂鬱症狀變化幅度。 (4)最後，低高憂鬱兩組的師生關係分數對憂鬱症狀變化幅度皆無明顯影響，僅在低憂鬱組的國三師 生關係分數負向影響憂鬱症狀分數。本研究發現自尊、親子與師生關係在青春期到成年初顯期，會因憂 鬱症狀高低而對個體有不同效果，並據此提出教學與輔導相關建議。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Depression is an increasingly important area in psychology and education. Investigating depressive symptoms is a continuing concern for adolescents. Recently, an increased interest extends to emerging adulthood. According to the viewpoint of ecological system theory, previous studies in process-person-context-time model have highlighted the important factors such as ideal self, parent-child relationship, teacher-student relationship. This study aimed to investigate the trajectories of depressive symptoms from adolescence to emerging adulthood by considering three predictors &amp;mdash; self-esteem, parent-child, and teacher-student relationships. Using AMOS 23.0, two factor latent growth curve model with random intercepts and random slopes was used to analyze the longitudinal data. In this panel study, a sample of 992 students were selected from the Taiwan Youth Project (TYP) in three waves from 2002 to 2009 (at Grade 9, Grade 12, and the senior year of undergraduate). The average scores in each of the three waves served as indicators of latent intercepts and slopes for each of the four study variables. By using hierarchical cluster analysis with dendrogram, we were able to divide all subjects into two groups as low and high depressive symptom groups respectively. Four research questions with correspondent eleven research hypotheses were investigated. That is, H1a: The intercept of self-esteem has negative influence on the correspondent slope of self-esteem. H1b: The intercept of parent-child relationship has negative influence on the correspondent slope of parent-child relationship. H1c: The intercept of teacher-student relationships has negative influence on the correspondent slope of teacher-student relationships. H2a: The intercept of self-esteem has negative influence on the intercept of depressive symptoms. H2b: The intercept of self-esteem has negative influence on the slope of depressive symptoms. H2c: The slope of self-esteem has negative influence on the slope of depressive symptoms. H3a: The intercept of parent-child relationship has negative influence on the intercept of depressive symptoms. H3b: The slope of parent-child relationship has negative influence on the slope of depressive symptoms. H4a: The intercept of teacher-student relationships has negative influence on the intercept of depressive symptoms. H4b: The intercept of teacher-student relationships has negative influence on the slope of depressive symptoms. H4c: The slope of teacher-student relationships has negative influence on the slope of depressive symptoms.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The main findings of this study are shown as follows: (1) The intercepts of self-esteem, parent-child, and teacher-student relationships all negatively affected their respective slopes. In addition, the intercepts of the high depressive group on these three variables were lower, and the slopes were greater, than those of low depressive group. (2) Among the three predictors, self-esteem was the most important one. The intercept of self- esteem affected the intercept of depressive symptoms; the slope in self-esteem also affected the slope in depressive symptoms in both groups. Surprisingly, in the high depressive symptom group, people with high self-esteem in Grade 9 had a higher positive depressive symptom slope in the future. (3) The intercept of parent-child relationship negatively affected the intercept of depressive symptoms for the low depressive symptom group, while the slope in parent-child relationship affected the slope in depressive symptoms for the high depressive group. (4) The intercept of the teacher-student relationship negatively affected the intercept of depression symptoms only in the low depressive symptom group. Based on these results, suggestions for practical applications and future research are also discussed. In brief, it is necessary to pay attention to students’ development of long-term self-esteem and other psychological and social factors even if an individual has good self-esteem from the beginning. It is worth noting that individuals with high self-esteem are likely to have greater changes in depressive symptoms in the future. If an individual has high self-esteem but cannot tolerate setbacks and failures, the slope in depressive symptoms will increase. Moreover, even if individuals have unfavorable family experiences in the early stages, they still have the possibility of improving parent-child relationships, showing that the parent-child relationship is not limited to a single point in time. Finally, the teacher-student relationship in early adolescence not only shows its long-term influence, but also becomes an individual’s protective factor for depression, helping individual to have better adaptability in future.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

The emotional adaptation aftereffect discriminates between individuals with high and low levels of depressive symptoms

ABSTRACT The adaptation aftereffect plays a critical role in human development and survival. Existing studies have found that, compared with general individuals, individuals with learning disability, autism and dyslexia show a smaller amount of non-affective-based cognitive adaptation aftereffect. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether individuals with depression or depression tendency show similar phenomenon in the adaptation aftereffect, and whether such depression tendency occurs in the non-affective-based cognitive or emotional adaptation aftereffect. To address this question, the present study conducted two experiments. Experiments 1A and 1B used the emotional facial expression adaptation paradigm to examine whether Chinese participants showed the emotional adaptation aftereffect and whether the emotional adaptation aftereffect was influenced by physical features of faces, respectively. Experiment 2 recruited two groups of participants, with high and low depression, respectively, to examine whether they showed differences in the emotional or cognitive adaptation aftereffect. Results showed that Chinese participants showed the typical emotional adaptation aftereffect, which was not influenced by physical features of faces. More importantly, compared to the low-depression group, the high-depression group showed a smaller emotional adaptation aftereffect, but the two groups showed a similar cognitive adaptation aftereffect. These results suggest that level of depressive symptoms is associated with the emotional adaptation aftereffect.

Win, lose, or draw: Examining salience, reward memory, and depression with the reward positivity.

The reward positivity (RewP) is a putative biomarker of depression. Careful control of stimulus properties and manipulation of both stimulus valence and salience could facilitate interpretation of the RewP. RewP interpretation could further be improved by investigating functional outcomes of a blunted RewP in depression, such as reduced memory for rewarding outcomes. This study sought to advance RewP interpretation first by advancing task design through use of neutral (i.e., draw) control trials and counterbalanced feedback stimuli. Second, we examined the RewP's association with memory and the impact of depression. Undergraduates completed self-report measures of depression and anhedonia prior to a modified doors task in which words were displayed in colored fonts that indicated win, loss, or draw feedback. Memory of the feedback associated with each word (i.e., source memory) was tested. Results showed that RewP response to wins was more positive than to losses, which was more positive than to draws. The RewP was not associated with depression or anhedonia. The low depression group showed a source memory advantage for win words, but the high depression group did not. Source memory showed small relations to the RewP, but these did not survive Bonferroni correction. Results suggest the RewP is sensitive to salience and highlight challenges in detecting an association between the RewP and depression in modified doors tasks. Findings indicate that depression is related to dysfunctional source memory for reward but not loss and that future research should probe the possible associations between the RewP and memory in depression.

Depressive Symptoms Moderate the Relationship Among Physical Capacity, Balance Self-Efficacy, and Participation in People After Stroke.

It was previously found that balance self-efficacy mediated the relationship between physical capacity and participation after stroke. The effect of other factors that influence participation, such as depression, on this relationship has not been explored. This study examined the effect of symptoms of depression on the mediated relationship between physical capacity and participation by balance self-efficacy in individuals after stroke. In this cross-sectional study, 282 persons with chronic stroke (>6months) were classified as having either low or high Geriatric Depression Scale scores. This study used a multiple group structural equation model to test moderated mediation by comparing a constrained model (indicating no effect of depression on the mediation) and an unconstrained model (indicating an effect of depression on the mediation). The models were compared using a chi-squared difference test. The chi-squared difference test suggested that the unconstrained model was a better fit, indicating that depressive symptoms moderated the mediated relationship between physical capacity and participation (χ2(3, N = 282) = 9.0). In the Low Depression group, a significant indirect effect indicated that balance self-efficacy did mediate the relationship between physical capacity and participation. There was no significant indirect effect in the High Depression group. The results suggest the relationship between physical capacity and participation appears to be mediated by balance self-efficacy in individuals after stroke with low reports of depressive symptoms, but in those with high reports of depressive symptoms, physical capacity and balance self-efficacy are unrelated to participation. Targeting balance self-efficacy to improve post-stroke participation may be beneficial only for individuals with low reports of depression. In individuals after stroke with high reports of depression, treatment should include and emphasize the treatment of those depressive symptoms. Additional work further examining these complex relationships is warranted.