High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Target Research Articles

The ideal management of blood cholesterol: a review of the updated 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline for reducing cardiovascular risk

질환에 의하여 사망한다[1]. 죽상경화성 심혈관질환은 건강한 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the most important public health problem worldwide in terms of the size of expenditures in most healthcare budgets. In November 2013, the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) released a clinical practice guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce ASCVD risk in adults. Based on the design and results of the randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses published through July 2013, four groups of individuals were identified for whom an extensive body of randomized clinical tria evidence demonstrated a clear reduction in ASCVD events from statin therapy with a good margin of safety. Together with ASCVD, in severe hypercholesterolemic (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥190 mg/dL) or diabetic subjects, the guideline recommends the use of statins if the newly-developed Pooled Cohort Equations estimate a 10-year ASCVD risk of equal to or higher than 7.5%. The guideline recommendations represent a new paradigm for treating cholesterol focused on using the appropriate intensity of statin therapy for those most likely to benefit, while the guideline has eliminated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non–high–density lipoprotein cholesterol targets. Non-statin therapies were discouraged due to the lack of evidence for their production of acceptable ASCVD risk reduction benefits. This radical shift away from the set of previous guidelines has created controversy and confusion. This article reviews the 2013 ACC/AHA guideline for the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce ASCVD risk in adults and the optimal strategies for using this guideline in clinical practice.

Effects of Ezetimibe, Simvastatin, and Ezetimibe/Simvastatin on Apolipoprotein B, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, and Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Targets in Patients with Primary Hypercholesterolemia†

Treatment guidelines for hypercholesterolemic patients identify low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as the primary treatment target with non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and apolipoprotein (apo) B as secondary targets of therapy. Statin monotherapy lowers LDL-C and non-HDL-C to a much greater extent than apoB; thus, statin-treated patients may remain at increased coronary risk due to elevated levels of apoB-containing particles.

Statin Therapy Alters the Relationship Between Apolipoprotein B and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Targets in High-Risk Patients: The MERCURY II (Measuring Effective Reductions in Cholesterol Using Rosuvastatin therapY II) Trial

The purpose of this analysis was to compare concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (apoB) before and during statin therapy. Reducing LDL-C to a pre-determined goal may still leave an excess of atherogenic lipoproteins, as reflected in apoB levels. The MERCURY II (Measuring Effective Reductions in Cholesterol Using Rosuvastatin therapY II) trial examined the effects of statin treatment in patients with high coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, LDL-C > or =130 and <250 mg/dl, and triglycerides <400 mg/dl. Therapy consisted of rosuvastatin (10 or 20 mg), atorvastatin (10 or 20 mg), or simvastatin (20 or 40 mg). The apoB and LDL-C or non-HDL-C at baseline and after 16 weeks of therapy were compared using linear regression. In untreated patients, the apoB target of <90 mg/dl was roughly equivalent to an LDL-C level <100 mg/dl and a non-HDL-C level <130 mg/dl, which is consistent with existing apoB and lipoprotein guidelines. However, during statin therapy, to reach an apoB target of <90 mg/dl it was necessary to reduce non-HDL-C to <100 mg/dl or to reduce LDL-C to <70 mg/dl (in high-triglyceride patients) or <80 mg/dl (in lower-triglyceride patients). The tight correlation seen for non-HDL-C with apoB while on statin therapy (R(2) = 0.92) implies that non-HDL-C may be an acceptable surrogate for direct apoB measurement. These data are consistent with the more aggressive cholesterol goals suggested for CHD patients, because achieving such targets also reduced apoB to the recommended level. (Mercury II-Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Lipid Lowering Agents Atorvastatin and Simvastatin With Rosuvastatin in High Risk Subjects With Type IIa and IIb Hypercholesterolemia; NCT00654407).