High Density Research Articles

Density peaks clustering based on superior nodes and fuzzy correlation

The Density Peaks Clustering (DPC) algorithm is simple and efficient, but still has a few limitations. For example, DPC needs manual selection of clustering centers and may miss the correct cluster when searching for denser nearest neighbors, which may cause incorrect allocation of data points. To address these limitations, this work proposes a novel density peaks clustering algorithm based on superior nodes and fuzzy correlation (DPC-SNFC). Reverse nearest neighbors are used first to find the nearest point with a higher density as the superior node. Fuzzy correlation is then applied to construct connectivity subgraphs without using clustering centers. The connectivity subgraphs can identify the different clusters. Extensive experiments are conducted using 12 synthetic datasets and 10 real datasets and using 6 state-of-the-art baseline algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed DPC-SNFC algorithm outperforms the baseline algorithms, which validates its efficiency.

Alkanediol–hexafluoroisopropanol amphiphilic supramolecular solvent: Fabrication, characterization, and application potential for doping control of hormones and metabolic modulators in human urine

A novel amphiphilic supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) was developed by hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-induced self-assembly of 1,2-hexanediol in an aqueous matrix. Its application potential in multiclass determination was assessed by extracting from urine 10 prohibited hormones and metabolic modulators (log P from 2.38 to 7.57) listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This SUPRAS is stably formed across a wide pH range (2–12) and is unaffected by salt concentrations (<10 % g mL−1 of NaCl), and it has a higher density than water. The dehydration and hydrogen bonding ability of HFIP, as well as hydrophobic interactions between alkanediols, dominates the formation of the SUPRAS. The nanostructure of the SUPRAS, composed of 1,2-hexanediol, HFIP, and a high content of water (>25 %, w/w), forms large spherical micellar aggregates (10–100 μm) that exhibit amphiphilic properties. A 1,2-hexanediol-HFIP SUPRAS-based liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) method for detection of selected prohibited drugs in urine coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was established, optimized, and validated. The method showed fast extraction time (30 s of vortex) and low solvent consumption (160 μL of organic solvent). Under the optimal conditions (7 % g mL−1 of 1,2-hexanediol, 10 % v/v of HFIP), the SUPRAS achieved high extraction efficiencies (>80 %) and an enrichment factor of 6.0, with minimal matrix effects for all analytes due to its high amphiphilicity and large surface area. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (R ≥ 0.9909), with method limits of detection ranging from 0.018 to 0.18 ng mL−1 and method limits of quantitation ranging from 0.060 to 0.60 ng mL−1, which are well below the minimum required performance levels set by authorities. Furthermore, the intra- and inter-day relative recoveries for spiked human urine samples varied in the ranges of 90.3 %–121 % and 88.1–119 %, respectively, with relative standard deviations less than 13 % and 19 %, respectively. This SUPRAS-based LPME method proves to be simple, highly efficient, and eco-friendly, and it has promising potential for multiclass determination in doping control.

An innovative microplastic extraction technique: the switchable calcium chloride density separation column tested for biodegradable polymers, polyethylene, and polyamide

Extracting microplastics from complex matrices poses challenges due to the potential impact of harsh chemical treatments on microplastic properties. For fate and hazard assessment reliable techniques are needed to not only quantify the particle number but also to assess the physicochemical properties of environmental microplastics with minimum changes induced by extraction. Here we present the method development for an innovative and non-destructive extraction protocol based on a switchable calcium chloride density separation column. In contrast to commonly reported extraction protocols, the presented technique is suitable for targeted microplastic property analysis (e.g., surface chemistry and texture) by keeping chemical treatments (such as oxidation and enzymatic digestion) to a minimum. By adjusting the temperature we can control the aggregate state of the highly concentrated salt solution, allowing to separate the microplastics from matrix by cutting of purified, solidified samples. Harsh chemical treatments are avoided, as well as obstruction of microplastic extraction by adsorption to matrix components when passing the tap at the bottom of traditional density separation funnels.The use of microplastics that were prelabeled with a fluorescence dye helped to solve difficulties observed during method development by visual inspection before measurement of extraction efficiency: We spiked a blank compost with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyamide (PA). Additionally, UV aged LDPE was used to demonstrate applicability to more hydrophilic, more environmentally relevant microplastics. The obtained initial results show high recovery of both unaged and aged LDPE over 97 wt.-% and an efficient compost removal but a lower and less robust recovery (between 68 and 18 wt.-%) for PA particles that are more challenging to extract due to an unfortunate synergistic combination of smaller particle size and higher density. Method adaptation to other microplastic types may still be necessary. In short:A low-cost and simple approach without oxidation to extract (pre-aged) microplastics from compostMethod development by visual observation using fluorescent labelled microplastics and method validation by spike-recovery tests

Titanium-coated high-density Fe2O3 single crystal nanowire array for solar water splitting

Fe2O3 holds promising n-type semiconductor material in the field of solar water splitting due to its excellent photocatalytic properties. However, the photoelectrochemical performance of Fe2O3 is limited by its inherent properties such as poor conductivity, and charge separation efficiency owing to its recombination rate. Therefore, researchers are more focused on nanostructuring, doping, and surface coating to overcome these issues of Fe2O3. In this study, we have investigated a low-cost way to fabricate a Ti coating layer on a high-density Fe2O3 single-crystal nanowire array for solar water splitting. Firstly, we have prepared a high-density single-crystal Fe2O3 nanowire array at lower temperatures by a new approach stress-induced atomic diffusion method. Thereafter, the prepared nanowire array was coated by Ti film using RF sputtering. The optimal film thickness of 13 nm titanium coatings layer into Fe2O3 single crystal nanowire array exhibited a high photocurrent density of 1.36 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V versus RHE and solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency (STH) of 1.67%, which could be resulting from adjusted optoelectronic properties of the nanowires.

Review on Biomass Derived Activated Carbons as Electrochemical Electrode Material for Supercapacitor Device

Abstract: To face the challenge of the finite nature of fossil fuels and large energy crises across the globe, there is an urgent requirement for sustainable and renewable energy sources. Moreover, it is essential to focus on energy storage in order to meet the demand of future generations. Among various energy storage devices such as fuel cells, batteries, capacitors, supercapacitors, flywheels, etc., it is the supercapacitor device that has elicited extensive research interest recently because of prominent features like high power density, fast recharge capability, and long cycle life. The main objective of this article is to review the enhancement of the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor devices. The electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor device majorly depend on the electrode materials used, which include carbonaceous materials, metal oxides, and conducting polymers. In order to reduce energy shortages and environmental pressure, carbon materials derived from biomass/waste materials have been considered remarkable candidates for electrode materials with the advantages of high abundance, low cost, and environmental friendliness. This review shows the complied study of various methodologies for the preparation of activated carbons derived from different biomass residues such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, which have been investigated in the past few years as electrochemical electrode materials for supercapacitors. Further, ongoing challenges and potential improvements in this area for creating efficient energy storage devices are also discussed. The goal of this review article is to aid in the creation of new insights for energy storage applications of biomass-generated carbons that will lead to sustainable energy development.

Age-dependent distribution of IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells in the pharyngeal tonsil of the Bactrian camel

The pharyngeal tonsil, located in the nasopharynx, can effectively defend against pathogens invading the body from the upper respiratory tract and play a crucial role in mucosal immunity of the respiratory tract. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) serve as key effector molecules in mucosal immunity, exhibiting multiple immune functions. This study aimed to investigate the distribution patterns and age-related alterations of IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in the pharyngeal tonsils of Bactrian camels. Twelve Alashan Bactrian camels were categorized into four age groups: young (1-2 years, n=3), pubertal (3-5 years, n=3), middle-aged (6-16 years, n=3) and old (17–20 years, n=3). The distribution patterns of IgA and IgG ASCs in the pharyngeal tonsils of Bactrian camels of different ages were meticulously observed, analyzed and compared using immunohistochemical and statistical methods. The results revealed that IgA ASCs in the pharyngeal tonsils of all age groups were primarily clustered or diffusely distributed in the reticular epithelium and its subepithelial regions (region A) and around the glands (region C), scattered in the subepithelial regions of non-reticular epithelium (region B), and sporadically distributed in the interfollicular regions (region D). Interestingly, the distribution pattern of IgG ASCs in the pharyngeal tonsils closely mirrored that of IgA ASCs. The distribution densities of IgA and IgG ASCs in these four regions were significantly decreased in turn (P<0.05). However, IgA ASCs exhibited significantly higher densities than IgG ASCs in the same region (P<0.05). Age-related alterations indicated that the distribution densities of IgA and IgG ASCs in each region of the pharyngeal tonsils exhibited a trend of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing from young to old camels, reaching a peak in the pubertal group. As camels age, there was a significant decrease in the densities of IgA and IgG ASCs in all regions of the pharyngeal tonsils (P<0.05). The results demonstrate that the reticular epithelium and its subepithelial regions in the pharyngeal tonsils of Bactrian camels are the primary regions where IgA and IgG ASCs colonize and exert their immune functions. These regions play a pivotal role in inducing immune responses and defending against pathogen invasions in the pharyngeal tonsils. IgA ASCs may be the principal effector cells of the mucosal immune response in the pharyngeal tonsils of Bactrian camels. Aging significantly reduces the densities of IgA and IgG ASCs, while leaving their distribution patterns unaffected. These findings will provide valuable insights for further investigations into the immunomorphology, immunosenescence, and response mechanisms of the pharyngeal tonsils in Bactrian camels.

Comparing the mean inner potential of Zn-VI semiconductor nanowires using off-axis electron holography

The mean inner potential (MIP), V 0, for a series of Zn group VI semiconductor nanostructures were measured experimentally using off-axis electron holography. Values for ZnS, ZnTe and ZnO were remeasured and new values were added for ZnSe and ZnSSe nanowires. We confirm that the MIP increases non-linearly with mass density beginning at 12.4 ± 0.2 V for the lowest density ZnS and slowly increasing with composition to 12.9 ± 0.2 V for ZnSe, more rapidly for ZnTe and with a significant increase to 14.8 ± 0.3 V for ZnO with the highest density. Published results from DFT calculations compared well to these measurements with similar trends apparent for other cation families such as the Ga-III-V.

Do maternal allocations towards offspring quality and quantity ameliorate the effects of predators on offspring survival?

AbstractReproductive allocation is often balanced between the quantity and quality of offspring. Ecological stresses, like exposure to predators, can cause organisms to shift their allocations along this continuum. While the consequences of such plastic shifts for offspring performance are often untested, they are critical to understanding the potential long‐term benefits of manipulating predation risk as an agricultural pest management technique. Predation risk induces reductions in egg production and increases in nutritional condition due to maternal provisioning in Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, CPB). Here, we tested whether reductions in density or increases in offspring condition, which may increase per‐capita larval survival, can compensate for the reduction in total egg production, especially when offspring are exposed to predators. In two field trials, we manipulated density and condition of larval CPB and measured survival through development to adulthood in field cages with and without predaceous stink bugs (Podisus maculiventris). As expected, cages with the higher initial larval densities had more larvae and adults surviving in the treatments without predators – about 30%–50% survival across densities. When predators were present, this relationship did not hold because of density‐dependent predation. Larval condition interacted with density and impacted larval survival in both trials albeit in different ways. In trial 1, unprovisioned beetles had higher survival at the higher densities; in trial 2, provisioned beetles had higher survival across densities. Synthesis and Applications: Overall, our test of the effects of predation risk via manipulations of larval density and condition revealed few net compensatory benefits to the prey of reduced density and higher condition. Benefits to the prey of shifts in allocation from the quantity to quality of offspring may depend on factors that influence the strength of density dependence, including predation intensity. Our results suggest a new strategy of taking advantage of the reductions in prey density due to non‐consumptive effects of predators as a pest management approach to protect plants.

Root density and accumulation of Myrobalan plum tree grafted with Methley Japanese plum

Ra Objective: to determine the root phenology of Myrobalan plum tree grafted with Methley Japanese plum. Materials and methods: a quota sampling was used to select five trees from the experimental orchard. Within the volume of soil adjacent to tree´s roots, 330 cm3 of soil were sampled and collected each month, in order to identify root type, quantify their fresh and dry weight, and carry out statistical analyses. Results:The highest densities of growing and absorbing roots were observed at 0-25 cm soil depth during the phenological cycle. A higher density of intermediate and conducting roots was recorded at 25-50 cm soil depth, just at the beginning of the ecodormancy. Conclusions: the highest root accumulation was recorded when moisture and soil temperature were not optimal but the cultivar did not record a significant vegetative and reproductive growth.

Coenzyme Q10 eyedrops conjugated with vitamin E TPGS alleviate neurodegeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction in the diabetic mouse retina

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness and vision impairment worldwide and represents one of the most common complications among diabetic patients. Current treatment modalities for DR, including laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injection of corticosteroid, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, target primarily vascular lesions. However, these approaches are invasive and have several limitations, such as potential loss of visual function, retinal scars and cataract formation, and increased risk of ocular hypertension, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and intraocular inflammation. Recent studies have suggested mitochondrial dysfunction as a pivotal factor leading to both the vascular and neural damage in DR. Given that Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a proven mitochondrial stabilizer with antioxidative properties, this study investigated the effect of CoQ10 eyedrops [in conjunction with vitamin E d-α-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 succinate (TPGS)] on DR-induced neurodegeneration using a type 2 diabetes mouse model (C57BLKsJ-db/db mice). Utilizing a comprehensive electroretinography protocol, supported by immunohistochemistry, our results revealed that topical application of CoQ10 eyedrops conjugated with vitamin E TPGS produced a neuroprotective effect against diabetic-induced neurodegeneration by preserving the function and histology of various retinal neural cell types. Compared to the control group, mice treated with CoQ10 exhibited thicker outer and inner nuclear layers, higher densities of photoreceptor, cone cell, and rod-bipolar cell dendritic boutons, and reduced glial reactivity and microglial cell density. Additionally, the CoQ10 treatment significantly alleviated retinal levels of MMP-9 and enhanced mitochondrial function. These findings provide further insight into the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of DR and suggest CoQ10 eyedrops, conjugated with vitamin E TPGS, as a potential complementary therapy for DR-related neuropathy.

The role of high density mapping in cathether ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation - preliminary results

Abstract Introduction Despite technical progress and numerous approaches in ablation strategies, long-term success in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) treatment is still suboptimal. Non-transmural ablation lesions in antral isolation lines, causing late electrical reconnection between pulmonary veins (PVs) and left atrium (LA) could present one of the potenital issues for reduced effectiveness of radiofrequency cathether ablation (RFCA). Potentially, these lesions can be identified with high-density (HD) mapping as low voltage, fragmented electrocardiograms (LFEGMs) representing gaps in antral isolation lines. Purpose To compare the long-term pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) durability of two PVI verification methods (circumferential vs high-density mapping catheter) after catheter ablation of PAF. Methods Thirty-three patients with PAF were prospectively randomized to PVI verification by either circumferential mapping catheter (CM group) or HD mapping catheter (HD group). Patients in both groups underwent PVI according to the CLOSE protocol with PVI verification after a 30 minute waiting period. Additionally, in the HD group antral ablation lines were mapped to search for LFEGMs that were defined as fragmented signals (at least 3 deflections) and/or conduction to the LA during stimulation on the ablation line (10 mA at 1 msec) and/or voltage amplitude above 0.1 mV. If LFEGMs were found, additional ablations were performed until electrical inactivity was confirmed with the HD catheter. To monitor AF reccurence 6-day continuous holter ECG was performed after 3, 6, and 12 months after the initial procedure. Arrhythmia recurrence was defined as any atrial tachyarrhythmia lasting more than 30 seconds. Patients also underwent a mandatory second procedure 12 months after the initial PVI, during which HD re-mapping was performed to test durability of PVI and absence of conducting gaps in antral isolation lines. Results There were 16 patients in the CM group and 17 patients in the HD group. Baseline characteristics (gender, age, body mass index, LA volume index, left ventricular ejection fraction, CHA2DS2VASc score) did not significantly differ between the groups. Procedural characteristic are summarized in Table 1. There were significantly more isolated PVs at the remapping procedure in the HD group compared to the CM group (91.2% (62/68) vs 75.0% (48/64); P=0.021). There were also significantly more patients with all PVs durably isolated in the HD group (82.4% (14/17) vs 37.5% (6/16); P=0.008). However, arrhythmia recurrence rate was similiar between the CM and HD group (43.8% (7/16) vs 35.3% (6/17); P=0.640). Conclusion HD mapping improved PVI durability after 12 months compared to standard CM verification. However, lower number of isolated PVs in the HD group did not have an impact on arrhythmia reccurence.

Investigating Endemic Species Conservation Hotspots Based on Species Distribution Models in Swat Region, Hindu Kush Pakistan

For the effective conservation of plant species, it is imperative to manage habitat loss and fragmentation by establishing a protected area network that comprehensively encompasses their habitat. In this study, we identified the suitable habitats for some endemic plant species in the Swat District, Pakistan, to conduct a thorough analysis of proposed protected areas (hotspot areas). Utilizing data from a recent botanical survey, environmental parameters from World-Clim, and various other sources, we determined the habitat of each species using the MaxEnt species distribution model. The modeled habitat suitability for each species were combined to generate maps illustrating endemic richness (hotspots), as well as to prioritize areas based on conservation value and habitat suitability. Future climate projections spanning from 2000 to 2050 were acquired from the WorldClim database Nineteen bioclimatic variables were assessed, incorporating data from three global climate models: CCSM4, HadGEM2-AO, and MPI-ESM-LR. We modeled seven endemic species from the Swat District and, by combining their maps, found three hotspot areas which show more environmental suitability under future climatic conditions. The future model forecasts a significant decrease in population density by the year 2050. Currently, these species exhibit their highest density along the eastern and southern borders of the valley, particularly in the Karakar, Elum border, Mankial Kalam, and Gabral Kalam areas. The anticipated alterations in density and distribution could have a considerable impact not only on the tree species but also on the associated sub flora.

Quantifying local cardiac substrate heterogeneity from high density recordings: an experimental study

Abstract Background and Purpose High-density (HD) grid catheters offer enhanced local electrical conduction characterization, owing to their unique grid arrangement. This arrangement enables the generation of orientation-independent EGMs, termed omnipolar EGMs (oEGMs), overcoming limitations associated with traditional unipolar and bipolar EGMs. This innovation holds potential for differentiating healthy tissue from scarred or arrhythmogenic areas. In this study, we introduce a novel metric, the Vector Field Heterogeneity (VFH), designed to quantify the heterogeneity of propagation wavefronts in local vector maps derived from oEGMs. Methods We developed and validated the VFH metric through a combination of simulations and experiment conducted on Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. Simulations involved creating a model that generated 100,000 simulated maps exhibiting various levels of disorganization. For experimental data, 68 propagation maps were utilized, including 29 from basal recordings, 39 from recordings with stimulation (4 or 6Hz), from five Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts at 37ºC, using a multielectrode mapping catheter with 128 electrodes spaced 1mm apart. The VFH metric, based on vector field theory (see figure 2), was computed and compared to the widely adopted the Spatial Inhomogeneity Index (SI) from Statistical analysis was then performed to assess the distribution of heterogeneity values. Results The analysis of the VFH metric through simulations revealed a linear increase in VFH values with disorganization up to a 45º angle, followed by a plateau. Different catheter grid sizes demonstrated that larger grids reduced the standard deviation, with the VFH metric converging to a lower value of approximately 0.62 for larger grids. Experimental data indicated that for a 4x4 grid, VFH values averaged 0.35 without stimulation and decreased to 0.11 with stimulation. The VFH metric consistently outperformed the SI index in binary classification of basal vs stimulated conditions, as evidenced by higher Area Under Curve (AUC) values in both Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Precision-Recall (PR) analyses across various catheter sizes. For example, in the 4x4 grid, the AUROC for the VFH metric was 0.9752 compared to 0.8311 for the SI index, showcasing the VFH metric’s superior accuracy in assessing cardiac wavefront heterogeneity (see figure 2). Conclusion Vector Field Heterogeneity (VFH) emerges as an effective tool for characterizing cardiac tissue. It successfully differentiates between stimulated and non-stimulated tissue, accurately representing progressive disorganization in simulated maps. The VFH metric demonstrates superiority over the established Spatial Inhomogeneity (SI) index, making it a reliable parameter for assessing cardiac heterogeneity, especially on small high-density grids. It holds promise for clinical use in studying and understanding the cardiac substrate during arrhythmic conditions.Figure 1.Abstract Figure.Figure 2.Methods and Results.

SIMMER code two-fluid model well-posedness and stability for simulating liquid metal (lead–lithium eutectic), water vapor, and non-condensable gases multi-component multi-phase flows

Liquid metals are employed as a coolant in liquid metal fast reactors (LMFR) and are considered breeders and coolants for future power-producing fusion reactors. The interaction of liquid metals with other coolants, such as air and water, is one of the possible occurrences in liquid metal-cooled reactors. Although the SIMMER-III computer code is currently in the validation and verification phase, it is a prospective candidate code for correctly investigating possible accidents. This study aims to determine the stability and well-posedness of the SIMMER-III code Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model (TFM) under any such accident scenario. This work also considers the influence of the virtual mass force and diffusion forces in momentum on TFM stability in accelerated liquid metal, steam, and non-condensable gaseous flows throughout all flow regimes. The characteristics method is used to assess the ill-posed nature of TFM for all types of accidents and accident scenarios in a hypothetical simplified system model with several components (Lead–Lithium, non-condensable gases, and water vapor). It has been discovered that the analysis findings vary from the air and water two-component two-phase flows (characteristics roots spectrum and error growth rate patterns) and are particularly sensitive to the diffusion and virtual mass coefficients. This is because liquid metals have a higher density than liquid water and steam, resulting in strong virtual mass forces and weak diffusion forces in liquid-metal and gas two-phase flows. Because of the extensive range of possible interactions between fluxes of different components, producing an accurate representation of diffusion in multi-component mixtures is difficult. Because of this, it is strongly suggested that the virtual mass coefficient and diffusion coefficients be handled more accurately for these kinds of flows. The values of these coefficients significantly affect how accurate proposed TFM predictions are, but there hasn't been much research on how to estimate them. The study also sheds light on the model's accuracy and highlights the areas where the model's predictions will be mathematically trustworthy.

Control of Ferroelectricity in Solution‐Processed Hafnia Films Through Annealing Atmosphere

AbstractChemical Solution Deposition enables low‐cost fabrication of ferroelectric HfO2 films suitable for piezoelectric applications. Control of processing parameters is of utmost importance to obtain high‐quality functional films. However, the impact of the annealing atmosphere on ferroelectric properties of solution‐processed HfO2 films is not clear. In this work, the influence of annealing atmosphere and growth methods on orientation, density and electrical properties of La:HfO2 films is studied. The 45 nm‐thick films are grown by two routes, conventional (crystallization of the final 45 nm‐thick film) and layer‐by‐layer (intermediate crystallizations of 5 nm‐thick films). Annealing is performed in N2:O2 and Ar atmosphere. Films grown by layer‐by‐layer method in an oxygen‐rich atmosphere tend to have higher density (87% of theoretical density) and remanent polarization (15 µC cm–2) than the conventional films (density and remanent polarization of 80% and 7.5 µC cm‐2). Secondary ion mass spectrometry reveals higher amounts of carbon presence in the conventional films annealed in Ar. For layer‐by‐layer films, the ability to control the preferential out‐of‐plane orientation from (111) to (002) simply by changing the annealing atmosphere, is demonstrated. The results can guide the path toward high‐quality thicker films for piezoelectric applications.

Enhanced antimicrobial efficacy and energy efficiency of low irradiance 405-nm light for bacterial decontamination

Due to its increased safety over ultraviolet light, there is interest in the development of antimicrobial violet-blue light technologies for infection control applications. To ensure compatibility with exposed materials and tissue, the light irradiances and dose regimes used must be suitable for the target application. This study investigates the antimicrobial dose responses and germicidal efficiency of 405 nm violet-blue light when applied at a range of irradiance levels, for inactivation of surface-seeded and suspended bacteria. Bacteria were seeded onto agar surfaces (101–108 CFUplate−1) or suspended in PBS (103–109 CFUmL−1) and exposed to increasing doses of 405-nm light (≤ 288 Jcm−2) using various irradiances (0.5–150 mWcm−2), with susceptibility at equivalent light doses compared. Bacterial reductions ≥ 96% were demonstrated in all cases for lower irradiance (≤ 5 mWcm−2) exposures. Comparisons indicated, on a per unit dose basis, that significantly lower doses were required for significant reductions of all species when exposed at lower irradiances: 3–30 Jcm−2/0.5 mWcm−2 compared to 9–75 Jcm−2/50 mWcm−2 for low cell density (102 CFUplate−1) surface exposures and 22.5 Jcm−2/5 mWcm−2 compared to 67.5 Jcm−2/150 mWcm−2 for low density (103 CFUmL−1) liquid exposures (P ≤ 0.05). Similar patterns were observed at higher densities, excluding S. aureus exposed at 109 CFUmL−1, suggesting bacterial density at predictable levels has minimal influence on decontamination efficacy. This study provides fundamental evidence of the greater energy efficacy of 405-nm light for inactivation of clinically-significant pathogens when lower irradiances are employed, further supporting its relevance for practical decontamination applications.

Transformation of heavy metals from contaminated water to soil, fodder and animals

A serious environmental problem that threatens soil quality, agricultural productivity, and food safety is heavy metal pollution in water sources. Heavy metal pollution is the main problem in tehsil Pasrur, Sialkot, Pakistan. Present study was arranged to notice the heavy metals in water, soil, forages and buffalo milk. There are seven sites that were used for this experiment. Highest malondialdehyde (MDA) contents (3.00 ± 0.01) were noticed in barseem roots at site 7. Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) was reached at its peak (1.93 ± 0.01) at site 7 in the fresh barseem. Maximum protein contents (0.36 ± 0.01) were observed in fresh plant samples at site 2. Site 3's buffalo milk samples had the highest Ni content (7.22 ± 0.33 ppm), while Site 3's soil samples had the lowest Cr content (8.89 ± 0.56 ppm), Site 1's plant shoots had the lowest Cr content (27.75 ± 1.98 ppm), and Site 3's water had the highest Cr content (40.07 ± 0.49 ppm). The maximum fat content (5.38 ± 2.32%) was found in the milk of the animals at site 7. The highest density (31.88 ± 6.501%), protein content (3.64 ± 0.33%), lactose content (5.54 ± 0.320%), salt content (0.66 ± 0.1673%), and freezing point (− 0.5814 ± 0.1827 °C) were also observed in the milk from animals at site 7, whereas site 5 displayed the highest water content (0.66 ± 0.1673%) and peak pH value (11.64 ± 0.09). In selected samples, the pollution load index for Ni (which ranged from 0.01 to 1.03 mg/kg) was greater than 1. Site 7 has the highest conductivity value (5.48 ± 0.48). Values for the health risk index varied from 0.000151 to 1.00010 mg/kg, suggesting that eating tainted animal feed may pose health concerns. Significant health concerns arise from metal deposition in the food chain from soil to feed, with nickel having the highest health risk index.

Acetonitrile real gas phase behavior from quasi-ideal gas to nanodroplets: A microscopical view.

We have applied a recently developed general purpose acetonitrile force field based on first-principles calculations to simulate acetonitrile in the gas phase at different temperatures and densities. These conditions range from nearly ideal to real gas phase behavior and condensation. The molecular dynamics simulation results agree fairly well with the experimental studies available in the literature on the gas samples. The structural analysis of aggregates and their associated interaction energies is examined and related to the early model proposed on molecular association and equilibrium determining the non-ideal behavior. The formation of dimers is mainly responsible for the non-ideal behavior of the gas at very low density, confirming suggested models based on previous experimental studies. However, when the density of the sample rises, the level of aggregation increases and the simple concept of dimerization does not hold anymore. The real behavior adopted by the gas is related to the distribution of molecular structures observed. The macroscopical view of a real gas as a generic interparticle interaction system without a defined form may then be rationalized on the basis of a defined molecular association originated by a distribution of aggregates at the low density regime. The sample with the highest density (∼1.4 × 103 molm-3) at the lowest temperature exhibits a massive aggregation where most of the acetonitrile (ACN) molecules in the simulation box form a big cluster. Its radial distribution function is similar to that of the liquid ACN. This strongly inhomogeneous distribution in the box can be considered a condensation in the gas phase under specific density-T conditions. This formation opens the door to the potential tuning of its solvent properties as a function of its size in these nanodroplets that in turn are controlled by the density-T conditions.

The influence of APOEε4 on the pTau interactome in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease

APOEε4 is the major genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although APOEε4 is known to promote Aβ pathology, recent data also support an effect of APOE polymorphism on phosphorylated Tau (pTau) pathology. To elucidate these potential effects, the pTau interactome was analyzed across APOE genotypes in the frontal cortex of 10 advanced AD cases (n = 5 APOEε3/ε3 and n = 5 APOEε4/ε4), using a combination of anti-pTau pS396/pS404 (PHF1) immunoprecipitation (IP) and mass spectrometry (MS). This proteomic approach was complemented by an analysis of anti-pTau PHF1 and anti-Aβ 4G8 immunohistochemistry, performed in the frontal cortex of 21 advanced AD cases (n = 11 APOEε3/ε3 and n = 10 APOEε4/ε4). Our dataset includes 1130 and 1330 proteins enriched in IPPHF1 samples from APOEε3/ε3 and APOEε4/ε4 groups (fold change ≥ 1.50, IPPHF1vs IPIgG ctrl). We identified 80 and 68 proteins as probable pTau interactors in APOEε3/ε3 and APOEε4/ε4 groups, respectively (SAINT score ≥ 0.80; false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 5%). A total of 47/80 proteins were identified as more likely to interact with pTau in APOEε3/ε3 vs APOEε4/ε4 cases. Functional enrichment analyses showed that they were significantly associated with the nucleoplasm compartment and involved in RNA processing. In contrast, 35/68 proteins were identified as more likely to interact with pTau in APOEε4/ε4 vs APOEε3/ε3 cases. They were significantly associated with the synaptic compartment and involved in cellular transport. A characterization of Tau pathology in the frontal cortex showed a higher density of plaque-associated neuritic crowns, made of dystrophic axons and synapses, in APOEε4 carriers. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy was more frequent and severe in APOEε4/ε4 cases. Our study supports an influence of APOE genotype on pTau-subcellular location in AD. These results suggest a facilitation of pTau progression to Aβ-affected brain regions in APOEε4 carriers, paving the way to the identification of new therapeutic targets.

Characteristics of laser induced plasma near a flat gas-liquid interface and its effect on the performance of Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) detection.

Abstract Moving the laser focus to the vicinity of the gas-liquid interface is the key point for many new enhanced and new methods to improve the quality of spectral signals in water LIBS detection. Understanding the generation and evolution characteristics of the plasma induced by pulsed laser near the gas-liquid interface is of great significance for the establishment of evolution models and improvement of these new LIBS methods. In this paper, a set of slow horizontal flow auxiliary system is established to provide an ideal flat gas-liquid two-phase interface experimental condition. Experimental research on vertical incidence plane system was conducted using techniques such as time-resolved imaging, plasma characterization diagnosis, and spectral analysis. And the detection capabilities of the system were also tested. The characteristics and mechanisms of LIBS near the gas-liquid two-phase interface were investigated with the laser incident on the sample along the vertical direction. Simulation of the laser beam focusing process and observation of laser beam spot images show that the shift of plasma generation position relative to the focal point results from the refraction of the laser beam entering the solution from the air and the ‘interface effect’ of propagation on the vertical direction. Moreover, the plasma forms only the optical power density surpasses the breakdown threshold. In this work, plasma with smaller size, rounder shape, stronger radiation, higher temperature, and higher density can be produced when the focus position is in the liquid column 0.3 mm away from the upper interface. Simultaneously, for example, the Mg ion line at 285.213 nm, the obtained spectral intensity to signal-to-background ratio reaches the maximum value, and a better spectral signal can be obtained, which is 2-4 times of other positions, and the detection limits of the elements Na, Mg, and Ca also reach the lowest level, with 1.6-2.4 times of the detection limit of other focusing positions for Mg and 1.4-1.7 times for Ca, respectively.&amp;#xD;