Increase In High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Research Articles

Formulation, Evaluation of Physical Properties, Anti-Cholesterol Activity from Ficus carica L. Leaves Extract Tablet

Figs knew playing vital roles in reducing cholesterol, strengthening the heart, and controlling respiration. Figs leaves extract with a dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg can reduce triglyceride levels and can increase HDL cholesterol levels. This study aims to determine the effect of Ficus carica L. (fig) leaves extract on tablet dosage forms to reducing total cholesterol in rats induced with pork fat feed. Tablets were made by the wet granulation method in three formulas, there are F1 (extract dose 50 mg), F2 (extract dose 100 mg), and F3 (extract dose 150 mg), and compared with simvastatin tablets. The rats used in this study were 40 animals which were divided into 8 groups. Negative control group (induced of pork oil), F1 group, F2 group, F3 group, F4 group (placebo), positive control group (simvastatin 10 mg), base suspending agent group, and normal group.The average weight (mg) of F1 tablets (605.96 ± 9.94%), F2 (611.81 ± 12.33%), and F3 (639.09 ± 4.65%). As for the uniformity of size, all formulas have a diameter of 0.9 ± 0.0 (cm). for the hardness values of F1 (6.54 kg), F2 (5.31 kg), and F3 (5.43 kg). The value of friability F1 (0.8%), F2 (1.38%), and F3 (0.77%). While the disintegration time of F1 (13.31 minutes), F2 (19.48 minutes), and F3 (21.11 minutes). Whereas the dissolution rate (DE45) of each formulation decreased with increasing dose of extract, F1 (69.43%), F2 (64.95%), and F3 (60.04%). Extract contain quercetin as flavonoid, saponin, polyphenol, alkaloid, and tannin. Based on the results of statistical analysis, extract tablets did not differ significantly from simvastatin tablets in reducing total cholesterol levels. Tablet formulation of fig leaves extract with a dose variant has been shown to reduce total cholesterol in the blood between 18.3% until 37.98%.

Effects of sevelamer carbonate versus calcium acetate on vascular calcification, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease.

Hyperphosphatemia is present in most patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and has been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Phosphate binders (calcium‐based and calcium free) are the mainstay pharmacologic treatment to lower phosphorus levels in patients with ESRD. We evaluated biochemical markers of vascular calcification, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) treated with sevelamer carbonate (SC) versus calcium acetate (CA). Fifty patients with CKD (stages 3 and 4) were enrolled and assigned to treatment with SC and CA for 12 weeks. At the end of the study the biomarkers of vascular calcification, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction were analyzed. A significant increase in HDL‐cholesterol was observed with SC but not with CA in patients with CKD. Treatment with SC reduced serum phosphate, calcium phosphate, and FGF‐23 levels and there was no change with CA treatment. The inflammatory markers IL‐8, IFN‐γ, and TNFα decreased with response to both treatments. The levels of IL‐6 significantly increased with CA treatment and no change was observed in the SC treatment group. SC showed favorable effects on anti‐inflammatory and vascular calcification biomarkers compared to CA treatment in patients with CKD stages 3 and 4 with normal phosphorous values.

Effect of Consumption of Whole-Wheat Breads on FBS, HbA1c, and Blood Lipids in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Whole-wheat can have positive effect on blood parameters, such as blood sugar and fat profiles, in patients with diabetic. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of whole-wheat breads on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and blood lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The study population included men and women with T2D aged 30 years old and over in Arak, Iran. Using random sampling method, 60 patients with T2D were selected and randomly divided into control and intervention groups. After taking blood samples from the patients, the intervention group was administered 180 g of wholegrain wheat for 12 weeks. The participants were asked not to change their diets and amounts of physical activity during the study period. After 12 weeks, blood samples were taken and insulin resistance indexes, blood glucose levels, and lipid profiles were examined. The results indicated that consumption of whole-wheat bread for 12 weeks can significantly reduce body weight, and HbA1c, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, and increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels (P<0.05). However, in the control group, changes in body weight, body mass index, HbA1c, total cholesterol, HDL-c, and LDL-c levels did not significantly differ before and after the intervention period (P>0.05). As consumption of whole-wheat bread has positive effects on control of various physical and biochemical indictors in patients with diabetes, its consumption should be included in educational programs at health centers across the country.

Impact of switch from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based regimens to tenofovir alafenamide-based regimens on lipid profile, weight gain and cardiovascular risk score in people living with HIV

BackgroundAs cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of non-AIDS related death in people living with HIV (PLWH) with undetectable viral load, we evaluated lipid profile, weight gain and calculated cardiovascular risk change after switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based regimens to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)-based regimens.MethodsFor this retrospective study, we selected HIV-infected patients with suppressed viral load who fitted in one of the two groups below: First group (TDF/TDF): Patients treated continuously with TDF-based regimens. Second group (TDF/TAF): Patients treated with TDF-regimens during at least 6 months then switched to TAF-regimens while maintaining other drugs unchanged. Available data included date of birth, gender, ethnicity, lymphocyte T CD4+ count, weight, height, blood pressure, current/ex/non-smoker, diabetes mellitus, familial cardiovascular event, lipid profile, duration and nature of antiretroviral therapy. Lipid parameters, weight and calculated cardiovascular risk using 5-year reduced DAD score algorithm [Friis-Møller et al. in Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 17:491–501, 2010] were analyzed in each groups.ResultsSwitching from TDF to TAF resulted in a significant increase in triglycerides levels, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL ratio did not show significant changes. Calculated cardiovascular risk increased after switch from TDF- to TAF-based therapy.ConclusionsTogether with favorable outcomes at the bone and kidney levels, potential negative impact of TAF on lipid profile should be included in the reflection to propose the most appropriate and tailored ARV treatment.

Порівняльна характеристика впливу омега-3 поліненасичених жирних кислот, статинів та їх комбінування на показники ліпідного спектра крові, судинно-тромбоцитарного гомеостазу і варіативності ритму серця у хворих на цукровий діабет 2-го типу з кардіоваскуля

Актуальність. Особливу зацікавленість у лікуванні дисліпопротеїнемій (ДЛП) у хворих на цукровий діабет 2-го типу (ЦД-2) з кардіоваскулярною автономною нейропатією (КАН) викликає аналіз ефективності комбінування омега-3 поліненасичених жирних кислот (w-3 ПНЖК) і статинів, однак інформація про особливості їх використання неоднозначна, має фрагментарний характер, є предметом дискусії, а тому потребує подальшого уточнення. Мета. Проведення порівняльної характеристики впливу w-3 ПНЖК, статинів та їх комбінування на показники ліпідного спектра крові, судинно-тромбоцитарного гомеостазу і варіативності ритму серця (ВРС) у хворих на ЦД-2 з КАН. Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 75 хворих на ЦД-2 із функціональною стадією КАН. У крові визначали концентрацію глюкози, глікозильваного гемоглобіну, загального холестерину (ЗХС), тригліцеридів (ТГ), холестерину ліпопротеїнів високої (ХС ЛПВЩ) і низької щільності (ХС ЛПНЩ); вміст ендотеліну-1 (ЕТ-1), тромбоксану B2 (TXB2), 6-кетопростагландину F1a (6-ketoPGF1a), розраховували коефіцієнт атерогенності (КА), співвідношення TXB2/6-ketoPGF1a. З метою оцінки результатів короткотривалої ВРС використовували часові й спектральні параметри. Пацієнти з ЦД-2 та функціональною стадією КАН були стратифіковані на чотири групи і протягом трьох місяців, окрім цукрознижувальної терапії, отримували: 1-ша група (n = 21) — препарат w-3 ПНЖК 1 капс/добу; 2-га група (n = 22) — симвастатин 20 мг/добу; 3-тя група (n = 17) — препарат w-3-ПНЖК 1 г/добу і симвастатин 10 мг/добу; у контрольній (n = 15) — стандартну цукрознижувальну терапію протягом трьох місяців. Результати. Включення в лікувальні заходи препарату w-3 ПНЖК виявляло більш значуще порівняно з симвастатином зниження рівня ТГ, зменшення вмісту КА та збільшення концентрації ХС ЛПВЩ і не впливало на концентрацію ЗХС і ХС ЛПНЩ. Використання симвастатину супроводжувалось більш вірогідним зменшенням рівня ЗХС, ХС ЛПНЩ, КА, ТХВ2, TXB2/6-ketoPGF1a і зростанням вмісту ХС ЛПВЩ, ЕТ-1, 6-ketoPGF1a; часових і спектральних параметрів ВРС. Комбінація w-3 ПНЖК і симвастатину супроводжувалась найбільш вираженими, позитивними, вірогідними змінами ліпідного обміну, ендотеліальної функції, ТХВ2, TXB2/6-ketoPGF1a; часових і спектральних параметрів ВРС. Висновки. Отримані результати дозволяють вважати, що ефективність комбінованої терапії w-3 ПНЖК і симвастатином не пов’язана зі станом компенсації захворювання, а є результатом безпосереднього впливу цих фармакологічних агентів на досліджувані показники, що обґрунтовує доцільність її використання в лікуванні ДЛП у хворих на ЦД-2 і функціональну стадію КАН.

Whole- and Refined-Grain Consumption and Longitudinal Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the Framingham Offspring Cohort

BackgroundGreater whole grain (WG) consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, few prospective studies have examined WG or refined grain (RG) intake and intermediate cardiometabolic risk factors. ObjectivesWe examined the longitudinal association between WG and RG intake on changes in waist circumference (WC); fasting HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose concentrations; and blood pressure. MethodsSubjects were participants in the Framingham Offspring cohort study [n = 3121; mean ± SD baseline age: 54.9 ± 0.2 y; BMI (kg/m2) 27.2 ± 0.1]. FFQ, health, and lifestyle data were collected approximately every 4 y over a median 18-y follow-up. Repeated measure mixed models were used to estimate adjusted mean changes per 4-y interval in risk factors across increasing categories of WG or RG intake. ResultsGreater WG intake was associated with smaller increases in WC (1.4 ± 0.2 compared with 3.0 ± 0.1 cm in the highest compared with the lowest category, respectively; P-trend < 0.001), fasting glucose concentration (0.7 ± 0.4 compared with 2.6 ± 0.2 mg/dL; P-trend < 0.001), and systolic blood pressure (SBP; 0.2 ± 0.5 compared with 1.4 ± 0.3 mm Hg; P-trend < 0.001) per 4-y interval. When stratified by sex, a stronger association with WC was observed among females than males. Higher intake of WG was associated with greater increases in HDL cholesterol and declines in triglyceride concentrations; however, these differences did not remain significant after adjustment for change in WC. Conversely, greater RG intake was associated with greater increases in WC (2.7 ± 0.2 compared with 1.8 ± 0.1 cm, P-trend < 0.001) and less decline in triglyceride concentration (−0.3 ± 1.3 compared with −7.0 ± 0.7 mg/dL, P-trend < 0.001). ConclusionsAmong middle- to older-age adults, replacing RG with WG may be an effective dietary modification to attenuate abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia over time, thereby reducing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.

Abstract P111: Comparative Efficacy Of Bisoprolol Compared To Other Selective Beta-1 Blockers In Patients With Hypertension - A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies

Introduction: Selective beta-1 blockers (s-BBs) are used in the management of hypertension (HT) in specific subsets. Studies comparing the potency of blood pressure (BP) lowering with different s-BBs are sparse. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of bisoprolol compared to other s-BBs (Atenolol, Betaxolol, Esmolol, Acebutolol, Metoprolol, Nebivolol) in HT patients by examining their effect on BP, heart rate (HR) and metabolic derangements, by examining the evidences reported in observational studies. Methods: Electronic databases like PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Clinicaltrials.gov, Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program and 12 PV databases were systematically searched from inception to October 2019. Observational studies that compared bisoprolol with other s-BBs in patients with HT were evaluated in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Pooled data were calculated using random-effects model for meta-analysis in terms of mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for each outcome. Outcomes of interest were BP, HR and lipid profile. Results: Four observational studies which compared bisoprolol with other s-BBs (nebivolol and atenolol) were included in this meta-analysis. Significant reduction was observed in office diastolic BP [MD: -1.70; 95% CI: -2.68,-0.72; P &lt;0.01] among arterial HT patients treated with bisoprolol for 26 weeks (w) compared to those treated with other s-BBs. HT patients treated with bisoprolol for 26 w showed significant reduction in HR [MD: -2.20; 95% CI: -3.57,-0.65; P &lt;0.01] and office HR [MD: -2.55; 95% CI: -3.57,-1.53; P &lt;0.01] than other s-BBs. HDL cholesterol levels increased significantly in essential HT patients treated with bisoprolol at 26 w [MD: 7.17; 95% CI: 1.90,12.45; P &lt;0.01], 78 w [MD: 11.70; 95% CI: 4.49,18.91; P &lt;0.01] and 104 w [MD: 10.20, 95% CI: 4.49,18.91; P &lt;0.01] compared to other s-BBs. Conclusion: Our results suggests that bisoprolol is superior to other s-BBs in reducing BP and HR. Bisoprolol also had a favourable effect on lipid profile shown by increase in HDL cholesterol. This meta-analysis emphasizes the efficacy of bisoprolol over other s-BBs, which aids clinical decision making in treatment of patients with HT.

Effect on gut microbiota of a 1-y lifestyle intervention with Mediterranean diet compared with energy-reduced Mediterranean diet and physical activity promotion: PREDIMED-Plus Study

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe Mediterranean diet is a well-recognized healthy diet that has shown to induce positive changes in gut microbiota. Lifestyle changes such as diet along with physical activity could aid in weight loss and improve cardiovascular risk factors.ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of an intensive lifestyle weight loss intervention on gut microbiota.MethodsThis is a substudy of the PREDIMED-Plus (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea-Plus), a randomized controlled trial conducted in overweight/obese men and women (aged 55–75 y) with metabolic syndrome. The intervention group (IG) underwent an intensive weight loss lifestyle intervention based on an energy-restricted Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and physical activity promotion, and the control group (CG) underwent a non-energy-restricted MedDiet for 1 y. Anthropometric, biochemical, and gut microbial 16S rRNA sequencing data were analyzed at baseline (n = 362) and 1-y follow-up (n = 343).ResultsIG participants had a weight loss of 4.2 (IQR, –6.8, –2.5) kg compared with 0.2 (IQR, –2.1, 1.4) kg in the CG (P < 0.001). Reductions in BMI, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and triglycerides and an increase in HDL cholesterol were greater in IG than in CG participants (P < 0.05). We observed a decrease in Butyricicoccus, Haemophilus, Ruminiclostridium 5, and Eubacterium hallii in the IG compared with the CG. Many genera shifted in the same direction within both intervention groups, indicating an overall effect of the MedDiet. Decreases in Haemophilus, Coprococcus 3, and few other genera were associated with a decrease in adiposity parameters in both intervention groups. Changes in Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 were positively associated with changes in MedDiet adherence.ConclusionsWeight loss induced by an energy-restricted MedDiet and physical activity induce changes in gut microbiota. The role of MedDiet-induced changes on the host might be via short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria, whereas with energy restriction, these changes might be modulated with other mechanisms, which need to be explored in future studies. This trial was registered at http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89898870 as ISRCT 89898870.

Effects of Calcium and Vitamin D Co-supplementation on the Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

PurposeCalcium and vitamin D co-supplementation is common and widely used, but randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) have yielded inconclusive results concerning its impact on the serum lipid profile. MethodsA comprehensive literature search of Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and clinical trial registry databases was conducted to identify placebo-controlled RCTs that were published through September 2020 and that evaluated the impact of calcium and vitamin D co-supplementation on total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low- and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis models. FindingsThirteen studies in a total of 2304 participants met the inclusion criteria. Calcium and vitamin D co-supplementation was associated with significant reductions in both TC (SMD, −0.81; 95% CI, −1.35 to –0.27; I2 = 94.6%) and TGs (SMD, –0.50; 95% CI, –0.91 to –0.08; I2 = 91.5%), and with a significant increase in HDL-C (SMD, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.83; I2 = 95.4%). However, calcium and vitamin D co-supplementation were not found to be associated with significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD, –0.39; 95% CI, –0.78 to 0.01; I2 = 90.1%) or very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD, –0.01; 95% CI, –0.70 to 0.69; I2 = 82.3%). ImplicationsThe findings from the present systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that calcium and vitamin D co-supplementation has a beneficial effect on TC, TG, and HDL-C. Larger-scale, well-designed RCTs are needed to clarify the effect of calcium and vitamin D co-supplementation on all lipid-profile components.

Early-life associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and serum lipids in a longitudinal birth cohort

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Exposures to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may affect metabolic outcomes, including serum lipid concentrations. However, few studies have evaluated potential associations between PFASs and lipids longitudinally. In this study we estimated associations between PFAS and lipid concentrations at birth and at several points in childhood and identified sensitive periods of exposure. METHODS: This study included 490 children from a prospective cohort in the Faroe Islands. Concentrations of five PFASs were measured in serum collected at birth and ages 18 months, 5 years and 9 years. Serum lipid concentrations were measured at birth, 18 months and 9 years. We estimated associations between PFAS and lipid concentrations and evaluated possible effect modification by sex. We further tested whether PFAS associations with age-9 lipids varied by exposure period using multiple informant models of repeated PFAS exposures. RESULTS:Childhood PFAS exposures were positively associated with lipids at age 9. Increases in age-9 concentrations of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were positively associated with total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). For example, a doubling of PFDA at age nine was associated with a 0.19 mmol/L increase in TC (95% CI: 0.07, 0.32), a 0.10 mmol/L increase in HDL-C (95% CI: 0.05, 0.15) and a 0.12 mmol/L increase in LDL-C (95% CI: 0.02, 0.22). We found significant differences in estimated effects by sex, with stronger positive associations between PFASs and TC and LDL-C in girls, and stronger positive associations with HDL-C in boys. Exposure period was a significant modifier of PFAS effects in multiple informant models. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that childhood PFAS exposures may be associated with elevated serum lipid concentrations. This is a public health concern, as a detrimental lipid profile in childhood is a risk factor for later development of hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. KEYWORDS: Chemical exposures, Children's environmental health, Endocrine disrupting chemicals, Obesity and metabolic disorders, PFAS

Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M, Sm Containing Diet Normalizes Some Metabolic Syndrome Markers due to High-fat High-fructose Diet in Wistar Rats

Background: Etlingera elatior (Ee) contains phytochemical compounds that are rich in antioxidants, which may reduce several biochemical markers of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Objective: We aimed to study the effect of fresh Etlingera elatior (FEe) and steamed Etlingera elatior (SEe) as a part of rat diet on body weight, serum lipid, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in Wistar rats with MetS induced by a high-fat, high-fructose diet. Methods: Our research was a true experimental randomized control group design with pre- and post-test. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into the following four groups: 1) Control, fed standard rat diet during the whole duration of the study, 2) HFFr-Sd, fed high-fat high- -fructose (HFFr) diet for 29 days, followed by 29 days of the standard diet, 3) HFFr-FEe, fed HFFr diet for 29 days, followed by 29 days of a standard diet containing 33.3% FEe, and 4) HFFr-SEe, fed HFFr diet for 29 days, followed by 29 days of a standard diet containing 33.3% SEe. The HFFr diet was given at 15 g/day along with fructose drink (20% pure fructose) at 100 ml/day. The diets in each group after the MetS induction period are referred to as intervention diets. Data at the end of HFFr (pre) and intervention diets (post) were analyzed by paired t-test. The data among groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc test. Results: HFFr diet for 29 days induced MetS in Wistar rats fulfilling the criteria of obesity (Lee Index), hypertriglyceridemia, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Also, there was a significant increase in serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and MDA level (p &lt; 0.05). Feeding a diet containing FEe or SEe can significantly reduce body weight, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and MDA, and increase HDL-C levels (p &lt; 0.05). The effect of FEe was more pronounced in ameliorating body weight and lipid profile than SEe. Conclusion: Fresh Ee and Steamed Ee can ameliorate obesity, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress in MetS Wistar rats induced by a high-fat, high-fructose diet. It suggests that dietary Ee accounting for one-third of daily standard diet can assist in normalizing some MetS markers in rats.

Alisol B 23-acetate, a new promoter for cholesterol efflux from dendritic cells, alleviates dyslipidemia and inflammation in advanced atherosclerotic mice

Atherosclerosis (AS) is characterized by dyslipidemia and chronic inflammation. In the high-fat environment, the lipid metabolism of dendritic cells (DCs) is abnormal, which leads to abnormal immune function, promotes the occurrence of immune inflammatory reactions, and promotes the development of AS. Alisol B 23-acetate (23B) is a triterpenoid in the rhizomes of Alisma, which is a traditional Chinese medicine. Here, we identified cholesterol metabolism-related targets of 23B through a virtual screen, and further transcriptome analysis revealed that 23B can change antigen presentation and cholesterol metabolism pathways in cholesterol-loaded DCs. In vitro experiments confirmed that 23B promoted cholesterol efflux from ApoE-/- DCs, reduced the expression of MHC II, CD80, and CD86, and inhibited the activation of CD4+ T cells and the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IFN-γ. In advanced AS mice, 23B can decrease triacylglycerol (TG) levels and increase high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in plasma and the expression of cholesterol efflux genes in the aorta. Neither helper T cells 1 (Th1) nor regulatory T cells (Tregs) in peripheral blood changed significantly in the presence of 23B, but 23B reduced the levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ in serum. However, 23B did not change the total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in serum or lipid accumulation in the aorta. Moreover, 23B did not increase the production of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in vivo or in vitro. These results indicate that 23B promotes cholesterol efflux from DCs, which can improve the immune inflammatory response and contribute to controlling the inflammatory status of AS.

Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Functional Beverages Increase HDL-Cholesterol Levels in Aging Rats.

Plant-based foods rich in phenolic phytochemicals are among the promising strategies to counteract age-related changes in lipid profile. Aronia melanocarpa (AM) fruits are a rich source of phenolic compounds possessing lipid-modulating effects. The present study investigated the effect of 3-month supplementation of AM-based functional beverages on the lipid profile of healthy aging rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were separated into five groups: (YC) young controls (2-month-old); (AC) adult controls (13-month-old); (A) adult animals supplemented with pure AM extract; (A + P) adult animals supplemented with pectin-enriched (1%) AM extract; (A + H) adult animals supplemented with AM extract enriched with a herbal mixture. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherogenic indices were investigated at the end of the study. Adult controls demonstrated age-related dyslipidemia resulting in decreased HDL-C, and increased TG and TC/HDL index. The supplemented groups showed a significant increase in HDL-C levels: A + P (1.49 mmol/L) and A + H (1.61 mmol/L), respectively, vs. AC (1.09 mmol/L), p < 0.05. The TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C indices were decreased in the A + P and A + H groups in comparison to the AC group (p < 0.05). These results indicate that supplementation with polyphenol-rich AM beverages can successfully alter HDL-C levels and this effect is further potentiated by pectin and herbs.

Serum lipid profile in HCV patients treated with direct-acting antivirals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Although direct-acting antivirals are very effective and safe drugs, several authors have reported the alteration of lipid profile during and after anti-HCV therapy suggesting a potential impact on the risk of cardiovascular events. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to investigate the magnitude and temporal trend of lipid profile changes in DAA treated patients. All selected studies included data on lipid profile before starting therapy and at least one follow-up assessment during or after antiviral treatment. We identified 14 studies (N = 1537 patients) after removing duplicates. Pooled data showed an increase in total cholesterol 4 weeks after starting therapy (+ 15.86 mg/dl; 95% CI + 9.68 to 22.05; p < 0.001) and 12 weeks after treatment completion (+ 17.05 mg/dl; 95% CI + 11.24 to 22.85; p < 0.001). LDL trend was similar to the total cholesterol change in overall analysis. A mean increase in HDL-cholesterol of 3.36 mg/dl (95% CI + 0.92 to 5.79; p = 0.07) was observed after 12 weeks of treatment, whereas at SVR24 HDL difference was + 4.34 mg/dl (95% CI + 1.40 to 7.28; p = 0.004).Triglycerides did not show significant changes during treatment and after treatment completion. DAAs induce mild lipid changes in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with DAAs, which may persist after treatment completion.

Validity of the energy-restricted Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener

Short dietary assessment tools can be useful to estimate food intake and diet quality in large-scale epidemiological studies with time constraints.To determine the concurrent validity of the 17-item energy-restricted Mediterranean Adherence Screener (er-MEDAS) used in the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea)-Plus trial and to analyse its capacity to detect 1-year changes in diet and cardiometabolic risk factors.Validation study nested in the PREDIMED-Plus (n = 6760, 55-75 years). Dietary data were collected by the 17-item er-MEDAS and a 143-item validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline and after 1-year intervention. Cardiometabolic risk markers were measured at both time points. A Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) score was derived from both instruments. Concurrent validity was evaluated by Pearson and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland and Altman limits of agreement. Construct validity was evaluated by assessing 1-year changes in FFQ-reported dietary intake and cardiometabolic profile changes in relation to changes in er-MEDAS.A moderate to good correlation between the MedDiet score calculated by both measurement instruments was found: r = 0.61 and ICC = 0.60 (both p < 0.001). Agreement of each of the er-MEDAS items ranged from 55.4% to 85.0% with a moderate mean concordance (kappa = 0.41). Between baseline and 1-year follow-up, energy intake measured by the FFQ decreased by 242 kcal, while Mediterranean food consumption increased in participants with the highest increase in the er-MEDAS MedDiet score. An increase in the er-MEDAS MedDiet score ratings was associated with a decrease in BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, fasting glucose, diastolic blood pressure, and triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol ratio (p < 0.001 for all), and with an increase in HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.006).The er-MEDAS shows a modest to good concurrent validity compared with FFQ data. It shows acceptable construct validity, as a greater er-MEDAS score was associated with more favourable dietary and cardiometabolic profiles over time.ISRCTN89898870; registration date, 24 July 2014. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89898870.

The effect of Cistus incanus herbal tea supplementation on oxidative stress markers and lipid profile in healthy adults.

Oxidative stress and dyslipidemia play a critical role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Regular intake of polyphenol-rich diets is associated with a reduced risk of CVDs. The present study was a pilot study with 24 healthy volunteers and was designed to determine if a 12-week administration of Cistus incanus herbal tea, containing phenolic acids and flavonoids, reduces cardiovascular risk factors including oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in healthy adults. Phenolic compounds profile and antibacterial activity of Cistus incanus infusion were also measured. Herbal infusion led to improvement in lipid profile by increase (D4%, p = 0.033) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and decrease triglyceride (D14%, p = 0.013) concentrations. In addition, the Cistus incanus diet was associated with decreased serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (D16%, p < 0.01) and advanced oxidation protein products (D18%, p < 0.001). Cistus incanus administration decreases cardiovascular risk factors including oxidative stress and dyslipidemia and this action supports the idea of using Cistus incanus tea on a daily basis as an effective dietary component for prevention of atherosclerotic CVD.

Efficacy and effects of bariatric surgery in the treatment of obesity: Network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

AimsBariatric surgery (BS) is recommended for subjects with a Body Mass Index (BMI) over of 40 kg/m2 or with a BMI between 35 and 40 kg/m2 with obesity-related comorbidities. Aim of the study was to compare different types of BS with medical therapy (MT) for the treatment of obesity. Data synthesisWe conducted a network-meta-analysis (NMA) including randomized clinical trials comparing different BS techniques versus MT in people with obesity, with a duration ≥24 weeks (PROSPERO, #CRD42020160359). Primary endpoint was BMI. Indirect comparisons of different types of surgery were performed by NMA. Types of BS included: laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy (SG), bilio-pancreatic diversion (BPD); greater curvature plication (GCP); one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB); Laparoscopic Vertical Banded Gastroplasty (LVBG) and duodenal switch (DS). 43 trials were retrieved in this metanalysis. BS was associated with a significant reduction in BMI, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride and fasting glucose, and with a significant increase of HDL cholesterol when compared to MT. In direct comparisons, RYGB was more effective than LAGB, LVBG, and GCP, but less effective than DS, whereas LAGB was less effective than LVBG and SG. In the NMA, DS and BPD appeared to be more effective than other procedures. ConclusionsBS produces a greater weight loss than MT in morbidly obese patients, inducing a greater improvement of obesity-associated metabolic parameters. Available data are insufficient to assess the effect of BS on mortality. Different surgical procedures are heterogeneous for efficacy and safety.

Common Illnesses and Their Therapy in Medicine

An important motive for preventive paediatric cardiology is the fact that vascular atherosclerotic lesions may develop in early life. A high risk strategy has been advocated to identify children with hypercholesterolaemia both in the United States (US National Cholesterol Education Program for Children and Adolescents, NCEP-Peds) and European countries including Sweden. The major indicators for lipoprotein screening are a family history of premature CAD and/or a parental serum cholesterol concentration 6.20 mmol/l or greater. A major problem is that the parents are usually quite young and that many children live in one parent households. With coronary artery disease, plaque first grows within the walls of the coronary arteries until the blood flow to the heart’s muscle is limited. View an illustration of coronary arteries. This is also called ischemia. It may be chronic, narrowing of the coronary artery over time and limiting of the blood supply to part of the muscle. Or it can be acute, resulting from a sudden rupture of a plaque and formation of a thrombus or blood clot. The traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease are high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history, diabetes, smoking, being post-menopausal for women and being older than 45 for men, according to Fisher. Obesity may also be a risk factor. In this work we compared hypolipidemic effects of Niacin with Cardamom. Seventy five hyperlipidemic patients were selected for research work. They were divided in three groups. Group-I was on placebo, group-II was given 1.5 grams Niacin, and group-III was advised to use powdered Cardamom thrice daily for the period of two months. Their lipid profile was measured at start of research and then on day-60. After two months therapy group-II reduced total cholesterol 30.8 mg/dl and LDL cholesterol 12.1 mg/dl and increased HDL cholesterol 5.6 mg/dl. In group-III Cardamom decreased total cholesterol 7.2 mg/dl and LDL cholesterol 8.8 mg/dl. HDL cholesterol in this group increased 4.9 mg/dl. When results were compiled and analyzed biostatistically, these changes were significant. We conclude from the research work that Niacin has more effects on total cholesterol but effects of both drugs on LDL cholesterol reduction was almost same.

Association of pre-pandemic high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation and death: The UK Biobank cohort study.

There is growing evidence of, and biological plausibility for, elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) being related to lower rates of respiratory disease. We tested whether pre-pandemic HDL-C within the normal range is associated with subsequent COVID-19 hospitalisations and death. We analysed data on participants from UK Biobank, a prospective cohort study, baseline data for which were collected between 2006 and 2010. Follow-up for COVID-19 was via hospitalisation records (1845 events in 317,306 individuals) and a national mortality registry (458 deaths in 317,833 individuals). After controlling for a series of confounding factors which included health behaviours, inflammatory markers, and socio-economic status, higher levels of HDL-C were related to a lower risk of later hospitalisation. The effect was linear (p-value for trend 0.001), whereby a 0.2 mmol/L increase in HDL-C was associated with a 7% lower risk (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval: 0.93; 0.90, 0.96). Corresponding relationships for mortality were markedly weaker, such that statistical significance at conventional levels were not apparent for both the linear trend (p-value 0.25) and the odds ratio per 0.2 mmol/L increase (0.98; 0.91, 1.05). While our finding for HDL-C and hospitalisations for COVID-19 raise the possibility that favourable modification of this cholesterol fraction via lifestyle changes or drug intervention may impact upon the risk of the disease, it warrants testing in other studies.

Pleiotropic effects of PPAR-α – from benchside to bedside

Here we review literature data on properties of a member of nuclear hormone receptors - peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. It was shown that PPARα was expressed on different cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, B- and T-cells. We discuss structure of natural and synthetic ligands of PPARa, molecular and cellular mechanisms of PPARa regulation of lipid and carbohydrate cellular metabolism. PPARa activity in hepatocytes results in decrease of intracellular concentrations of lipid acids. This leads to reduction of VLDL cholesterol, increase in HDL-cholesterol and decrease in triglycerides in plasma of patients taking PPARα agonists. Modulation of PPARa activity may change multiple biological effects of glucocorticoids (GCS) and insulin resistance. It is assumed that PPARα agonists reduce side effects of GCS and at the same time enhance their anti-inflammatory activity due to transrepression of NF-kB. We analyzed the results of several randomized studies, meta-analyses devoted to assessment of efficacy and safety of PPARa agonist fenofibrate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with high risk of micro- and macrovascular events. The studies showed good safety profile of monotherapy with fibrates as well as of their combinations with statins, ezetimibe. Fibrates reduced not only cardiovascular events but also overall mortality. We present the data on the role of PPARa in control of glucose and lipid metabolism in subpopulations of innate and adaptive immunity cells. The data show that glucose and lipid metabolism play an important role in the fate of cells of innate and adaptive immunity. The metabolic state of lymphocytes has dynamic nature and depends on their functional activity. Transition from dormant cells with relatively low metabolism rate to activated and proliferating cells is accompanied with increase of metabolic demands. This transition is supported with the switch from oxidative metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) after antigen recognition by T-cells and B-cells. It was shown that granulocytes, dendritic cells and M1 macrophages were dependent on glucose metabolism during their activation while M2 macrophages were dependent on fatty acids oxidation. In contrast with lymphocytes, activated myeloid cells do not proliferate well but still have increased glycolysis which is necessary for their effector function. It is stressed that modulation of immune cells metabolism via PPARα gives new opportunities to modulate intensity and duration of immune responses in chronic diseases. We analyze studies performed on animal models of some chronic diseases, human patients with rheumatoid arthritis and different phenotypes of osteoarthritis. Most of the studies showed clinical efficacy and pleiotropic effects of PPARα agonists: antiinflammatory, immunomodulating and lipid modulating, primarily reduction of triglycerides and increase in HDL-C. The presented literature data suggest efficacy of PPARα agonists against individual components of polypathies. This could reduce risk of polypharmacy and reduce direct treatment costs. It is not unlikely that the use of PPARα agonists in a patient with multimorbidity could prevent acquiring a new disease. These are merely suggestions and much effort and time is required to perform large-scale randomized controlled studies evaluating new indications for the use of PPARa agonists.